化学专业词汇

1、普通化学术语中英文对照表Mr)原子atomadj.atomic原子核nucleus质子proton中子neutron电子electron(abbr.e)离子ion卩aisn阳离子cation阴离子anion分子molecularmdlekjolo单质element化合物compound物puresubstance/chemicalsubstance混合物mixture相对原子质量relativeatomicmass(abbr.Ar)相对分子质量化学式量relativeformulamass物质的量amountofsubstance阿伏加德罗常数Avogadroconstant(abbr.NA)

2、摩尔mole摩尔质量molarmass实验式/最简式/经验式empiricalformula气体摩尔体积molarvolume阿伏加德罗定律AvogadrosLaw溶液solution溶解dissolve浓度concentration质量/体积分数mass/volumeconcentration浓缩concentraterelativemolecularmass(abbr.稀释dilute萃取extraction指示剂indicator化学反应方程氧化数oxidationnumber式chemicalequation氧化还原反应redoxreaction反应物reactant氧化反应oxida

3、tionreaction生成物product还原反应reductionreaction固体solid歧化反液体liquid应disproportionationreaction气体gaseous溶液aqueous归中反应配平balancecomproportionation(symproporti化学计量学stoichiometryonation)酸acidreaction碱base/alkali(referstoso氧化剂oxidisingagentlublebases)还原剂reducingagent盐salt电子层(壳)(electron)shell酸式盐acidsalt电离离子方程式i

4、onicequation能ionisationenergy(abbr.I.结晶E.)水waterofcrystallisation第一，第二，第三等电离能水合的hydratedfirst,second,third,etc.ionis无水的anhydrousationenergy(abbr.1st,2nd,3rd蒸馏distillation滴定titration,etc.I.E.)手性chiralitykai1-电子亲和能化学键chemicalbondelectronaffinityenergy(abbr.键长bondlengthA.E.)键级bondorder屏蔽效键角bondangle应el

5、ectronicshielding(screen键能bondenthalpiesing)离子键ionicbond原子轨道atomicorbital供体donor电子云electroncloud受体acceptor电子亚层sub-shell静电吸能层layer引electrostaticattraction能级energylevel巨型离子结电子排构giantionicstructure布electronconfiguration共价电子云重叠shelloverlap键covalentksuveilsntbond洪特规则Hundsrule巨型共价结泡利原构giantcovalentstructu

6、re理Pauliexclusionprinciple共对用电sharedpair/bondingpair子基态groundstate孤对电激发态excitedstate子lonepair/non-bondingpair跃迁transitionO键o-bondn键n-bond6键6-bond极性共价键polarbond非极性共价键non-polarbond配位键dipolarbond/dativecovalentbond/coordinatebond离域delocalisationdi:,loukolaizei“延展性malleability,m氏lisbilsti可锻性ductilityd/k

7、tilsti导电电负性electronegativity极性polarity偶极子dipole分子间作用性electricalconductivity合金alloy元素周期表thePeriodicTable力intermolecularforces氢键hydrogenbond范德华力vanderWaalsforce色散力dispersionforce诱导力induetionforce取向力orientationforce/dipole-dipoleforce金属键metallicbond周期period族group原子序数protonnumber同位素isotope卩aisstoup核素nuc

8、lidenju：klaid同量异位素isobaraiss(u)ba:金属metal非金属nonmetal碱金属alkalimetal碱土金属alkalineearthmetal卤素halogen稀有气体noblegas元素周期律periodictrends活泼active稳定noble分解反应decompositionreaction化合反应combination(synthesis)reaction取代反应displacementreaction复分解反应saltmetathesisms吒氏Oosisreaction/doublereplacement(displacement)reacti

9、on沉淀precipitationpri,sipiteij(o)n官能团functionalgroup碳氢化合物/烃hydrocarbon饱和烃saturatedhydrocarbon不饱和烃unsaturatedhydrocarbon脂肪烃aliphatic，氏lif氏tikhydrocarbon脂环烃alicyclicsaiklik;hrdrocarbon同系物homologoushDmDl9g9sseriesisomerismaisomorizomisomerideaisonsraidallotropy/allotropism分子式molecularformula通式generalfor

