2022年专升本英语语法

1、一、虚拟语调常用句型：1、if条件句；2、wish后的宾从；3、if的省略形式；4、It + be + 形容词（desirable、important等） + that + 主语 + 动原；5、It is（about、high）time+that+主从；6、名词（suggestion、recommendation）+ be + that + 表从；7、动词（suggest、recommend） + that + 宾从；8、should/ought to/could + have + 动词的过去分词；9、The + 名词（suggestion、recommendation） + 同位语从句 +

2、主句。1、用于条件状从从句主句对目前事实虚拟DidWould/should/could/might + do对过去事实虚拟Had doneWould/should/could/might + have done对将来事实虚拟Should/were to do Would/should/could/might do错综时间条件句主句和从句波及的时间不一致，这就要根据飞、各自所波及的不同步间段分别看待。If you had asked him yesterday ，you would know what to do.If it had rained last night,t would be ve

3、ry cold today.2、用于宾语从句 （1）demand advise ask beg command decide insist propose recommend require suggestd等表达建议、命令、愿望等的动词之后，宾从谓动要用“hould）+动原”。The boy begged that he (should) be sent home. (2)would/had/rather ,would sooner 表达愿望，意为“宁可、宁愿”，当其后的宾从：a表达对目前或将来状况虚拟时，动词用过去时：I would rather you came tomorrow.b.表

4、达对过去状况虚拟时，其动词用过去完毕时：I would rather I hadt gone there yesterday.(3)用于wish 背面的从句表达与事实相反的状况，或表达将来不太也许实现的愿望，其后宾从的动词形式为：a与目前事实相反的愿望，用过去时：I wish I were you。b与过去事实相反的愿望，用过去完毕时：He wished he hadnt said that.c.与将来愿望相反，用过去将来时：I wish it would rain tomorrow.3、用于主语从句、表语从句、同为语从句时，从句谓语用should+动原。（1）虚拟语调用于主语从句，常用于：i

5、t is （was） +形容词或分词+ that 主从。It is not necessary that everyone be a scientist.用于某些名词之后的表语从句或同位语从句时，常用名词有：advice、decision、demand、desire、idea、insistence、order、plan、proposal、requirement、suggestion等。4、用于as if/though引导的方式状语从句：As if/though引导的方式状语从句，当表达与目前事实相反时，用一般过去时（be或were）。当表达与过去事实相反时，用过去完毕时。当表达与将来事实相反时

6、，用过去将来时。They talked as if they had been old friends for years.The new teacher talks as if he were the president.用于if only 引导的从句及感慨句。用于 if only 引导的从句及感慨句意思是“要是.就好了”，“但愿.”。从句谓语与wish背面谓语动词用法相似。If only i were still young and beautiful.If only she had known about it.用于定语从句It is（high/about）time that 背面的从句

7、谓语动词要用过去时或should+动原，但是should不可省。It is time that children went to bed.It is high time that children should go to bed.虚拟语调的倒装构造虚拟语调从句谓语中如果有were、should、had等词时，可省略if，将上述三词移至句首。Were she to leave today，she would get there by Sunday.含虚拟语调的介词或介词短语标志词：but for、without等Without electricity ， there would be no m

8、odern industry.情态动词的虚拟体现Should/ought to/could + have + 过去分词。表达对过去事实的虚拟，意为“本该.”、“本能.”。She should have asked her permssion firet.二、非谓语动词非谓语动词是指在句子中除了谓语以外的其她成分的动词，它具有名词、形容词、副词的功能。具体有三种形式：不定式、分词、动名词。时态、语态的用法；不定式常与only连用，表达没有预料到的事或事与愿违的成果；It + be + 形容词+to do.使用不带to的不定式短语有：had better、had sooner、would soon

