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1、le/defective/in question/ill-founded/unsupported/unconvincing/gratuitous/dubious (充分)Conclusiveasto.(必要Relyon/reston/onthe basisBy no means提 出 的 le/defective/in question/ill-founded/unsupported/unconvincing/gratuitous/dubious (充分)Conclusiveasto.(必要Relyon/reston/onthe basisBy no means提 出 的 t/may/migh

2、t/perhaps.or perhaps/yet sibility t./might have; or might hve/ Supeforthemoment In short/Forthisreason/Ifso./asaheabsenseof/withoutsuchevidence/If,ontheotherhand,ItisunfairtoEvenifitist,theargumentignoresEvenifwe grantthepreceding(1) 提出方法与建议hiseditorial,theauthorarguesforinorder hismemorandum,mendsh

3、isarticle(.),theauthor hisarticle(.),theauthorattributes.toAccordingtotheauthor,Moreover,insupportofisbasedonastudy,theauthor (4)Authorslineofreasoningisflawedforthefollowing(1)Tosumup,theauthorst.isill-(2)Tobuttresstheargument,theauthorwouldhavetoprovideevidenceforthe Furthermore,itwouldbesarytotop

4、ic,andforemost, DoubtableThe study he editorial may(1)Tosumup,theauthorst.isill-(2)Tobuttresstheargument,theauthorwouldhavetoprovideevidenceforthe Furthermore,itwouldbesarytotopic,andforemost, DoubtableThe study he editorial may be defective because the total number ofwas not Had the author t., the

5、twould y support authors Hadtheauthorwouldbemuch t.,theargumentwouldbemoreData gathered from a three-month period is insufficient to set up an for year period. Perhaps, the three-month period chosen is idiosyncratic and not ive entire A difference of only 3 percent during one k can easily be account

6、ed for by factors,suchasand.,orbyproblemswithreportingor样本不是The respondentsviews are not sarily ive of the views of in general. If it out, for tonly those.respond to the would dramatically weakened. Without information regarding the way in which .were selected, it unconvincingtoThe author t because

7、onlytook part in the , these.are ive of entire boy. This mption is unwarranted. If it turns out, for tare selectedfromtheentirebody,theirviewssouldreflecttheviewsoftheentireWithout knowing how the survey was conducted, it is sible to assess the credibility of The author unjustifiably s on the t.The

8、author does not provide evidence confirm the reliability of the studies. Moreover, while the phrase ggest” may appear lendcredibilitytotheseclaims,thephraseisvagueenoughtoactuallyrendertheclaimsheabsenseofanyinformationGratuitousThe authors forecast ofrests on the gratuitous t.There is, however, t t

9、his is the case. Nor does the author cite any evidence to support this Just as likely(提出weaken的evidence). Lacking this mption, the ion of is The author supported wi Itisunfairtoat.This underlying mption operative in this inference is nydataoreThismptionisAnother mption must be made before we can t.W

10、e can not safely tTheauthorreaches Causal onthebasis1.fact weakenThe mption fails to take o account相反的结果t could stem from文中的Duetowould.Thet TheincreaseThe author supported wi Itisunfairtoat.This underlying mption operative in this inference is nydataoreThismptionisAnother mption must be made before

11、we can t.We can not safely tTheauthorreaches Causal onthebasis1.fact weakenThe mption fails to take o account相反的结果t could stem from文中的Duetowould.Thet Theincreaseofisnotthesameastheincreaseof.,fordependsmoreonsuchfactorsThe author twill y.Forsarily resultin.While thisis areasonablele,.wouldcertainlyn

12、ullifythismption,it bynomeansa TheauthortwillAllotherfactorsremainingunchanged,thiswouldbethecase. onthe otherThe author provides no t the revenue-enhancing effect ofwill exceed revenue-decreasingeffectofWithoutsuchevidence,theargumentis3.The authora case, tot .will result in its taking steps to do

13、something to the ThisraisesseveralquestionstheauthorfailstoTheauthor t.portends Thismptionmay be true insomecases.However,itnotThissarilytoholdtrue inanycase.Forle,.wouldcertainlynullifythismptionisquestionablesincethemeret isno The author cites the t.as t.One obvious rejoinder to this line of In an

14、y case, the author has failed to demonstrate a logical connection thisconnection,reachedbythetisThe author t .bear some relation to .No evidence, however, is offered to prove logical connection n .and. Lacking t linksto, it is presumptuous twasinsomewayresponsibleThemeret,byitself,Inshort,.byitselfi

