乐精读304团第三讲-科技型文章

1、乐精读304乐精读304有用的词adj有用的词adjnpattern-recognitionnAhe wilderness失宠的，不被Ahe wilderness失宠的，不被承认的，不当政n. 大肆宣传，天花乱坠的宣make a comeback东山再起，重新流n正当理由，辩adj. 极受欢迎的，极成功，突然不Aadv. 诚然，无可Aadv. 诚然，无可否认consciousness n意识，观n，点adj. 雄心勃勃的，很有抱负n.under-adj未能实现. 引号，单引BnBnadjv创造，杜撰(新字等)n.nBnBnadj.v模仿adjadj.Cv达到全盛nafalseCv达到全盛naf

2、alsenCadj不应有justaroundCadj不应有justaroundthecomer马上n. 乐观主义，乐观态substantially adv实质性地，大幅度n.紧缩，费用削n原型，模范，样v. 与同列，与结DadjDadjnnadjDDadjheumbrella of在tnEnEnv支持nacluster adjEnnEnnliveup与Fv. Fv. nv. 将adj. 典型的，经典v. GGadjadj，用音标记下课文亮Afterhewilderness,theterml课文亮Afterhewilderness,thetermlelligence(AI)seemspoised

3、tomakecomeback.AIwashe1980sbutvanishedthe1990s.Itre-enteredpublicconsciousnesswith the release ofAI, a movie about a robot boy. This has ignited public debate aboutAI, but the term isalsobeingusedoncemoreheindustry.Researchers,executivesandpeoplearenowusingthewithoutorinvertedcommas.Anditisnotalways

4、Thetermisbeingd,withsometoThetermisbeingd,withsometotdependontoriginallydevelopedbyAIresearchers.Admittedly, the rehabili ion of the term has a long way to go, and some firms still prefer to avoid using it. ButthetothersarestartingtouseittAIhasmovedonfromseenasanover-ambitiousandachieving field of r

5、esearch.（Thefieldwaslaunched,andthetermlelligence coined, groupThefieldwaslaunched,andthetermlelligence coined, groupofresearchersonferencein1956bytincludedJohnMcCarthy,HerbertSimonandAlanallofwhomwentonthefield.Theeleadingfigures providedanbutinformativenameforapassedsuchdisparatefieldsasoperations

6、cybernetics,logicandcomputerThegoaltheysharedwasThegoaltheysharedwasanattemptto capture or mimic human abilities usingtsaid,differentgroupsresearchers attacked different problems, fromspeechrecognitiontochessplaying, in different ways; AI unified the field innameonly.Butitwasaterm public imagination

7、.t captured MostresearcherstAIaround1985. MostresearcherstAIaround1985. Apublicrearedonfictionmoviesandexcitedbytheerofcomputers hadhightForyears,AIresearchers had dbreakthroughwasjustaroundtheinskysaidin twithininskysaidin twithin generationtheproblem ofcreatingelligencewouldbesubstantially lProtot

8、ypesofmedical-diagnosisprogramsand speech recognition software appeared to be making progress. Itproved to be a false dawn.Thinkingcomputersandhouseholdrobots failed to materialise, and a backlashensued.Thinkingcomputersandhouseholdrobots failed to materialise, and a backlashensued.Therewasundueearl

9、y1980s,saysDavid Leake,anaUniversity.Thenwhenrealised thesewerehardproblems,thereBy the late 1980s, the termAI was being avoided by many researchers, who opted insteadtoalignBy the late 1980s, the termAI was being avoided by many researchers, who opted insteadtoalignthemselveswithspecificsub-chasneu

10、ral networks,technology,case-basedreasoning,andsoIronically,insomewaysAIwasavictimofitsIronically,insomewaysAIwasavictimofitss.Wheneveranapparentlyproblemwassolved,suchasbuildingatcouldlandanaircraftunattended,thewasdeemednottohavebeenIfitworks,itcantbeAI,asDrcharacterisesit.Theeffectofrepeatedlythe

11、hiswaytAI came to twasstillrefertoblue-skyawayfromResearchers tAIstood forResearchers tAIstood forimplemented.Meanwhile, thet made it onto the market, such as speech recognition, language translation and deci supportsoftware,werenolongerregardedas-AI.YetallthreeoncefellwellumbrellaofAIBut the tide m

