直流高压发生器概述

1、直流高压发生器概述 Early Cherokee Indian Village直流高压发生器概述First European encounterHernando de Soto直流高压发生器概述Retreat to the Blue Mountains直流高压发生器概述Cherokee Indian Warriors直流高压发生器概述Cherokee IndiansHistory Leading to the Trail of Tears直流高压发生器概述Original Cherokee Indian TerritoryCulture was thrivingA time for inten

2、se change直流高压发生器概述Power of the New AmericansGreed- money was powerDemand for more Cherokee Land1790s- Group of Cherokee Indians attack a group of settlers in Tennessee.Attempt to stop movement for more landRaid almost took the life of a lawyer, land speculator, and future president Andrew JacksonWhe

3、re else is President Andrew Jackson found?直流高压发生器概述Andrew Jackson“Why do we attempt to treat with savage tribes that will neither adhere to treaties or law of nations.”- Former President Andrew Jackson直流高压发生器概述1791 Cherokee TerritorySold 2/3 of their land to British, then to AmericansMost Cherokee I

4、ndians were upset with the sale直流高压发生器概述Interaction Between CulturesThe Cherokee Indians were overrun by New Americans.New ideasNew way of doing thingsTechnologyBattles between neighbors直流高压发生器概述Peace TreatyGeorge Washington signs peace treaty with the Cherokee hoping theyll blend into general popul

5、ation. A direct example of Anglo-Conformity.A+B+C=ALanguagePoliticsReligionEducation直流高压发生器概述Conforming to New WaysCherokee Indians attempt to live in peace with settlers.Hunting grounds depleted.Farming becomes main source of food.Adapt to new way.RiflesLog cabinsSpinning Wheels直流高压发生器概述Scotch-Iris

6、h ArrivalBlended with both Cherokee tribe and earlier settlers.Married into Cherokee TribeBirth of John Ross- Important Cherokee Indian Icon.Influential Leader of the Cherokee直流高压发生器概述John Ross“A soul of the Cherokee and tenacity of a Scotsman”1/8 Cherokee IndianRaised in Cherokee waysLead Cherokee

7、Tribe to nationhood- not what the New Settlers had in mindMost Americans wanted the Cherokee relocated直流高压发生器概述New Lands1802- President Thomas Jefferson signs compact with Georgia-buying western lands1803- Doubles size with the Louisiana PurchaseSome Cherokee Move west-others stake claim in their la

8、ndRoss believes its their God Given Right to own that land直流高压发生器概述1805U.S. bribes Cherokee Indian Doublehead into ceding 8,000 sq. milesU.S. assures this is the Last treaty for landYoung Boy speaks out- General RidgeDoublehead betrays once again; killed by tribe.Tribe established a National Council

9、Ross, General Ridge become leaders直流高压发生器概述1813-1814Redstick Creek attack Alabama villageKilling 400 settlersTennessee raises volunteer force for retaliationMarch 27th, 1814- Battle of Horseshoe BendAndrew Jackson-leader300 Cherokee Indians Help Jackson defeat Redstick Creek IndiansCherokee Indian s

10、aved Andrew Jacksons life直流高压发生器概述Jacksons ReparationsMoney and Land from Redstick CreekAlso takes land from Cherokee TribeUproar for the Cherokee TribeCitizens of Georgia thought it was a religious crusade.直流高压发生器概述1828Andrew Jackson elected PresidentMeant removal of all Cherokee IndiansRelocation

11、across Mississippi RiverJackson is quote: “Let me take you by the hand, lead you to new land.”Picture-JacksonMotivated by Greed and Ambition直流高压发生器概述1829-1830Gold discovered in Cherokee Indian LandGeneral Ridge- Enacted blood act- Death to anyone who sells Cherokee land without tribal approvalSpring

12、1830- Sends Indian Removal Act to CongressCherokee- major campaign against itMay 23rd- passes in congress by 1 vote直流高压发生器概述Indian Removal ActGeorgia enacts own law- 6 months to leaveStrips Cherokee Indians of Civil RightsCouldnt mine goldCouldnt testify in court against White peopleCouldnt carry we

13、aponsForbid to meet in councilJohn Ross protests-appeals to Supreme CourtChief John Marshal-Georgia Law is voidPresident Jackson- “John Marshal has made his decision; let him enforce it!Gave Georgia license to killSupreme Court decision ignored- Jackson wants all land直流高压发生器概述Fight for LandGeneral R