10、mula结构式displayedformula结构简式structuralformula键线式skeletalformula均裂homolyticfission异裂heterolyticfission亲核试剂nucleophilenjuklifail应halogenationreaction酯化反应esterificationreaction亲核取代nucleophilicsubstitution反冷凝回流reflux亲电子试剂electrophile加成反应additionreaction加水加成hydrationreaction加成聚合反应additionpolymerisation聚合物

11、polymer单体monomer链节repeatunit缩合聚合反应condensationreaction缩聚物condensationpolymer取代反应substitutionreaction脱水dehydration水解hydrolysis消去反应eliminationreaction裂化反应cracking(reaction)石油分馏fractionaldistillation燃烧combustion发酵fermentation氟氯烃chlorofluorocarbons产率percentageyield原子利用率atomeconomy红外光谱学infraredspectrosco

12、py质谱分析massspectroscopy光谱spectrum挥发性volatility反应机理reactionmechanism标准生成焓能量守恒定律lawofconservationofenergy热力学thermodynamic09：m9udail-焓enthalpy(abbr.H)en0氏lpi焓变enthalpychange(abbr.H)标准焓standardenthalpychange(abbr.HE)标准反应焓standardenthalpychange(abbr.HrE)燃烧热heatofcombustion标准燃烧焓standardenthalpychangeofcomb

13、ustion(abbr.HcE)standardenthalpychangeofformation(abbr.HfE)放热反应exothermiceks曲-reaction吸热反应endothermicreaction热化学方程式thermochemical0。:山屏-equation活化能activationenergy(abbe.Ea)比热容specificheatcapacity键焓bondenthalpy平均键焓averagebondenthalpy盖斯定律Hesslaw有效碰撞理论collisiontheory反应速率rateofreaction/reactionrate反应动力学r

14、eactionkinetics催化剂catalyst催化作用catalysis酶enzymeenzaim波尔兹曼分布律theBoltzmanndistribution化学平衡(chemical)equilibriumi:kwi1-可逆反应reversiblereaction动态平衡dynamicequilibrium平衡常数chemicalequilibriumconstant浓度幕concentrationpower平衡移动shiftofequilibriumstate吉布斯自由能Gibbsfreeenergy(abbr.G)阿累尼乌斯方程theArrheniusJri:niosEquati

15、on自发反应spontaneousspon11einissreaction熵entropy(abbr.S)温室效应greenhouseeffect吸附作用adsorption绿色化学greenchemistry溶解度solubility离子反应ionicreaction电离ionisation电解质electrolyte电离平衡ionisationequilibrium电离常数ionisationconstant离子积ion-productconstant氢离子浓度指数secondarycell/storagebatteryhydrogenionconcentration(abbr.pHfro

16、mFrenchpotentieldhydrogene)溶解平衡dissolutionequilibriumdissluJ(s)nekwi溶度积solubilityproduct原电池galvanic(voltaic)cellg氏lv氏nik盐桥saltbridge电极electrode正极/阳极anode负极/阴极cathode标准电极电势standardelectrodepotential(abbr.EO)干电池drycell次电充电charge放电discharge燃料电池fuelcell电解electrolysis电解池/电解槽electrolyticcell电镀galvanisatio

17、n,glvnaizein电偶腐蚀/电化腐蚀galvaniccorrosion分子空间构型moleculargeometries杂化hybrid轨道orbital晶格lattice晶体crystal晶胞crystalstructure堆积作用sedimentation,sedimonteijn池primarycell(battery)常见元素二次电池/蓄电池nism氢hydrogen(abbr.H)haid硅silicon(abbr.Si)siliksmagnesium(abbr.Mg)aluminum(abbr.Al)，氏lshi铁iron(abbr.Fe)aisn钴cobalt(abbr.C

18、o)ksubo:ltrsd3Gn氦helium(abbr.He)hi:lism锂lithium(abbr.Li)lieism硼boron(abbr.B)bo:ron碳carbon(abbr.C)ka:bsn氮nitrogen(abbr.N)naitrsd3an氧oxygen(abbr.O)oksidssn氟fluorine(abbr.F)flusri:n氖neon(abbr.Ne)ni:on钠sodium(abbr.Na)ssudismn磷phosphorus(abbr.P)fosfsrss硫sulfur(abbr.S)sAlfs氯chlorine(abbr.Cl)klo:ri:n氩argon

