浅析英语中的性别歧视现象

1、浅析英语中的性别歧视现象abstratlanguageplaysaniprtantrleinsiety.asaphenennfsiety,languagerefletsallthesidesfhuansietynaturally.sexisisaphenennthattakesaale-as-nrattitude,trivializing,insultingrrenderingeninvisible.asaspeialsialphenenn,sexisisinevitablyrefletedthrughlanguage.tstartith,thethesistraesthereasnsfrth

2、eurrenefsexisintheenglishlanguage.innature,sexisinlanguagerefletssexisinsiety.thetarelselyrelated.sialnntatinsfsexisinenglishtelltherelatinshipbeteenphenennfsexisinlanguageandessenefsexisinsiety.thenthethesisanalysessexisintersfthegeneriasuline,rdrderandseantidergatinfeningreaterdetail.finally,alarg

3、epartfthethesisisntributedththangesexisinenglish.theauthrfthethesisthinksthekeyttheprbleis:(1)slvetheprblefgeneriprnuns;(2)neutralizelexis;(3)strivefrbalanednaingandaddressingsyste;(4)innerrespndingrds.theeliinatinflinguistisexisliesinsialhange.nlybyhangingthesialstruture,thatis,enandennreallyequals

4、tatus,anlanguageequalitybetrulyahieved.keyrdssexis;englishlanguage;lexialneutralizatin;feinis摘要语言在社会中所处的地位尤为重要。作为一种社会现象的语言，必然会反映出人类社会的各种社会观念。性别歧视作为这其中的一种，是指把男性视作社会标准和中心，轻视，侮辱女性或使她们显得微缺乏道。而这一特定的社会现象必然会在语言中折射出来。论文首先剖析了英语中性别歧视现象形成的根源。从本质来说，语言中的性别歧视是社会中性别歧视的表达。两者严密相连。性别歧视的社会内涵反映的就是这种语言中的性别歧视现象与社会中的性别歧视的

5、本质的关系。接着论文从阳性词泛指，词序，词义的贬降等方面对英语中的性别歧视现象进展了详细的分析。最后论文还着力讨论如何改变这种歧视。作者认为，改变性别歧视主要解决以下几个问题：(1)防止阳性代词的泛指；(2)词汇的中性化；(3)命名与称谓的对等；(4)创造新的对应词。语言中的性别歧视的最终消亡取决于社会变化。只有改变社会构造，即男女真正拥有平等的地位，语言中的平等才能真正实现。消除语言中的性别歧视的根本在于实现男女的平等的社会变革。关键词性别歧视；英语语言；词汇中性化；女权主义1.intrdutinasthepeuliarresultfthedevelpentfhuansiety,langua

6、geisakindfsialphenennandrefletsallthesidesfhuansietynaturally.itsexisteneanddevelpentarelselylinkediththesialattitudesfhuanbeingsandtagreatextentareaffetedbytheirsialviesandvalues.histriallyandsilgially,ursietyisan-rientedandan-entered.en,regardedasaeakergenderinsiety,aredisriinatedfralngtieandplete

7、lysubrdinatedinplitiallife,enilifeandevenfailylifeinthesietydinatedbyen.unavidably,thiskindfphenennhasbeenebdiedinlanguages.inlinguistiaspet,languageisbias-basedandensufferfrlanguagesexis.gender-differentiatedlanguageuseanrefletandhelpperpetuatethesubrdinatestatusfeninsiety.sine1960s,feinistsstrivef

8、rtheeliinatinfgenderdisriinatin,frthegreaterregnitinfensntributinstsietyandaithangeanyulturalandsialuststhatperpetuatepatriarhalvaluesystes.anyfieldsflifearundtherldhavebeen,rarebeing,affetedbythisveent.neftheanyipatsfeinisnsietyisitsipatnlanguage.languageasandisseenbyanyfeinistsasaperfulinstruentfp

9、atriarhy.2.thefatrsfsexisintheenglishlanguagesexisinenglishisntfredinneday,butbuiltupinthelngperidfthedevelpentflanguage,hihleadstthevarietyftheauses.hatausesthesexisintheenglishlanguage?therearefurfatrs:ulturalfatr,physilgialfatr,sialfatrandpsyhlgialfatr.(1)ulturalfatrinthehlybible(thebksftheldtest