12、ay now be turning, according to Dr Leake.HNCSoftwareofSanDiego,backedbyaernmentagency,But the tide may now be turning, according to Dr Leake.HNCSoftwareofSanDiego,backedbyaernmentagency,ttheirapproachtolelligenceistheerfulandpromisingapproacheverHNCttheirsystem,basedonacluster30sors,couldbeusedtospo

13、tvehiclesonabattlefieldorextractafromanoisybackground-taskshumanscanwell,omputersWhetherornottheirWhetherornottheirtechnologylivesuptheclaimsmadeforit,thetHNC emphasising the use of AI is itself an erestingdevelopment,saysDrLeake.Another factor prospectsforAIt may boost the henearAnother factor pros

14、pectsforAIt may boost the henearfutureistinvestorsarenowlookingforfirmsclevertechnology,njustabusiness,todifferentiateInparticular,theproblemofinformation overload, exacerbated by the growth ofandtheInparticular,theproblemofinformation overload, exacerbated by the growth ofandthehenumberofmeans ther

15、e are plenty of opportunities for newtechnologies tohelpfilterand categorise information - classic AI problems.tmaytmorelcompanieswillstarttoemergetomeetthis The 1969 film, 2001: A SpaceOdyssey,featuredanelligentcomputerThe 1969 film, 2001: A SpaceOdyssey,featuredanelligentcomputercalled AL 9000. As

16、 well asunderstanding and speaking English, HAL could play chess and even learned to lipread. HAL thus encapsulatedtheoptimismofthecomputerswouldwidespread by 2001. But 2001 has been and gone, andthereisstillnosignofa HAL-like computer.Individualsystemscanplaychessortranscribe speech, but a general

17、theory of machinetillremainsIndividualsystemscanplaychessortranscribe speech, but a general theory of machinetillremainselusive.ItmaytthecomparisonwithHALnoseemsquitesoimportant,andAIcannowjudgedbywhatitcando,nbyhowwellmatchesuptoa30-year-oldscience-fictionPeoplearebeginningtotthereimpressive things

18、 DrLeakehopefully.tthesesystemscando,Matching段落信NB YoumayuseanyletterMatching段落信NB Youmayuseanylettern27 howAIveamilitary28 thetAIbringstogetherarangeseparateresearch29 thereasonwhyAI ofconversationeacommon30 howAIcouldhelpdealwithdifficultiesrelatedto the amount of information available electronica

19、lly31 wheretheAITheresearcherswholaunched theofAIhadTheresearcherswholaunched theofAIhadworked togetheronthe rojects In1985,AIwasatitslowest.oagenttechnology morenoneural35 Applications ofAIhavealreadyhad35 Applications ofAIhavealreadyhaddegreeofTheproblems waiting tobesolvedbyhavenotchanged sinceTh

20、efilm2001:ASpace reflectedcontemporaryideasaboutthe potential of AI computers.3337333734Not剩下的全部选择32 Theresearcherswholaunchedthefieldofhad32 TheresearcherswholaunchedthefieldofhadworkedtogetheronheThefieldwaslaunched,andthetermlelligence onferencein1956bygroup of researchers JohnMcCarthy,Herber all

21、 of whom went on to the field.选Not tincludednandAlaneleadingfiguresIn1985,AIIn1985,AIwasatitslowest.Mostresearchersaround选tAIoagenttechnology more n ooagenttechnology more n oneuralBy the late 1980s, the termAI was being avoided by many researchers, who opted insteadtoalignthemselveswithspecificsub-

22、chasneural networks,technology,case-basedreasoning,andsoNot35 Applications ofAIhave35 Applications ofAIhavealreadyhaddegreeofTheproblems waiting toTheproblems waiting tobesolvedbyhavenotchanged sinceThefilm2001:ASpaceThefilm2001:ASpacereflectedcontemporaryideasabout potentialofAIHALthusencapsulated

23、theoptimismoftelligentcomputerswouldwidespread by单选38 AccordingtohelatetherewasatA单选38 AccordingtohelatetherewasatA ageneraltheoryofAIwould neverbe BoriginalionsofAImaybeenCawiderangeofapplicationswascloseD erfulcomputerswerethekey（与其它相比太具体单选Bythelate1980s,thetermAIwas单选Bythelate1980s,thetermAIwasbeingavoidedby many researchers, who opted instead to alignthemselveswi