构词法1第三讲课件

1、构词法1第三讲构词法1第三讲构词(Word Formation)Teaching Objectives: To help students master the rules of word formation and cultivate their ability to grasp the meanings of words through word-formation.Teaching focus: To understand and grasp the definition of the following terms and their features in forming new w

2、ords: derivation; compounding; conversion; abbreviation; (clipping; acronymy; blending; sound reduplication); backformation构词(Word Formation)Teaching Obj词缀都是粘着语素，依附在词根上构成新词或表示词的语法意义。 (Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. All affixes are bound m

3、orphemes. )Two types of affixes:屈折词缀和派生词缀(Inflectional affixes and Derivational affixes) 构词法1第三讲表示词的语法意义的是屈折词缀。Inflectional affixes (or inflectional morphemes) serve to indicate the syntactic relationships between words and function as grammatical markers. They express the following meanings:表示词的语法意

4、义的是屈折词缀。Inflectional afPlurality名词复数The genitive case 名词所有格The comparative and superlative degrees 形容词/副词比较级、最高级The verbal endings 动词词尾变化e.g. -s in chairs, pens; -es in boxes, tomatoes; -en in oxene.g. s in boys, childrense.g. -er in words like smaller; -est in words like smallest.a. -(e)s in words

5、like eats, teaches shows the third person singular present tense. b. -ing in words like eating, shows the present participle or gerund. c. -(e)d in words like worked shows the past tense or past participle.Plurality名词复数e.g. -s in chairs派生词缀(Derivational affixes or derivational morphemes) They can be

6、 further divided into prefixes and suffixes. 派生词缀(Derivational affixes or d前缀 Prefixes are affixes before the root. e.g.， unjust, rewrite.As a rule, most prefixes modify the meaning of roots, but not their parts of speech. 后缀 Suffixes are affixes after the rootBy the addition of the suffix, the word

7、 is usually changed from one part of speech into another, e.g. liberation, modernize.前缀 Prefixes are affixes before构词法基本构词方法 派生法derivation 复合法blending 转化法conversion其它构词方法 缩略法shortening/abbreviation 逆生法 back-formation 拟声法 onomatopoeia构词法基本构词方法基本构词方法派生法derivation 派生词缀和词根结合,或者粘着词根和粘着词根结合构成单词的方法. It is

8、a method of word-formation by which new words are created by adding affixes to roots. It is subdivided into prefixation and suffixation. 如: 拉丁词根duc- / duct-: conduct, introduce, produce, reduce; conductive, conduit, conductor基本构词方法派生法derivation前缀 Prefixation前缀 Prefixation: the formation of new words

9、 by adding prefixes to stems without changing the word class but only modifying its meaning.如: de-: “离去,出去” dehydrate (v.脱水), deorbit (v.使脱离轨道); “向下,降级” devalue,; “使逆转” decentralize; “完全的” defunct (a.已消亡的). 如: deplane, deforest, deport, defoam, defog(ger), deice(r)前缀 Prefixation前缀 Prefixation: 前缀 Pr

10、efixation表示否定的前缀 Negative prefixa-, dis-, in-, il-, ir, im-, non-, un-a-: apoliticalDis-:dishonestin- / im- / ir- / il-: illiterate irresistible informal imbalance, incorrect, improper, illogical, irregularNon-:Un-: untidy 前缀 Prefixation表示否定的前缀 Negative表示方式的前缀Mis-: mislead, miscalculateMal-: maltrea

11、t, malnutrition,Co-:co-operate, co-chairman表示态度的前缀Anti- : anti-warCounter-: counter-revlution, counter-chargere-: react, resistPro-: pro-American, pro-Communist表示程度的前缀Super-: superman, super-powerUnder-: underfeed, underdevelopedOver-: overcareful, overdo表示方式的前缀表示时间的前缀Pre-: prenatalPost-: post-warEx