9、er、would rather、had rather、rather than、do nothing but、cannot but、do nothing than、might（just） as well等。不定式与特殊疑问词构成复合宾语：what/when/which/whether/how+不定式。有些动词或短语后只能跟动名词作宾语，不能接不定式。enjoy、avoid、practice、consider、finish、appreciate、admit、imagine、deny、escape、miss、postpone、mind、quit、suggest、endure、forgive、ackn

10、owledge、permit、require、give up、put off、can not help、be used to、feel like等。某些动词后可接动名词或不定式，但其表达的意义有差别：forget、remember、go on、hate、like、love、mean、prefer、regret、try、allo等。It is no use/good/useless/senseless/dangerous/worthwhile. + 动名词。分词的独立主格构造。动词不定式可作除谓语以外的所有成分。时态 语态积极被动一般式to doTo be done完毕式to have done

11、To have been dong进行式to be doing完毕进行式to have been doing不定式的时态 不定式的一般式表达的动作和谓语同步发生，或是在其后发生I hope not to see you again.不定式的完毕式表达先于谓语动词之前发生Im sorry to have broken your glasses.不定式的进行式表达的动作和谓语动词的动作是同步发生的，并且是正在进行着He seems to be weeoing.不定式的完毕进行式表达动作在谓语动词之前发生，且始终进行She was happy to have been staying with he

12、raunt.不定式的被动语态当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所示的动作承受者时，一般要用被动语态She likes not be treated as a guest.He is glad to have been given such a good chance.不定式的积极语态有时也表达被动含义：在主语 + be 某些形容词（hard、easy、interesting、difficult、comfortable）句型中，主语同步还是不定式的逻辑主语。The boy is hard to teach.The story is interesting to listen to.不定式的用法做主语it

13、+be+形容词+for sb或of sb+to do。For sb句型中的形容词一般表达事物的特性或客观形式的形容词，如easy、hard、difficult、impossible等It is very hard for him to study two languages.Of sb句型中的形容词一般表达性格、品德等，表达主观感情或态度的形容词，如good、kind、nice、clever、foolish、right等。做状语：做状语表因素：im giad to see you.做状语表成果：i awoke to find my truck gone.当不定式与only连用表达没有预料到的成

14、果或事与愿违时，不定式要放在句子背面He searched the room only to find nothing.做状语表目的：常用构造为to do、only to do、in order to、so as to do、so（such）.as to.等。We went to the station to welcome the delegation.作宾语作宾语跟在及物动词背面：want、wish、like、decide、help、start、begin、forget、try、hope、agree、demand、desire、determine、expect、不定式与特殊疑问词构成复合宾

15、语：what/when/which/whether/how+不定式。Consider、show、discover、decide、explain、observe、know、remember、see、tell、understand、wonder等。When to start has not been decided yet.有时不定式宾语后还带有补足语成分。I found it difficult to find a new job in the city.作宾补Helen invited me to come to her party. 作定语常常放在被修饰词背面，往往表达未发生的动作，与被修饰

16、词有动宾关系。此时要注意不要用不定式的被动语态。不及物动词作宾语时，注意背面应有必须的介词There was nothing to bring home that moring.Could you find someone for me to play tennis with.由the first （last、only、best、very、most、suitable）等序数词或形容词最高档修饰的名词常用不定式作定语。He is always the first one to come and the last to leave.某些名词后必须用不定式作定语：ability、right、effo

17、rt等He hae the ability to make it.作表语My work is to clean the room.作独立成分不定式作独立成分时，其动作的逻辑主语一般是说话者而不是句子主语，相称于一种条件句To be frank，your idea is not good.不定式符号to的省略当几种动词不定式具有同样的功能时，to只能在第一种不定式之前We must have the ability to hear，speak，read，and write.在make、let、have以及感官动词（see、watch、notice、observe、feel、hear、listen

18、 to、look at）背面，to省略He has his son solve the problem by himself.注意此类动词用于被动语态时，其后的to要还原。The children was seen to play in the street.Help背面的不定式可省略，也可保存 使用不带to的不定式短语：had better、had sooner、would sooner、would rather、had rather、rather than、do nothing but、cannot but、do nothing than、might（just） as well等。注意：在