10、aent):“sthelrdgdausedadeepsleeptfallupnthean,andheslept;thenhetknefhisribsandlsedupitsplaeithflesh.andtheribthatthelrdgdhadtakenfrtheanheadeintaanandbrughthertthean.thentheansaid,thisatlastisbnefybnesandfleshfyflesh;thisneshallbealledan,frutfanthisneastaken.1anaettherldfirsthileanadefrnefansribsasre

11、atedjustasahelpeetfrhi.andsheasntreateduntilalltheranialsfailedteetthesatisfatinfthean.frtherderfthebirth,itisbviustseethedifferentiprtanefanandan.andanandanarentequalatallbeauseanisnlyapartfan,hihitselfisthedisriinatinagainsten.itissaidinthehlybiblethatthefirstsinisalsittedbythean.sheasseduedbythes

12、nakeinteatingthefruitfthetreeftheknledgefgdandevilandhavingtheaneat,t.atlast,theanaspunishedtbringfrthhildreninpainandasruledverbythean.frabve,thesuperirityfenandinferirityfenislearlyseen.thehlybibleisatuallyabkfen.ashristianityissuhaperfulreligininesternuntries,itisunreasnabletdenythatthishelpstset

13、andnslidatetheinferirityfen.(2)physilgialfatrfrextendedrkandlifetgether,peplerealizedthatenaretallinstature,strnginusleandrbustinphysique.inntraryten,enaresallinstature,eakinphysiqueandhaverefatandlessuslethanen.enalsaturererapidly.2inard,enarestrngerthanen.thisdeterinesthatenplayareandreiprtantrlei

14、nsialandenilives.aansjbistrkutsidebutaansjbiststayathe,dthehuserkandtakearefthehildren.enaretreatedastheeakernesandtheyrealizetheirnvaluesthrughtheirarriagesten.atlast,enarelerinstatus.theyhavetleehntenandaredinatedbyen.gradually,peplebegintdisriinateenandthinkthattheyareinferirinintelligene.thisrng

15、perspetivefrssllyandrefletsinlanguage.(3)sialfatr(labrdivisin)feinistsalllaithateliveinapatriarhalsiety:asietyfen,ruledbyenandfren.patriarhydepitsenastheperfetnragainsthihenareeasuredandfundlaking.bththeesternandeasternsietiesusesex,tnedegreeranther,inallatingtasks,ativities,rights,andrespnsibilitie

16、s.asfrthejbdnebyenanden,thereisalng-steretypedntinfhattheyand.inhistry,therehasbeenadivisinflabr-adivisininhihensplaeasrestrainedathefrhuserkandhild-arehileenrkedutsidebeingthebreadinner.atlast,enhaddinaneveren,andenhadtbedependentnen.thisastheturningpintfren.frthenn,inpaternalsiety,slaverysietyanda

17、pitalistsiety,enhadbeennthebttfsiety.inlngandendlessursefhistry,sexisagainstenhasbeenauulated.itisduetdifferentlabrdivisinthatleadstdifferentsialstatus.thishasbeenlearinanientanddernsiety.later,inadditintdestirk,enbegantenterthepaidrkplae.hever,eventhughhalffenareeplyedutsidethehe,thebeliefpersistst

18、hatanisainly,andpriarily,intherlesfifeandther.duetensrelativephysialeaknessandlereduatinalbakgrund,theydpriarilythel-status,l-payingjbs.althughenalshavefailyrles,theyaredefinedpriarilybytheirenirupatinalpsitin.thusthesexisinthesietyhasbeeninexistene,theebdientfhihisneessarilythesexisflanguage.(4)psy

19、hlgialfatrbeausefthesialandulturalfatrs,enarealaysnsideredtbetheeak.pepletreatenasinferirten.theyeduateentbeanly,deisive,andbravehileenarerequiredtbeplite,nservative,bedient,andgentle.beauseenareinsubrdinatestatusinthesiety,theyhavetnstraintheiretinandgiveuptheirnneedteetthesatisfatinfen.astiepasses