12、-: ex-servicemanRe-: rebuild表示地点的前缀Inter-:internationalSuper-: superstructureOver-: overheadSub-: subwayUnder-:underground表示时间的前缀英语中三个能决定词性的前缀En- (在b, p, m前用em-)与名词结合, 意为“使处于状态,处境”如: enslave, empower, embody, endanger; 与形容词结合,如:enble, enrich, enlarge, endear, ensure.Be-: 与名词,形容词结合构成动词,如:befriend, be

13、cloud, benumb, becalm, belittle; 也可以加在名词之前, 使其成为带-ed的形容词,含有轻蔑或戏谑之意,如: bespectacled(戴眼镜的), benighted(不觉天黑了,愚昧的)A-: 使动词,名词变成表语性形容词,如: asleep, astir, afire, afoot英语中三个能决定词性的前缀后缀suffixation后缀suffixation: the formation of words by adding suffixes to roots.Noun suffixesDenominal nouns -Concrete: -eer, -er

14、, -ess, -ette,-let -Abstract: -age,-dom,-ery, -hood, -ism, -ship2) Deverbal nouns -denoting people: -ant, -ee, -ent, -er(-or) -denoting action, result, process, state: -age, -al, -ance, -tion, -ence,-ing, -ment3) De-adjective nouns: -ity, -ness4) Nouns and adjective suffixes related to human being o

15、r nationality names: -ese, -an, -ist后缀suffixation后缀suffixation: th形容词后缀 adjective suffixesDenominal suffixes: -ed, -ful, -ish,-ly, -y, -less, -like, -al, -esque, -ic, -ous Note: -ic and ical can be affixed to the same stem, but differ in meaning,2) Deverbal suffixes: -able(-ible), -ive, (-ative, -si

16、ve)3) Adverb suffixes: -ly, -ward(s), -wise4) verb suffixes: -ate, -en, -(i)fy, -ize(-ise形容词后缀 adjective suffixes派生词的结构前缀+自由词根 prearrange, postscript, rewrite, enlarge, inapt, disloyal自由词根+后缀 darkness, friendship, government, hopeful, hopeless, lifelike, darken, badly, clockwise 前缀+自由词根+后缀 inaction,

17、 improfitable, unfriendly, removal组合形式+自由词根 predict, descend, contradict, evolve; tolerance, liberate, diction, linguist; ascendant, contradiction, intolerable, disruptive; telescope, microscope, thermograph科技术语中组合形式比比皆是,如: electrocardiogram (心电图), cineangiocardiography (心血管电影描记法)派生词的结构前缀+自由词根复合法(co

18、mpounding) Compounding 把两个或两个以上独立的词结合在一起构成新词的方法, 也叫合成法-the formation of words by joining two or more stems, also called composition Characteristics of Compounds -Phonetic features: The word stress usually occurs on the first element. In case of two stresses, the compound has the primary and secondar

19、y stress. But there are some exceptions. -Semantic features: Semantic unity: Every compound should express a single idea just as one word. -Grammatical features: Playing a single grammatical role in a sentence复合法(compounding) Compoundinga greenhouse(玻璃暖房) a green house(绿色的房子)Greenroom (演员休息室) a gree

20、n room (一间绿色房间)A greenhorn一个没有经验的人Greenback 美钞Greenfly 蚜虫Greenhand 生手Greenline 轰炸线,敌我分界线Greengrocer 蔬菜水果商a greenhouse(玻璃暖房) a green hBlackguards 恶棍Flowerpots 花盆Eggshells 蛋壳Lookers-on 旁观者Blackguards 恶棍复合词(Formation of Compounds)复合名词 Noun compoundsadj.+n.: deadline, blueprint, hard disk N.+n.: mousema

21、t, shoelace, paperknife Adv.+n.: under-clothes, after-effect, upgrade, overburdenv-ing.+n.: cleaning lady, wading bird, chewing gum, reading lamp, working party, floating bridge复合词(Formation of Compounds)复合名5. V.+n.: swearword, breakwater,driveway, crybaby, tell-tale, jump suit6. N.+v.: toothache, n