19、介词except、but之后，如果其前面有动词do的某种形式，不定式一般不带to，反之带to。There is nothing to do except wait till it stops raining.There is no choice but to wait till it stops raining.He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.使用不带to的不定式句型：would you please.？ Why not.？分词可作定语、表语、状语、宾补。 目前分词的形式时态 语态积极被动一般式doingBeing d

20、one完毕式Having doneHaving done目前分词与过去分词的区别时态区别：前者有一般式和完毕式，后者只有一般式，同步没有时态上的变化。Hearing the news，he jumped with joy.Having finished hie homework，he went out.Not given enough time，we cant do it well.语态区别：前者表达积极，后者表达被动。目前分词表达一种正在进行的动作或目前所处的状态，而过去分词表达已经完毕的动作或已存在的状态。Falling leaves/fallenleaves boiling water/

21、boiled water用法作表语：表达主语的特性、状态等The news is inspiring.She looked tired with cooking.作定语若是单个分词，一般放在修饰词前面，但是单个分词作定语也可放在名词后，但一般仅限于过去分词。We can see the rising sun.He is a retired worker。若是分词短语，常置于修饰词背面，其作用相称于一种定语从句。Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists.=Most of the people who were i

22、nvited to the party were famous scientists.分词作定语和不定式作定语的区别：He was the last one leave school yesterday.（主谓关系）She has a lot of work to do.（动宾关系）作宾补：常在感官动词和使役动词后I found my car missing.Ill have my watch repaired.作状语分词的逻辑主语和句子主语是一致的。若句子主语是分词动作发出者，应用目前分词。若句子主语是分词动作承受者，用过去分词。Not receiving any letter from h

23、im，i gave him a call.Given more attention ，the trees could have grown better.分词作状语和不定式作状语区别：前者表达时间、条件、因素、让步、方式。后者表达目的或成果。He hurried home only to find his money stolen.To make himself heard，he raised his voice.Seen from the top of the hill，the town is beautiful.分词的独立构造The cabin stands in the forest，i

24、ts door opening to the track.The shower being over，they continued to march.“With+名词+分词”也可构成分词独立构造。With all the children being at home during the holidays，she has a great deal of work to do.动名词时 态 语 态积极被动一般式doingBeing done完毕式Having doneHaving been done动名词时态和语态 动名词的时态：一般式表达的动作和谓语是同步发生或是在其后发生的I am conf

25、ident of winning the match.动名词的完毕式表达先于谓语动词之前发生的动作或状态He denied having taken the money.动名词的被动语态：I remember not having ever been given such a book.注意：need、want、require、deserve等动词后可用积极表达被动意义，也可用动词不定式的被动形式表达。The problem deserves thinking about.=The problem deserves to be thought about.Your hair wants cut

26、ting。=your hair wants to be cut.用法作主语Talking to him is talking to a wall.若动名词短语较长，可用it替代，而将其置于句后，但大多数限于像“it is no use/good/useless/senseless/dangerous/worthwhile.”It is no use learning theory without practice.动名词做主语与不定式作主语的区别：前者表达抽象的和泛指的动作，后者表达一次性的、具体的动作。作宾语有些短语或动词只能接动名词：enjoy、avoid、practice、conside

27、r、finish、appreciate、admit、imagine、deny、escape、miss、postpone、mind、quit、suggest、endure、forgive、acknowledge、permit、require、give up、put off、can not help、be used to、feel like等。但凡“动词+介词”、“名词+介词”、“形容词+介词”形成的词组，都规定接动名词作宾语。（介词背面一般接动名词）作表语：主语与表语位置可互换。The nurses job is looking after the patients.=looking after