20、,henspeakingenpayreattentinttheeleganeandstandardflanguagethanen.theyuserepleasantandpliterdsinthehpethattheyanreeivethersapprval.andtheyaretaughttspeaksftly,tavidntraditingthers,tbebedientinuniatin,andtbeaarefgivinguesfstrngnfidene.theyuldtheselvestbeinferirintheirptentialsubnsiusness.3therefre,ent

21、rytheirbesttstrengthentheirsialstatusthrughtheirspeehthanend.thelerenspsitinis,thereplitetheyareinthefaefthers.andthestandardlanguagetheyuseanshtheirsubissinandpliteness.thisalssuggeststhatenareinalerpsitininthesiety.3.phenenafsexisintheenglishlanguage3.1thegeneriasulinesexisinlanguageingeneralesint

22、hreeajrfrs:languageignresen;itdefinesenaslesssignifiantthanen;anditpletelyppsesen.theyanbelatedinthegeneriasulineters.3.1.1generiprnunsgeneriprnunsareprnunsthataresaidtrefer,ithequallikelihd,tenanden.buttheenglishlanguageignresenbyallingasulineterstbeusedspeifiallytrefertalesandnlytreferthuanbeingsi

23、ngeneral.thegeneriprnun“heisperhapsthestellknnexaplefthegender-speififsexistlanguage,andisfrequentlyreferredtbe“he/anlanguage.thestsignifiantanifestatinfthesexisisintheusefgeneriasulineprnuns“heanditsvariants“his,“hiand“hiselfinsuhsentenesas:(1)hehlaughslastlaughsbest.(2)everyneustdhisherkell.(3)ifa

24、nynealls,tellhiiillbebaklater.(4)heabveexaples,“he,“his,“hiand“hiselfareusedntsex-speifially,butgenerially,thatis,althughtheprnunsrefergraatiallytthesinglealeitizen,theyshuldbetakentrefertbthaleandfealeitizensingeneral.nthefralasins,he,hirhisanbeusedtrefertsuhin

25、definiteprnunsaseah,everyne,everybdy,nne,sene,anyneandsn.hileshe,her,herselfdnthavesuhusages.3.1.2generinunsantherell-knnexaplefgeneriasulinetersis“an.thedefinitinsf“aninxfrdadvanedlearnersenglish-hineseditinary(extendedfurtheditin)areasflls:adultalehuanbeing;huanbeingfeithersex;persnsing(ithutthera

26、)thehuanrae;ankind.thereareseexaplestakenfrtheditinary.allenustdie.gringldissethingaanhastaept.anisrtal.4frthesedefinitinsandexaples,itiseasytseethat“an,and“enanbeusedgeneriallytrefertbthaleandfeale.butanandenanntbeeplyedinrefereneten.thisalsreindspeplefthefaussayingfrtheusdelaratinfindependene:“all

27、enarereatedequal.shuldpeplearguethatthe“endesntinludeenbeauseenerentgiventherighttvteintheeighteenthenturyaeria?5alearexplanatinfthisphenennaybefundinsentenelike:(1)anisasialanial.(2)enreakenature.henseeingthethreesentenes,speakersfenglishareabletreadilyinterpret“anand“enaseaning“thehuanrae;“huankin

28、d.ifnt,thetsentenesuldbehangedint(3)anisasialanial.(4)enreakenature.furse,theyaregraatiallyellfred;seantially,hever,thethirdsentenehasthedefetfbeingpartial,andthefurthsenteneisveryridiulus.frabve,neanknthatinenglishusing“anr“entindiate“thehuanrae,negletsthefatthatenandenareequalinthesiety.byntraries

29、,theytreatanastheenterfsiety,anebdientfriterinandttallyignretheexistenefan.6thereareanythergeneriasulineterssuhasan-t-an,prehistrian,brtherhd,hairan,andpliean.3.1.3enbeingattahedtentheenglishlanguagedistinguishesensurtesytitlesnthebasisfaritalstatus,butntthsefen.thereisnlynefrfaddressfren,r.,regardl

30、essfartialstatus.hever,theartialstatusfenisdistinguishedbyissandrs.,refletingthentinthathetherrntaanisinaarriage.thisdisriinatrypratieissaidtarktheavailabilityfenintersfarriage(sex)andreinfrestheviethataanistheprpertyfaan(eitherherfatherrherhusband).henaanhasbeenarried,pepleaddressheras“rs.plusherhu