22、ightfall, watersupply, snowfall, frostbite 7. V.+adv.: show-off, slip-up, put-off, follow-up, sit-in, have-not8. adv.+v: outlet, upset, upstart, onflow, outbreak, downfall5. V.+n.: swearword, breakwate 复合形容词(Adjective compounds)N.+adj.: fat-free, toll-free, line-dry, world-famous, heartsick, dog-tir

23、ed,warweary, thread-bare adj.+adj.: wet-cold, icy-cold, red-hot, light-blue, deaf-mute, bitter-sweet V-ing.+adj.: steaming-hot / smoking-hot, soaking-wet / wringing-wet, biting-cold / freezing-coldAdv.+adj.: ever-victorious, over-cautious, all-roundn+v-ing: law-abiding, record-breaking, peace-loving

24、, time-saving, summer-flowering6. n+v-ed: heart-felt, air-borne, home-made, hen-pecked, poverty-stricken, custom-built, town-bred 复合形容词(Adjective compounds)7. adj./adv. +v-ing: fresh-frozen, easy-going, familar-sounding, ever-lasting8. adj.(adv.)+v-ed: newly-developed, well-balanced, half-baked, qui

25、ck-frozen, far-fetched, hard-won9. n(adj.)+n-ed: short-sighted, lion-hearted, hot-tempered, chicken-hearted, honey-mouthed, paper-backed, tender-hearted, sweet-tempered10. adj.+n.: long-distance, full-length, white-collar, red-letter11. v.+ n.: break-neck, telltale, cut-rate7. adj./adv. +v-ing: fres

26、h-fro 复合动词(Verb compounds) (参看p.48)-转化法 (Through conversion )nickname to nickname honeymoon to honeymoonmoonlight to moonlight first-name to first-name Spotlightto spotlight-逆生法 (Through backformation)lip-reading to lip-readbottle-feeding to bottle-feedmass-production to mass-produceSight-seeing to

27、sight-seeChain-smoker to chain-smoke 复合动词(Verb compounds) (参看p.48转化法(Conversion)Converting words of one class to another (zero-derivation) smoke, walk, hunt, sight, play 转化法(Conversion)Converting word转化成动词(Conversion to verbs)名词转化成动词 Noun to verbTo elbow ones way through the crowd - to push ones way

28、 through the crowd夸克 (R. Quirk)把转化成的动词与原来名词的语义关系分成七种: 表示方位的 (to put in / on N): bottle, garage, list, cage, pocket, can, corner 给与,提供(to provide with N): shelter, fuel, man, bloom, grease, arm camouflage去掉 (to deprive of N): core, skin, peel, juice, dust用来做 (to with N): hand, finger, hammer, brake,

29、shoulder, eye, pump象那样 (to be/act as N with respect to): nurse, tutor, father, ape, dog, captain, shepherd, monkey, wolf使成为 (to make / changeinto N): ripple, fool, knight, cash, group, orphan, widow, wreck, pile用来送 (to send/go by N): mail, ship, bicycle, telegram, boat, moter转化成动词(Conversion to verb

30、s)名词转化形容词转化成动词 (Adjective to verb)(to make / become adjective): 如: dry, narrow, dim, dirty, smooth, warm, cool, empty, slow, bare, free, blind, humble, brave, rough形容词转化成动词 (Adjective to verb)转化成名词 (Conversion to noun)动词转化为名词 (Verb to noun)来自动词的名词大多表示动作或状态, 如: eats, doubt, smell, desire, want, attempt, hit, laugh,等等.这些词又往往可以和to have, to take, to give, to make 等动词连用.如:Have a look / swim / drive / smoke / try / rest / think / wash Take a look / walk / peep / ride / rest / glance / stroll /