考试相关电商的重点

1、ReviewManaging Information Systems题型选择题（共40分，202）术语翻译（共15分，151）简答题（共25分，55） 案例分析I（共8分,18）案例分析II（共12分，112 ）总成绩：成绩占80%，平时成绩占20%（包括实验、考勤和小组作业）常用术语缩写WLAN；CIO；SIS； EB；EC；MC； BPR；SCM；BI；KM，MRP；BOM； CIMS； CAD；CAM；CAPP；GUI；EAI；ASP； DB； DBMS；GIS；OLAP； OLTP；ISP；CSF；BSP；DM，DW；MIS；DSS；EIS/EIS；KWS；OA；TPS；SBU； DN

2、S；Saas； HTML；HTTP；XML； URL；UGC ；C/S；B/S；OS；4GL；SQL；PERT；RANET；EXTRANET；EDI；IOS；RFID；MRPII：GDSS；DFD；KDD；VoIP；O2O；BLOG；WLAN；Cloud Computing ；WIKI；Sol Networking；Big Data；UtilityComputing；IOT； Crowdsourcing；al Commerce；UGC； mercePART I:Concept and Role of Information SystemsConceptualize Information Sy

3、stems from systemsand businessInformation Systemsshe EntriseWinning Competitive Advantages with IT anization, Management, Business Proand Information systemsses,What is Information Systems?-From BusinessAn Information System is ananizational andmanagement solution, based on information technology, t

4、o aTECHNOLOGYINFORMATIONSYSTEMSANIZA-TIONSchallengeed by theenvironment.(针对经营环境中的基于所的组织与MANAGEMENT管理上的解决方案)ANIZATIONSPEOPLE: Managers, knowledge workers,data workers, production or service workersSTRUCTURE:groups of speanizationchart,lists, products, geography*ANIZATIONSSTANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES

5、(SOP,标准作业程序): formal rules(规则) have been developed over a long time forplishing taskstPOLITICS:politics,is the basis ofanizationaler to persuade, get things doneCULTURE: Behavior of staff, employee*MAJOR BUSINESS FUNCTIONSSales & MarketingManufacturing and operation FinanceAccountingHuman Resource（

6、第3小题）和管理行为等方面p21.小结、INFORMATION TECHNOLOGYHardwareSoftware Data prosing& storageCommunicationNetwork Application systemsIT辅助资产（互补性资产）为保证IT/IS价值实现，企业必须投资的组织与管理方面的资产。除非企业进行了合适的组织和管理否则IT投资价值很难真正实现。，组织资产：组织文化、合适的企业模式、高效的业务流程、较强的IS开发团队、分散决策权等。管理资产：管理者的强力支持、协同工作环境、对管理创新的激励等。社会资产（不是本公司投资，主要由其他公司、其他市场参与者投资）

7、：互联网和通信基础设施、标、技术服务公司等。p18准、anization Level in BusinessHelp knowledge and data worker design products, distribute information, and copewith prworkHelp operational managers keep track of the firms day-to-day activitiesHelp middle managers monitor and controlHelp senior managers with long-term planning

8、MAJOR TYPES OF SYSTEMSTRANION PROSING SYSTEMS (TPS)KNOWLEDGE WORK SYSTEMS (KWS) OFFICE AUTOMATION SYSTEMS (OAS)MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS (MIS)DECISUPPORT SYSTEMS (DSS)EXECUTIVE SUPPORT SYSTEMS (ESS)Tranion Prosing Systems(TPS)Basic business systems level.A computerized systemt serve the operati

9、onalt performs and recordsthe daily，routine tranions nesary toconduct the business.(订单录入系统、宾馆预定系统、薪资系统、人事信息系统)Inputs: tranionsProsing: sorting; listing; merging; updatingOutputs: Detailed reports; listsUsers: operationsnel; supervisorsKnowledge Work Systems(KWS)Aids knowledge workershe creation ande