31、sbandssurnae.thatistsay,ifaanisarriedtsebdy,shehasnrighttbetreatedlikeanunarriedlady.astaan,thatsadifferentatter.frexaple:inenglish-speakinguntries,yuanftenhearsenealltheifefjhnsith“rs.jhnsith.thereisnexeptinffausadaeurie,rs.thather,andrs.gandhi.7rs.thatheristhefrerprieinisterinuk.hever,fepepleknher

32、nfailynaes.8r.lintnsife,hilarylintn,asaliberatedan,kepthernaehilaryrdhaafterarriage.butinrderthelpherhusbandintheeletin,shehadthangehernae.frtheaddressfenanden,neanlearlyseethesubissivepsitinfenandenareerelyanextensinftheirhusbandsrpartftheirhusbandsestate.thisalsrefletsinthelanguage.3.1.4fealeasane

33、xeptinenglishitselfhasndifferenefgender.butinthisan-enteredsiety,pepleisusedtbelievingthatprestigepersnarealaysales.hever,aanhnereeivesgreatppularityisregardedasaspeialexeptin.anyprfessinalssuhasdtr,prfessr,engineer,layer,pilt,judge,surgenanbeusedtindiatebthalesandfeales.buthenindiatingfealespsitin,

34、prfessinal,et.,theserdsarereatedbyaddingabundrpheerbybiningtheithardreferringtfeale.9beausethesesatisfatryjbsaretraditinallyvieedasnesqualifiednlybyales.enarejusttheappendantten.therdsbelanbestillustrateit:ngenderasulinegenderfeininegenderaiteraiteraitressherherherinepiltpiltanpiltdtrdtrandtrsurgens

35、urgenfealesurgenlayerlayerladylayerinterestingly,heneheartherpeplesay“yusinisalayer.,stpeplealaysnludethatyusinisaale.stfthetie,henevererefertaan,ehavetelabratelyaddan,fealerladybefreanyprfessinals.buttherprfessinalslikeseretary,nurse,typist,reeptinist,dressaker,areftenusedtindiatefeales.hentheyareu

36、sedtrefertales,yushuldaddaleranbefrethe,suhas:alenurse,aletypist,andaleseretary.itakeslearthatennplizethehighstatusprfessinals.enannlydservierkrlsialstatusrk.englishisakindfsuperasulinelanguage.thisanbeeasilyseeninpundrdsfredbyrdplusanstruture,suhashairan,businessan,ngressan,nesan,statesan,salesan,a

37、ilan,pliean,andspkesan.frtheserds,eaneasilyknthatalesaretheenterfthesiety.thesejbsareertainlytakenbyalesandenarepletelyexluded.inadditin,therearesefealeprfessinalsfredbyaddingthebundrpheesuhasess,-inetthert.frexaple:alefealepetpetessprineprinessgdgddessuntuntessherherinethiskindfrd-fratinseesttellth

38、atenarederivedfrenandattahedten.thesedisriinatrypratiesftenakeeninvisibleandtreatthesendary.3.1.5rdrdersexisinlanguageisalsrefletedinrdrder.henenandenarepresentedtgether,usuallyrdsdentingalesexareputinfrntffealesex.akingfealesesendrefletsthesexistattitudethatenaresuperirten.itisnthardtfindale-fealer

39、drderpairsinenglishliterature,nespaper,agazinesasellasinspeeh,suhasaleandfeale,husbandandife,fatherandther,bysandgirls,hisandhers,snanddaughter,brtherandsister,hstandhstess,kingandqueen,adaandeveandsn.natterinbksrnradi,evenindailydialgue,eanftenreadandhearsuhrds:(1)gdrning,bysandgirls!(2)theyuldhave

40、alledalesandfealestgtshltgether.suhalanguagephenennseestappearsunquestinablynaturalastbeidelyaeptedasalanguagenr.hever,therearealsasesinhihale-fealerderisreversed,frexaplebrideandgr,andladiesandgentleen.thefrershsthatarriageisiprtanttenandthelatterisinfluenedbythentinthatenshuldprteten.puttingladies