15、snotconclusiveastoUntilevidencehasbeenprovidedtotthisis(not)the case,the .is Inshort,mustbe supportedthoroughcost-ysisof.versussiblecost-cuttingand/orprofit-enhancingByconcluding However, it solvethetmust., the author t these are the only solutions to the t other ch as.-contribute to the problem. If

16、 so, .would By tmust, the author t the only way to is through. manyothermeansofareavailable.Asweknow,.isaneffectivemeansof.,forinstance.short, can be reached only thorough cost-ysis of.versus siblecost-cuttingand/orprofit-enhancing6.影t, the author tcauses. However, could be a function of It By tmust

17、, the author t the only way to is through. manyothermeansofareavailable.Asweknow,.isaneffectivemeansof.,forinstance.short, can be reached only thorough cost-ysis of.versus siblecost-cuttingand/orprofit-enhancing6.影t, the author tcauses. However, could be a function of It is t .Unless the author can

18、rule out other factors relevant argument commits the fallacy of .t just because one event()follows another(), secondsbeencausedbyThe author tresults from y, the only evidence offered to support claim t .before. The argument obviously suffers from a classic logical fallacy this, therefore because of

19、this” Moreover,many other relevantt ve to.are ignored. For instance, it is t.Consequently, this reasoning dubious unless ossible causal explanations have been considered and rejected with To establish his relationship, other t could bring about result must be considered This mption is ecause it over

20、looks a number of other t might ve. These contributed to. For just a few of the le, ve.; it ve; or it t could help explain Because the author fails to eliminate siblities,themptioninquestionneednotbeThe argument notbe true.Fort results from.However, there are several reasons why this le,couldhavebee

21、nmade.OrcouldbeattributedThis argument is a classic instance of “after this, therefore because of this”reasoning. The tprecededisinsufficient to t it was the cause of these event. Many le.,.mayhaveInaddition,.mayfactorscouldbringaboutthesesameresults.ForForreasonsThe evidence he research establishes

22、 only itive correlation n.and ; does not establish a causal connection responsiblen them. Other factors, such as., could The only evidence offered to support this claim t occurred before This evidence insufficient to establish the claim in question. A chronological relationship is only one of indica

23、torsofacausalrelationshipntwoThe author relevantt the only relevant difference n .and is. However, nand.mightaccountWhile temporal precedence is one of the conditions required to establish a causal n two events, by itself it is not a sufficient condition. Consequently, it the.wasunrelatedtoThe argum

24、ent is based on an ysis of . problem. The authors argument onthetwillremainwillnotyieldunlessfficientThe author has focused only on negative effects Amore ysis of the situation t itive benefits far outweigh the problems on whichtheauthorfocuses.Lackingmorecomprehensive All things are equalysisof,iti

25、spresumptuousonthe partofauthortoThe argument ignores turnto.Thiswillleadt the trend may change he next The argument trelative conditions will remain unchanged willnotyieldunlessfficientThe author has focused only on negative effects Amore ysis of the situation t itive benefits far outweigh the prob

26、lems on whichtheauthorfocuses.Lackingmorecomprehensive All things are equalysisof,itispresumptuousonthe partofauthortoThe argument ignores turnto.Thiswillleadt the trend may change he next The argument trelative conditions will remain unchanged over the next twenty However, the author period.Thismay

27、affect,tmay fluctuate/trend may change y over a long urnmaylead Based onaIt is highly t the fact drawn from.are applicable n the industries clearly outweigh the similarities, thus making ogy highly n valid. le,problemsof.allaffectbutarevirtuallyabsentThethirdmptiont(结论).willogoustoButthismightnotbet

28、heThe argumentrestsonthetapromotionaltworksforone companyworkforanother.However,.andmaynotbesufficientlysimilartowarrantthisare The author fails to take to .The major problem sufficienttosupporto sible n and tthe argument t the ed similarities nand are tCompanyAwillsufferafatesimilartoCompanyThe aut

29、hor t and are sufficiently similar to warrant based on ogyn n and. could nullify this result. Lacing detailed information about., it difficulttosthe.是否适用于所有(常用于argumentall类似的字眼时It is questionable whether.could supportalltypesof.For le, the needs of would be metForthisreason,itisThe argument makes a hasty generalization about the types of.It accords with common t.However,itisunfairtotsimilarlyinThe author makes a hasty ogy based on the mption t what is of .will likewise be true of But there are all kinds of vital n le, ., which affecting to a large extent. Consequently, lacking deta

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