10、gration of new knowledgeheanizationEx (prole: Engineering work sion, CAD/CAPPs planning工艺规划)/CAMBusiness information systems Knowledge levelt serve theInputs: Design specification(技术指标，规格)Prosing: Ming, simulationOutputs: Designs, graphicsUsers: Technical stand profesalsOffice Automation Systems(OA)

11、A type of information systems toward a“Prless” office.Increase the productivity of data workers(handle and manages through wordprosing, desktop publishing(桌面排版),scheduling(日程安排) through electronic calendars, communication throughconferencing), or E.g:MS Office Work flow systemsManagement Information

12、 Systems(MIS)Business information systems Management levelt serve theInputs: High volume data (from TPS)Prosing: Simple msOutputs: Summary reports(综合), exception report事先定义好的、结构化报表结构Users: Middle managersle: Annual budgeting, course report, .ExManagement Information Systems(MIS)Structured decisRepor

13、ting and control orientedPast and present dataHave littleernal orienytical capabilityionDeciSupport Systems (DSS)Business information systems Management level Inputs: Low volume datat serve the Prosing:eractiveOutputs: DeciUsers: ProfesysisalsExle: ShipScheduleDeciSupport SystemsFlexible, adaptable,

14、 quickeractive, User controls inputs/outputsNo profesSupports decial programmingpros (semi-structured)Sophisticated ming tools*Executive Support Systems (ESS)Executive Information Systems (EIS)Business information systems levelt serve the StrategicInputs: Aggregate data (external,踪重要数据ernal)筛选、汇整、追P

15、rosing:eractive (lese ofytical ms,unstructured deciOutputs: Projections(s)Users: Senior managers组织绩效、竞争对手的活动、发现问题、识别机会、趋势(组织状况报导系统、人际沟通系统)Exle: 5-year operating planEIS & ESSTop level managementNot designed primarily to solve specific problems (provide a generalized computing andcommunications) DSS针

16、对一类问题，对于管理来说灵活性较差Designed to the individualTies CEO to all levels*Strategy Levels and ITIT TechniquesStrategyysis MsCooperation vs. competitionLicense& StandardInformation partnershipsIndustryElectronic tranionsCompetitive formeranizational systemsNetwork economicsCommunication networksFirmSynergyCo

17、re competenciesanization-wide systems Knowledge systemsCore competencieseranizational systemsBusinessLow costEfficient customer responseValue chainysisSupply chaanagementIT-based products/service DataminingDifferentiation ScopeNo singlepassing strategic system, but instead there are a number of syst

18、ems operating atdifferent levels of strategythe business, the firm, and the industry level. For each level of strategy,there are strategic uses of systems. And for each level of business strategy, there is an appropriatemused forysis.（没有单一的全方位信息系统，取而代之的是一组运行在不同战略层次(业务、企业和行业层次)上的信息系统。每一层次的都有信息系统的运用方式

19、。每一层次的，也都有不同的模型来进行分析）。Business Level Strategy and theValue ChaValue Cha: Highlights the primary or support activities adding a margin of value to products orservi. .(将企业视为一连串可以增加公司产品或服务利润的基本活动组成) Helps achieve a competitive advantageBusiness Level Strategy and theValue ChaPrictivities(主要活动): Directl

20、y related to the production and distribution of a firms products or serviSupport Activities(支持活动): Make the delivery of prictivitiessible Consist of the human resouranizations infrastructure, technology, and procurement.Firm Value ChainCompetitive Advantage:anization have competitive advantage when

21、they provide more value to their customers or when they provide the same value to customers at a low price.The role of information technology at the business level is to help the firm reduce costs, differentiate products, and serve new markets (change the scope of competition).p65.表3-4Firm Value Cha

22、in上述系统可能属于事务层、知识层、管理层和只要能够为企业提供竞争优势（支持企业特定层，但不论属于哪个层次，-低成本、差异化、聚焦），就可以称为价值链模型统最有可能产生信息系统。企业可以最好应用竞争的特定活动，在这些活动中信息系影响。不业、不同企业应利用信息系统支持价值链中合适的增值活动，UPSWalmart在logistics, American Airline在sales 活动中。Information system Products and Servi-differentiationFirms can use IS to create unique new productsand ser