41、befregentleendesntshthatenareresuperirtenrladiesfirst,butindiatesthatinensind,en,thesaeashildren,aretheeakernes.103.2seantidergatinfenlanguagehasatendenytnegleten,treatenassubissinandalsdeeanen.11thepressfrdsthatrefertenaquiringdeeaningrsexualnntatinshasbeenidelybserved,andhasbeenalledseantidergatin

42、.3.2.1nn-parallelseantidevelpentsfpairedtersanysilinguistshavelaiedthatrdsbeenegativehenshiftedintthefealesphere,hilealehasreainedpureandneutral.frexaple:(1)kingandqueenneisasuline,thetherfeinineandbthean“rulerfanindependentstate.kinghasretaineditsinitialeaning,butbesidesthereeaningfqueen,queenisals

43、usedas“adisparagingterfragayrhsexualan.(2)asterandistressbthftheindiatesenehpssessesand/rhasperversenersethingelse.frexaple:“heisyaster.usuallyeans“heisybss.r“hehasreperthane.hile“sheisyistress.isrelikelytbeinterpretedaseaningsheisyilliitlver.istressriginallyreferstaaninapsitinfauthrity,ntrl,andners

44、hip,astheheadfahusehldlikeahusekeeper,butitipliesaanhhasantinuingsexualrelatinshipithausuallyarriedanhisntherhusbandandfrhshegenerallyreeivesaterialsupprt.(3)izardandithbthftheanbeusedtrefertpepleithevilagipers.izardalshasaeaningfpersnithextrardinaryabilities,hileitheansanuglyldan.(4)sirandadasirand

45、adabthanbeusedtreferthighstatuspeple.adaisusedfrerlyasaurtesytitlebefreaansgivennaebutnusednlybefreasurnaertitleindiatingrankrffierusedasafrfpliteaddressfraan.unlikesir,adaisalsusedtrefertabrthelkeeper.therearealsanytherexaplessuhaslrdandlady,gvernrandgverness.theexaplesitedabvedeeanenratherthanen.3

46、.2.2seantillatinandhange(1)seantillatininenglish,ardayhavedifferentnntatinshenitisusedtdesribedifferentsexes.frexaple:ipsinga.heisipsing.b.sheisipsing.senteneaeans“heisipressiveandadirable.hilesentenebuldbeinterpretedteanthat“sheisdisgustingandapatheti.henthesexhanges,sdestheeaning.lselseseesaneutra

47、lrdfrbthaleandfeale.but“alseanreindspeplef“aannsideredtbesexuallyprisuushereas“alseanjusteans“aasualan.12trapitisdefinedas“apersnithnherjb,handersfrplaetplaer“aannsideredtbesexuallyiral(esp.inaerianenglish).intheexaple,he/sheisatrap.frtheale,trapreferstavagranthereasfrthefealeitaneanthatsheisprisuus

48、.frtheabve,eanseethatthesaerdshiftsfrbeingpsitivetbeingnegativeneithasvedfrreferringtaaletafeale.13(2)seantihangebesides,rds,hihbeginitheitherneutralrpsitivenntatinsvertie,aquirenegativeipliatinsandfinallyendupas“sexualslurs.frexaple,theterhussyderivesfrldenglishhusif(“huseife),hiheans“thefealeheadf

49、thehuse.thetergraduallydeteriratedt“arustirudeanandfinallyestean“anindeent,ipudentanrprstitute.143.2.3etaphrlanguageexiststallustuniateithneanther.tthisend,languageservestpurpses:tuniatehaturrealityisandalshateishittbe.sifeidentifyatraitinalanguage,suhassexisrtherfrsfprejudie,thisnlyrevealsaprejudie

50、thatexistsinsiety.language,inpartiularetaphr,helpsfrsialreality.thereareanyetaphrstdesribeafeale.butftenithasattallydifferenteaning.(1)fdetaphrsefdrdsanalsbeusedtrefertfeales,suhasheeseake(奶酪蛋糕裸体女画)，herry(樱桃处女)，kie(点心得意的女人)，rupet(松脆饼性感女人)，tart(果馅饼妓女)，tat(西红柿漂亮女人),hney(蜜糖宝贝、亲爱的),piee(点心女人)，peah(桃子漂亮女