28、 the patients is the nurses job.注意：分词作表语时，主语和谓语的位置不可互换。作定语动名词作定语表达所修饰词的用途。目前分词作定语表达其正在进行的动作。A sleeping car = a car for sleeping 卧铺车厢A sleeping boy 一种睡眠中的男孩A swimming pool 游泳池A swimming boy 一种正在游泳的男孩（3）动名词的复合构造如果动名词动作的执行者不是谓语动词的主语，那么需要有自己的逻辑主语。其体现方式有：物主代词（my、your、his、our、their）作逻辑主语：His coming here h

29、elped us a lot.名词所有格作逻辑主语：Toms escaping from the prison made trouble for the jailer.某些动词背面跟动名词和不定式的区别：Forget、go on、hate、like、love、mean、prefer、regret、try、allow。定语从句 关系代词充当宾语、表语时可省略 Whose+名词 = the+名词+of which/whomPlease pass me the dictionary whose cover is black.=Please pass me the dictionary the cov

30、er of which is black.限制性定语从句对先行词起限定作用，去掉后主句意义不明确，它与主句之间没有逗号隔开。非限制性定语从句表达与主句之间的关系没那么紧密，只是对先行词补充阐明，没有这从句，对主句影响不大。My father，who is a doctor，often encourage me to work hard.关系代词紧跟在介词背面时，不能用that，也不可以省略，要用which或whom。遇到固定短语时，介词一般紧跟短语主体，不作前置：Is this book that you are looking for？用that而不用which和who的状况：先行词是all

31、、everything、something、anything、nothing、none、few、little、much等不定代词，或是先行词被all、some、any、every、no、few、little等修饰时；（2）先行词被形容词最高档或序数词修饰；（3）先行词被the only、the、very修饰；（4）先行词有人又有物；（5）当主句是由who或which引导的特殊问句时，为避免反复，定语从句常用that。用who的状况：当先行词是anyone、those、he、she等代表“人”时，一般用who，而不用that。当先行词有the same、such as等修饰时，要用as替代who

32、（m）、which、that。As和which都可以指代句中一部分或整个句子内容，有时可互换。Our team lost the game ，as/which was reported in the newspaper.As 引导的非限从位置灵活，which引导的非限从只能放句后。As 引导的从句有正如、正像之意，而which无。As we all know.状语从句1、时间状从 时间状从中，当从句谓语动词是延续性的，可与while替代：I missed my friend when i was abroad.=I missed my friend while i was abroad.Whi

33、le引导的动作必须是持续性的，强调主句和从句动作同步发生，有时侧重主句和从句动作的对比。在强调构造、倒装句、句首时，一般用until，而不用till。Not until置于句首，主句要倒装。Since+瞬间动词过去时，是指从该动作发生时算起He has worked very hard since he entered the factory.Since+延续性动词过去时，是指从该动作结束算起We havent seen each other since i worked in the factory.自从我不在这家工厂工作.。As sooon as表达“一.就.”。在表达上述已发生过的动作时

34、，hardly.when和no sooner.than也可表达相似意思。但从句谓语动词一般用过去时，主句用过去完毕时，还可换成倒装构造。As soon as he saw the policeman，he ran away.=he had hardly seen the policeman when he ran away.=he had no soooner seen the policeman than he ran away.Immediately、directly、instantly、the moment、the minute、the instant也可引导时间状从，相称于as soo

35、n as。He ran away Immediately/directly/instantly he saw the policeman.因素状从 Because 由于 since 既然 as 由于 Now that、seeing that、considering that表达“既然、由于”。条件状从If、unless、as long as、in case、once、suppose、provided/providing that、on condition that。一般目前时表达将来意义。让步状从Though、although、even though/if引导的让步状从主句中不能使用but，但