23、vit can be easily distinguished fromthose of competitors.Strategic information systems for product differentiation can prevent the competition from responding in kind (避免竞争者用相同产品来响应) sot firms with these differentiated productsand servino longer have to compete on thebasis of cost.Systems to Focus o

24、n Market Niche-Serve the new marketBusinesses can create new market niches (指在市场中通常被大企业所忽略的某些细分市场) by identifyinga specificfor a product or servicet it canserve in a superior manner.Information systems enable companies to finelyyze customer buying patterns(模式),tastes(品味), and preferen(偏好) sot theyef

25、ficiently pitch advertising and marketingns to smaller and smallermarkets(有活动对准愈来愈小的目标市场).效地把和Systems to Focus on Market Niche-Serve the new marketSophisticated dataming software tools find patterns in large pools of data and infer rules from them.Applications of Dataming:Determining which products

26、or serviare commonlypurchased together, such as beer and cigarettes, po and soda.o chipsPredicting which customers are likely to switch to competitors.Identifying common characteristics of customers who purchase the same product.Predicting what each visitor to a Web site is most seeing.erested inSup

27、ply Chaanagement and EfficientCustomer Response Systems-Reduce costsTo manage the supply chain, a company tries to eliminate delays and cut the amount of resourtied up (占用) along the way.Use IT to streamline the companysernaloperations or reduce inventory costs by asking rs to put off delivery of go

28、ods until themoment they are needed.Wal-Mart-Tranion dataAcsContinuous Replenishment System(replenish inventory with lightning speed)结帐时自动销售终端每一项售出商品的条形码，并将交易数据直接传送到总部的计算机，总部的计算机将个零售店传来的订单汇整后传送给供货商，供货商也可以利用网页来查询玛的销售与存货数据。不需要在自身维持大量库存，可以调整项目以迎合顾客的需求。Sales andinventory datacustomerstorescustomerCentra

29、l computer at Wal-Mart headquartersrcustomerstoresSupply Chaanagement and EfficientCustomer Response Systems-Reduce costsSupply chaanagement can be used to createefficient customer response systems to customer demands more efficiently.t respondUse IT to lower the costs of customers (raising customer

30、 switching costs(转换成本)-locking incustomers(锁定客户), thus giving ther adecided competitive advantage(决定性的竞争优势).Firm-Level Strategy and InformationTechnologySynergies:When outputs of some unites can be used as inputs to other unites, this relationship can lower costs and generate profits.How can IT be u

31、sed strategically here?To tie together the operations of disparatebusinenits sot they can aa whole.Firm-Level Strategy and InformationTechnologyEnhancing Core CompetencyActivity at which a firm excels as a world-class leaderEg., may include being the worlds best fiber-optic manufacturer(光纤制造商), the

32、best miniature parts designer (精密零件设计者), the best package delivery service, or the best thin film manufacturer(薄膜生产商).-rely on knowledge.How can IT be used to advance or create core competencies?Information system encouraging the sharing ofknowledge across businenihancompetency.Industry-Level Strate

33、gy andInformation SystemsInformation partnership (competition vs. cooperation) Cooperative alliance formed betn two ormore corporations for sharing information to gain strategic advantage Help firms gain acs tcustomers,creating new opportunities for cros ing productsling and Exle：Citib&American Airl

34、ineIndustry-Level Strategy andInformation SystemsPorters competitive form Describes theeraction of external influen,specifically threats and opportunities, affectingananizations strategy and ability tocompete.(描述企业外部环境中的和机会，这的选择以及竞争些和机会影响了企业竞争的能力)Industry-Level Strategy andInformation SystemsPorters