19、(abbr.Ar)a:gon钾potassium(abbr.K)ps吒氏sism钙calcium(abbr.Ca)卩k氏lsism钛titanium(abbr.Ti)taiteinism铬chromium(abbr.Cr)krsumjsm锰manganese(abbr.Mn)卩m切gsni:z镍nickel(abbr.Ni)niksl常见单质铜copper(abbr.Cu)kops氢气、氮气、氧气、氟气、氯气、液锌zinc(abbr.Zn)ziQk溴、固态碘的名称同元素名称砷arsenic(abbr.As)金刚石diamonddaismsnda:ssnik石墨graphitegr氏fait溴b

20、romine(abbr.Br)brsumi臭氧ozonesuzsun:n红磷redphosphorus银silver(abbr.Ag)silvs白磷whitephosphorus常见根离子(commonradicals)锡tin(abbr.Sn)tin氢化的hydridehaidraid碘iodine(abbr.I)硼氙xenon(abbr.Xe)zenon酸boric(acid)adj.borate钡barium(abbr.Ba)besrisboreitm钨tungsten(abbr.W)tAQstsn铂platinum(abbr.Pt)pl氏tinsm金gold(abbr.Au)gsuld

21、汞mercury(abbr.Hg)ms:kjuri铅lead(abbr.Pb)led碳化的carbideka:baid碳酸carbonicka:bonik(acid)adj.carbonate碳酸氢根bicarbonate/hydrogencarbonate氮化的nitridenaitraid叠氮化的azide氏zaidmeta-aluminatesljumineit酸nitric(acid)adj.nitrate亚硝酸nitrousnaitrss(acid)adj.nitrite氧化的oxideoksaid二氧化的dioxidedai-三氧化的trioxidetraioksaid过氧根per

22、oxy(radical)adj.peroxidepsoksaid超氧化的superoxidesjupsoksaid氢氧根hydroxylhaidroksil(radical)adj.hydroxide水合氢离子hydronium氟化的fluoride偏铝酸meta-aluminicmets氏ljuminik(四羟基合铝酸hydroxyl-aluminichaidroksil-(acid)硅酸silicicsilisik(acid)adj.silicate磷酸phosphoric(acid)adj.phosphate磷酸二氢根dihydrogenphosphate磷酸氢根hydrogenphos

23、phate硫化的sulfide硫氢根bisulphide/sulphanide/hydrogensulphide硫酸sulphuric(acid)adj.sulphateacid)adj.根bisulphate/hydrogensulphate亚硫酸sulphurous(acid)adj.sulphite亚硫酸氢根bisulphite/hydrogensulphite硫代硫酸根thiosulphate0aisu-焦硫酸根persulphateps:-氯化的chloridekloraid氢氯酸/盐酸hydrochloric(acid)高氯酸perchloric(acid)adj.percte次氯

24、酸hypochlorous(acid)adj.hypochlorite溴化的bromide氢溴酸、高溴酸、溴酸、亚溴酸、次溴酸名称参见氯碘化的iodideaisdaid氢碘酸、高碘酸、碘酸、亚碘酸、次碘酸名称参见氯卤化的halide铵根ammoniumJmsunism高锰酸根permanganate锰酸根manganate氰根cyanidesainaid硫氰根thiocyanate0aisu1saisneithlorate铬酸根chromate酸chloric(acid)adj.chlorat重铬酸根dichromate常见无机化合物氯(commoninorganiccompounds)酸ch

25、lorous(acid)adj.chlori氢化钠sodiumhydride钠monosodiumphosphate氨ammonia/azane。硅烷silane卩si-磷化氢phosphine硫化氢hydrogensulphide氮化镁magnesiumnitride四氧化三铁iron(II,III)oxide二氟化氧oxygendifluoride氯化氢hydrogenchloride氯化亚磷酸氢二钠disodiumphosphate氯化铵ammoniumchloride硫氢化钠/硫氢酸钠sodiumhydrosulphide系统命名法(chemicalnomenclature)mono-