51、人)andsn.enftenusetheserdstexpresstheirappreiatinten.iteveninludestheeaningthatentreatenasdlls.15(2)anialetaphrtherearealsanyrdsshingnteptfren.theyebdysexualdisriinatinbutstillenjygreatppularity.frexaple:hik(小鸡少女)，kitten(小猫活泼年轻的姑娘)，bith母狗泼妇，at(猫丑妇、贱妇、讨厌的女人)，dragn(龙倔强的女人)，hen(母鸡爱管闲事的女人),(奶牛子女多的女人、妓女)，

52、rne(老母羊干瘪的丑老太婆)andare-hrse(母马粗声大气、肥胖固执的女人)andsn.16theseareallpejrativetersfren,beauseanialsarensideredtbeinferirthuanbeingsntheearth.susinganialstrefertfealesindiatesthatfealesareinferir.theseantidergatinfenhelpstnstrutfealeinferirityandbeauseenarenfinedtnegativeters,enntinuetbedevalued.4.signsfthef

53、adingfsexisintheenglishlanguagelanguageisntnlyusedtexhangeideas,nveyinfratin,butalsusedtsetupandaintaintheharniusrelatinshipbeteenhuanbeings,reateandkeeptheeffetiveuniatinenvirnentangsialebersandgrups.anyfrfsexistlanguage,hethernpurpsernt,illprbablystandffrffendsesialeberrgrup.languageandlanguageuse

54、irrrsialattitudesandsteretypesandbias.alngiththeensliberatinveent,peplebegantrealizetheiprtanefthelanguagerefranddesexisbeesneessary.then,shuldsexistlanguagebehangedravided?theanserisdefinitelypsitive,buth?theainstrategiesheretahievethisgalareavidingtheusefgeneriasuline,hangingsenaingandaddressingte

55、rs,iningnerdsandadvatingseneutralrds.4.1avidingusinggeneriasulineprnunslinguistsengagedinstudyfsexisintheenglishlanguagearentsatisfieditherelypintinguttheprble.asaslutinttheprblesthatthegeneriasulineanreate,anuberfprpsalshavebeenade.aajrategryangtheseslutinsistavidusinggeneriasuline.sealternativesta

56、vidgeneriasulinearefferedasflls:(1)thegeneriasulinehe,his,hishuldbereplaedithhershe,hisrher,hirher,andthelike,hihexpresslyindiatethatenareinludedintheanteedentftheprnuns.thisstrategyanbeillustratediththefllingsentene:everygditizenshuldlvehisrheruntryrethanhirherself;hersheshuldbereadytdiefritifthene

57、edarises.(2)thegender-neutralthirdpersnprnuntheyanditsvariantsshuldbeusedithasingulareaning.theprpsalakesitpssibletsay:everygditizenshuldlvetheiruntryrethantheselves;theyshuldbereadytdiefritiftheneedarises.(3)hangingthehlesenteneintpluralfranalshelptavidsexis.lkatthesentene:anyneantakepartinthepinii

58、fheisinterested.itisdisriinatry.seanhangeitintannsexistne:allpepleantakepartinthepiniiftheyareinterested.(4)setiesthefirstandsendprnunsareusedtreplaehe.listanexaple:nehastbearefulhenherssestherad.bviusly,itusehetrefertapersnhsesexisunknn.eanhangeitint“yuhavetbearefulhenyursstherad.tavidthedisriinati

59、n.(5)ifperitted,thesenteneanbehangedintpassivevietbennsexist.insteadfsaying“neshuldntlsehearthenheisbeateninaath.,neuldbeabletsay“neshuldntlsehearthenbeateninaath.(6)drppingtheasulineprnunanalsbeseenasausefulaytesapefrgenderbias.17thefllingsenteneanhelptknthestrategybetter.anybdyanattendtheeetingifi

60、nterestedinit.beingdisriinatry,itisrittenint“anybdyanattendtheeetingifheisinterestedinit.feinistsregardasulineprnunsasbeingabiguusanddisriinatryagainstenbeausetheyanbeinterpretedasbeingasuline-speifirneutralandthus,inseases,beinterpretedasntreferringtenatall.sitistiethatasulineprnunserehanged.theabv