35、 competitive form CUSTOMERSRSTHE FIRMTRADITIONAL COMPETITIONSubstitute Products & ServiNew Market EntrantsIndustry-Level Strategy andInformation SystemsNetwork Economics(externality): Adding anoth marginal costs barticipant entails(承担) zeroan create much largermarginal gain. Eg.,ephone network. Comm

36、unities of users（背景类似的顾客可以彼此的经验，建立客户的忠诚度及使用乐趣，并和客户建立起独特的联系） Exle: 微软建立的社区(这些小的软中的bug，提开发件开发公司帮助微软找出操作系统应用的技巧)供新的应用观点，给客户一些anization and Information systemsThe Two-Way Relationship Betnanizations and Information TechnologyInformation SystemsANIZATIONS信息系统必须与组织相配合，以提供组织所需的信息组织也要了解信息系统的作用和影响，以获得技术所产生的收

37、益。MEDIATING FACTORS:Environment Culture StructureStandard Procedures PoliticsManagement DecisChanceCommon Features ofanizations are bureaucraciesanizationsve certainstructural features (1911年，德国的社会学家Max Weber首先描述出理想与典型(ideal-typical)的组织特征，它将组织)拥有这些明确的结构化特色的组织称为Clear diviHierarchyof laborExplicit rul

38、es and procedures(明确的规章制度)Impartial judgments(公平的裁决)Technical qualifications forition(技术资格)umanizational efficiency员工有不同的劳动分工，从事不同的工作，属于不同层级，向特定的人负责，其职权限定于特定的活动。这些活动在规章制度的限制之下。这些规章制度建立了一个公平的决策环境，每个员工都受到对待，依靠技术资格和专业水平而不是人际关系来雇用和员工。如此组织便能致力于效率原则，即运用有限的输入获取最大的输出。anizational TypesMzbergs classification

39、(five basic kinds)-Entrepreneurial structure(创业型结构)Young, small firm in a fast-changing environment.Is a simple structure and is managed by anentrepreneur serving as its single CEO(由作为单一主管的创业者掌控).e.g. small start-up business(刚起步的小型企业).Information system are poorly planned and behind production devel

40、opmentsanizational Types-Machine bureaucracy(机械)Large bureaucracy existing in a slowly changing environment, producing standard products. It is dominated by a centralized management team andcentralized decimaking.E.g. midsized manufacturing firmmainframe-based system, well planned, but generally lim

41、ited to accounting, finance, simple planning, andadministrative applications(局部应用).anizational Types-Profesal bureaucracy(专业)knowledge-basedanization where goods andservidepend on the knowledge and expertise ofprofesals. Dominated by department heads(部门主管) with weak centralized authority.E.g. law fo

42、rms(法律), school systems,accounting forms, hospitals, etc.Often have sophisticated knowledge work supportsystems for profesals.anizational Types-Divialized bureaucracy (部门或区域)A combination of many machine bureaucracy, each producing a different product or service, all toppedby one central headquarter

43、s(顶层为 e.g., Fortune 500 firms(500强）Information system are elaborate and complex,总部).support central headquarters finanl planningand reporting, and the requirmentsof the divi on the other hand.sanizational Types-Adhocracy(以任务为中心组成的机构,临时性体制）atsk force(任务小组)anizationt must respondto raly changing envir

44、onments. Consists of largegroups of spelistsanizedo short-lived,multidisciplinary teams and has weak central management.E.g. researchanizations, consulting firmsInformation systems are poorly developed at the central level, but are remarkably advanced withaskforfor narrow functions.Hierarchical Busi

45、ness StructureA common view of a firm is as a hierarchy around a set of functionsanizedExecutive OffiCEOoperationsmarketingaccountingfinanceadministrationEach group has a core competency which it concentrates on.Functional groups within a firm tend to complete their portions and “throw it over the w

46、all” to the next group inof a prothe value chain.This can lower effectiveness, because of the “inward-looking”focus of each functional group.Business ProsBusiness Pros is a set of activitiest are done tocomplete a business goal/task.Business pros is pros manner(处理方式) inwhich work isanized, coordinat