26、di-tri-chloride氯化penta-hexa-铁iron(III)chloride/ferric七hepta-chloride八octa-氯化亚九nona-锡tin(II)chloride/stannous十deca-chloride烷四羟基合铝酸烃alkane(preffixalkyl-,suf钠sodiumaluminatefix-ane)铁iron(II)chloride/ferrous四tetra-磷酸氢甲meth-乙eth-正构型normal-(n-)丙prop-异构型iso-(i-)丁but-新构型neo-(n-)戊pent-聚poly-己hex-烷基alkyl庚hept

27、-甲基methyl(abbr.Me)辛oct-乙基ethyl(abbr.Et)壬non-丙基propyl(abbr.Pr)癸dec-环烷烃十一undec-十二dodec-十三tridec-十四tetradec-十五pentadec-十六hexadec-十七heptadec-十八octadec-十九nonadec-二十eicos-三十triacont-四十tetracont-五十prntacont-cycloalkane(preffix-cyclo,suffix-ane)烯烃alkene(preffixalkenyl-,suffix-ene)二烯烃allene(suffix-adiene)环烯烃

28、cycloalkene(preffixcyclo-,suffix-ene)炔烃alkyne(preffixalkynyl-,suffix-yne)顺式异构preffixcis-(Z-)id)adj.反式异构preffixtrans-(E-)carboxylate(suffix-oicacid苯基phenyl(abbr.Ph)(preffixphenyl-,suffix-benzene)苄基benzyl(abbr.Bn)(preffixbenzyl-,suffix-toluene)醇alcohol(preffixhydroxy-,suffix-ol)带卤素的化合物halogens(preffix

29、fluoro-,chloro-,bromo-,etc.)酮ketone(preffixoxo-,suffix-one)醛aldehyde(preffixoxo-,suffix-alornotincludedincarbonchainpreffixformyl-,suffix-carbaldeh)羧基carboxyl(preffixcarboxyl-,suffix-oicacidormultiplegroupssuffix-di,tri,tetracarbonylacid)乙酸根carboxylradical(abbr.Ac)醚ether(suffix-aneand-oxy)脂ester(pre

30、ffixR-oxycarbonyl-,suffix-oicacid/-oate)胺和酰胺amine(preffixamino-,suffixyde)-amineoraccordingtopositionof酸carboxylicka:bksilik(acNatomwithpre/suffix-N-)溴酚蓝bromophenoblueandamide(preffixcarbamoyl-andamido,suffix-amideand-carboxamideoraccordingtopositionofNatomwithpre/suffix-N-)氨基amino酰胺基amido磺酸sulphoni

31、c(acid)adj.sulphonate(preffixsulpho-,suffix-sulphonicacid)腈nitrile(preffixcyano-,suffix-nitrile)酚phenol/carbolicacid常见有机化合物(commonorganiccompounds)酚酞phenolphthalein(abbr.Hln/phph)finlf0eili:n石蕊litmus百里酚蓝thymolblue甲基橙methylorange龙胆紫gentianviolet氯仿chloroform异戊二烯isoprene月桂烯myrcenemairsi:n聚乙烯polythene聚氯

32、乙烯poly(chloroethene)(abbr.PVC)聚丙烯polypropylene聚四氟乙烯/特氟龙poly(tetrafluoroethene)/teflon(abbr.PTF)晴纶orlon二甲醚methoxymethane苯酚phenol乙酸乙酯methylpropanoate甲酸/蚁酸methanoicacid/formicacid乙酸/醋酸ethanoicacid/aceticacid乙二酸/草酸oxalicacidadj.oxalate丙酸/初油酸propanoicacid/propionicacid丁酸/酪酸butanoicacid/butyricacid软脂酸/棕榈酸

33、hexadecanoicacid/palmiticacid硬脂酸octadecanoicacid/stearicacid硬脂酸钠sodiumstearate柠檬酸citricacid柠檬酸钠sodiumcitrate乳酸lacticacid葡萄糖酸gluconicacidadj.gluconate氨基酸aminoacid葡萄糖glucose果糖fructose半乳糖galactose核糖ribose脱氧核糖desoxyribose核糖核酸rebonucleicacid(abbr.RNA)脱氧核糖核酸deoxyribonucleicacid(abbr.DNA)麦芽糖maltose蔗糖sucrose磺酸sulphonic(acid)adj.sulphonate(preffixsulpho-,suffix-sulphonicacid)腈nitrile(preffixcyano-,su乳