36、可使用yet。Whatever、whoever、whichever、whenever、whereever、however等又可引导名词性从句。名词/形容词/副词+as+主句+谓语Whether.or（not)While引导的一般放句首。地点状从目的状从So that引导的常放在句中。目的状从常具有情态动词。In case、for fear that常带有否认意义。注意for fear that引导的从句要用虚拟语调，谓语用（should0+动词原形。成果状从He made so excellent a speech = he made such an excellent speech.方式状从

37、Just as、as if/though、As if/though引导的方式状从若描述非真实状况，常用虚拟语调：He looks as if he had been hit.比较状从：As.as、the same as名词性从句涉及主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句。连接代词：who（ever）、what（ever）、which（ever）、whom（ever）、whose连接副词：when、where、why、how连接词：that、whether、if名词性从句必须使用陈述语调，不能使用疑问语调。主语从句That一般不能省略。That he was able to come made

38、 us very happy.That引导的主语从句常用it作形式主语，而把主语放在后。It is necessary that we should check out passport before leaving.注意：由what、whoever、whatever、whichever、whenever引导的主语从句一般不后置。表语从句宾语从句宾从中的that可省略若主句谓语是make、find、feel、believe、think、suppose、consider、see to，常用“动词+it+宾补+宾从”构造。He thought it a pity that he missed th

39、e film.同为语从句News、fact、idea、hope、belief、truth、promise、thought、feat、doubt、possbility、order、suggestion、proposal。常用tha引导，一般不省略。That引导的同位语从句与定语从句的区别：The suggestion that the students （should）have plenty of exercise is good.The suggestion that（which）he raised at the meeting is good.名词性从句的难点由whoever、whateve

40、r、whichever、whomever引导的名词性从句相称于带有定语从句的名词性词组。Whoever leaves the room last should turn off the light.=anyone who leaves the room last should turn off the light.What和that的选用是看该句中与否缺成分。What he said at the meeeting surprised everybodypresent.That he said nothing at the meeting surprised everybodypresent.

41、在主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句中遇到“与否”，用whether，不用if。在宾语从句中，whether和if可互换。但若有or not紧跟其后，则用whrther。主谓一致单数谓语类不可数名词后、不定式/动名词/从句作主语、many a/more than one修饰单数名词作主语、each/every/no修饰名词作主语、人名/书名/报刊名/国家名/都市名等。复数谓语类可数名词复数、集体名词（people、police、cattle、folk、youth、militia）、特殊类 （1）并列构造作主语常用复数但要注意并列主语是指同一种人时用单数。And连接的两个词只有前面的有冠词。The

42、worker and singer is.A cart and horse was seen in the distance.（2）a/an+可数名词+or two大多数接单数，但one or two+复数名词，接复数（3）a/an+单数名词+and a half常接单数。One and a half+复数名词，接复数谓语（4）就远原则：with、along with、together with、as well as、but、besides、excepy、added to、including、like、no less than（5）在one of+复数名词+定从构造中，从句谓语用复数注意：在o

43、ne前加“this、the、the only”等时，定从的关系代词指代one，从句谓语用单数He was the only one of the boys who ws praised.He was one of the boys who were praised.集体名词作主语，谓语的数要根据主语意思决定。（7）either、neither单独作主语，谓语用单数。Any、some、none、more后接of短语，of后接若是不可数名词，动词用单数。Of后接复数名词或代词，动词单复数均可。who、what、which疑问代词作主语，谓语视状况而定Half、the majority、the re

44、st、some、most、（a）part、a lot、lots、plenty、a large quantity、masses作主语，视状况决定谓语单复数某些词作“整体”讲时，用单数。如看做一种个用复数。Twenty years is not a long time.Twenty years have passed sincehe left.分数、百分数+of+名词/代词作主语，视of后的名词或代词的单数复数来定（12）The number/the variety+of+复数名词构造中，主语是The number/the variety，谓语用单数。The number of students in our college has doubled.以“ics”结尾的学科名词：指教育、科研某一学科，做单数。但是表达具体的学业、活动时用复数。Her mathematics are weak.works means、series、species、aircraft等名词单复