47、ed, and focused toproduce a valuable product or service.Each business proses includes the following:Cross-functional lines(方式)A beginning and an end, inputs and outputs Subprosest turn inputso outputs A set of metrics(指标体系) for measuring effectivenessBusiness Pros and Information SystemsInformation

48、systems helpanizations Achieve great efficiencies by automatingpartsof proses Rethink and streamline proses (effectiveness)Business proBusiness pros improvement (BPI)s reengineering (BPR)How Information Systems Affectanizations Tranion Cost Theory(交易成本理论）：Costs incurred when a firm buys on the marke

49、tplace what itcannot make itself.(公司在市场上买进非本身制造的物品时所发生的成本)Traditionally, by getting bigger, hiring more employees or buyingtheir ownrs and distributors.IT(network) can help firms lower the cost of market participation,making it worthwhile for firms to contract with externalrsernal source.（ciscl）inst

50、ead of using会逐渐成长以降低交易成本。信息技在固定规模的组织中减少交易成本，易成本曲线向内移动，使组织不需增Tranion cost模甚至减少人力也可收益。T1T2Firm size(employees)组织术能使交加规How Information Systems Affectanizations Agency Theory(理论）：Firm is nexus of contracts among self-erested individualsizing entity.(雇主ownerrather雇佣n as a unified, profit-人agent员工为他或代表他工作

51、，然而，人必须被监督或管理，以免只追求自己想要的利益而非雇主想要的利益)IT, by reducing the costs of acquiring andyzinginformation, permitanizations to reduce agency costsbecause ites easier for managers to oversee agreater number of employees.A1Agency costs当公司变大且更复杂后，传A2统上成本会增加，而信息技术将成本曲线向右下方移动，使组织在扩张的情况下人可降低成本。Firm size(employees)Im

52、plement ChangeTasksResistantPeopleTechnology整(Mutual相钻石模型：Adjustment):技术才能引入到组织当中，组织才能从技组织抗拒与间的相互调整关系。实施信息系统会影响任务安排、结构与人。根据术中获得价值Structure该模型，实施时，必须同时改变四项元素。Source: Leavitt, Handbook ofanization (1965)基础设施发展的技术驱动力计算机处理能力、设备、通信和网络硬件、设计。摩尔定律和微处理能力：微处理器的处理能力每18个月翻一番；计算机的计算能力每18个月翻一番；计算成本每18个月下降一半。微处理器中

53、集成的晶体管数量成指数上升，计算能力也随之成指数上升，但本却成指数下降。计算成基础设施发展的技术驱动力大规模数据定律：数字化的信息差不多每年翻一番，只有0.003%以书面打印文件的方式保存。数字化信息的成本以指数形式不断下降。19502000年，每一 大约每15个月翻一番。的磁盘能的千字节数，1TB=1024GB，1ZB等于10亿TB 的数据基础设施发展的技术驱动力Metcalfe定律和网络经济学：如果网络成员线性增加，整个网络的价值将按指数形式增长，并且在理论上可以随着网络成员数的增加而持续增长。数字网络使得网络成员之间的实际数与潜在数成倍增加，其社会价值与商业价值驱动了人们对的需求不断增加

54、。PART : Entrise InformationSystems ApplicationEntrises ResourPlanning ()Electronic Business (EB)Customer Relationship Management ()Businesselligence(BI)的发展与信息集成MRP（Material Requirement Planning，物料需求计划）：销-产-供部门物料信息的集成既不出现短缺，又不积压库存优先级计划/ 供需平衡原则MRP II （Manufacturing ResourPlanning，制造资源计划） ：物料信息同信息的集成“财

55、务帐”与“实物帐”同步生成管理会计/ 模拟法支持决策Planning，企业资源计划） ：（Entrise Resour客户、供应商、制造商信息的集成优化供需链协同运营/合作竞争供需链管理/敏捷制造/精益生产/约束理论/价值链MRP 回答了 4 个制造业的主要问题问答1 生产什么？1 主生产计划（MPS）2 用到什么？2 产品信息，物料（BOM）3 库存信息，物料可用量3 已？4 建议的加工及采购计划4 还缺什么？何时定货？（量）(期)制造业的通用公式（生产什么用到什么） 已 还缺什么MRP 的原理与特点原 理基于时间坐标产品结构，物料集成模型基于制造业通用公式的需求优先计划特 点优先级计划分时

56、段计划快速修订的计划主 要 数 据需求信息物料( BOM )工艺路线和提前期物料可用量原理与管理物流与流信息集成(MRPII如何实现财务帐与实物帐的集成)物料与的静态关系计算物料成本、定义物料价值定义物料类别与会计科目的关系物料与的动态关系定义事务处理类型定义相关会计科目及借贷关系成本：极其重要的切入点原理与管理成本(制造成本法)直接材料费直接成本变动成本直接人工费制造成本变动制造费间接成本固定成本(制造费用)固定制造费总成本销售费 用 业务成本(期间成本)财 务费 用用产品成本集成应用原理与管理本层人工费增加赋予物料价值本层间接费成本X低层人工费低层间接费累计低层材料费成本低层采购间接费增加

57、 本层人工费成本 本层间接费低层人工费累计 低层间接费 A BE材料费成本 低层材料费采购间接费低层采购间接费增加 本层人工费成本 本层间接费 C DR材料费累计 低层材料费采购间接费成本 低层采购间接费材料费OP材料费采购间接费采购间接费详细的成本信息物 料 号：10000物料名称： X成本类型：标准成本物料计量合计（元）人工 费固定间接费数量 材 料 费变动间接费( 元)物料号层次名称( 元)( 元)( 元)低层累本层增本层合计011000011000XA件1.01.040.25021.1507.5005.850-2.5001.9503.0001.9002.0002.00047.75027

58、.000件件2.0. 2. .3. 2. .311110011110112001121012000C O D P B8.2502.4008.2504.5006.0003.000-0.800- 1.500- 1.0001.000- 2.000- 1.2000.600- 1.000- 0.80010.6508.25010.5006 0002.01.00.51.0件件 Kg件8.2506.000-6 0005.500-8.5005.50012100130001.01.0. 21 .R E5.5004.750件件5.5004.750-4.750合 计 （24.500）7.7509.1006.400来自

59、物料原理与管理物料/动态集成处理流程模型事务处理过帐/转帐帐务处理事务处理代码/ 程序号初始帐户X结转帐户X状态变化价值变化处理后状况初始状况物料数量变化位置变化原理与管理事务处理 / 帐务处理（采购业务流程举例）事务处理事务代码/程序号帐务处理采购订货C02借： 在途材料贷： 应付款采购物品入库C05借： 库存材料 贷： 应付款付 款P01借： 应付款贷：存款车间领料F11借： 车间材料贷： 库存材料原理与管理MRP II 财务成本系统与电算化财务电算化财务 财务会计MRP II 财务成本系统 财务会计 + 管理会计自动/确认应收帐、应付帐财务分析过帐总帐决策支持、指导业务方向MRP II

60、制造/供销系统（集成）系统自动生成凭证管理业务事务处理定义科目及借贷项登帐、帐务处理输入 记帐凭证报表传递手工录入原理与管理mercemerce)：是指利用电子狭义的电子商务(、来进行贸易（或称交易活动。tranion）的这种理解是在电子商务发展的早期阶段形成的，那时互联网刚刚开始流行，在互联网上出现了 许多新的业务形式，人们都在探索互联网上从 事网上贸易的可能性。因此，在这个阶段，对于电子商务的技术实现方面的占有相当大的。E-Business(广义的电子商务)比较典型的定义是：基于互联网并采用相关进行商务活动，这些商务活动包括实物产品和信息产品的交易、客户的服务、企业间的协作等。（Weill