14、idge and, editor of Cherokee Paper Elias Boudinot, give up and support removalWinter of 1835- Ross goes to Washington to fight off removal; Ridge follows.Jackson realizes Ridges weakness, strikes deal.直流高压发生器概述Treaty of New EchotaDec. 1835-Met in secret at Elias Boudinots estate.Treaty gives all lan

15、d to U.S.May 22nd, 1836- Jackson gets his wish- signs treaty of New Echota. 2 years to leave-across Mississippi.直流高压发生器概述May 23rd 1838Deadline is here2,000 left voluntarilyRidge family, Boudinot family already had relocatedOther Cherokee Indians wait for John Ross to save them.Cherokee Indians were

16、being forced out.Civil war veteran- “Ive fought through the civil war, yet this is the cruelest thing Ive ever seen.”直流高压发生器概述June 18382500 Rounded into pens-much like cattleBad foodPoor sanitationNo suppliesOnly clothes on their backSteamboats were the means of relocationWater level became too low2

17、000 dieMeaslesWhooping coughDysenteryJohn Ross pleads to JacksonLead own removal; Jackson approves直流高压发生器概述Trail of TearsOctober 1st, 1838Fort Payne- Benges RouteChattanooga- Northern Route直流高压发生器概述November 1838Weather ConditionsCold, Freezing rain- SnowMuddy trailsCherokee groups would send status

18、to RossMany deaths occurred- starvation, pneumonia, tuberculosisRoss lost his wife on this journey直流高压发生器概述Trail of TearsNearly 4,000 Cherokee Indians diedFemale started with 8 children, made it with 1Dogs were starving; would fight over the bloody footprints left by the Cherokee 直流高压发生器概述January 4t

19、h, 1839First Wagon reaches Indian Territory- now the state of OklahomaCherokee Indians were exhausted and upsetBlamed General Ridge and BoudinotSecret Indian group met without RossBlood Act-Devised a plan to Kill Ridge and BoudinotSuccessfully completed their plan直流高压发生器概述Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia

20、 直流高压发生器概述BackgroundMany laws enacted to remove Cherokee from GeorgiaJohn Ross (Chief) to resolve disputes in non-customary waysAndrew Jackson to support Georgia with the Indian Removal Act直流高压发生器概述CaseWilliam Wirt (Attorney General) Selected to defend Cherokee.Cherokee deemed “Domestic Dependent Na

21、tions”Could not go to the Supreme CourtCherokee stripped of their own government to follow Georgia law直流高压发生器概述Worcester v. Georgia 直流高压发生器概述BackgroundGeorgia enacted laws about whites being on Cherokee land.Samuel A. Worcester and six others arrested for not having permits.Worcester a target becaus

22、e of helping fight the removal act. 直流高压发生器概述CaseU.S. Supreme Court Over ruled Cherokee Nation v. Georgia.Cherokee along with other Native Americans are now “distinct communities”Georgia with no more jurisdiction Worcester remained in prison 4 more yearsCherokee went on to sign removal treaty直流高压发生器

23、概述American Indian Boarding SchoolsIdea derived from Captain Richard H. Pratt1879 “Kill the Indian and save the man.”Cheaper to Assimilate than killSolving the “Indian Problem”Rounding up childrenSome Indians volunteered their children for the processMost resistedFall Roundups直流高压发生器概述Movie: “Where t

24、he Spirit Lives”AbductionsAshtecome transformed to AmeliaTeachers & Mission直流高压发生器概述American Indian Boarding SchoolsDay SchoolsInexpensiveLeast opposition from parentsPossibility that school would serve as messenger for parentsOff Reservation SchoolsAble to assimilate betterHigh opposition from pare

25、ntsParents granted visitation rights直流高压发生器概述Beginning Cultural GenocideProcess began by cutting the long hair offClothingRenamingChildren would learn every aspect of day to day existence (eating, sleeping, working, learning, praying)Strict Discipline policyrestrictionspunishmentsThe common schools

26、are the stomachs of the country in which all people that come to us are assimilated within a generation. When a lion eats an ox, the lion does not become an ox but the ox becomes a lion. Henry Ward Beecher直流高压发生器概述Techniques of AssimilationIndian boarding school students wore military uniforms and w

27、ere forced to march.They were given many rules and no choices. To disobey meant swift and harsh punishment.Students were forbidden to speak their language.They were forbidden to practice their religion and were forced to memorize Bible verses and the Lords Prayer.Their days were filled with so many

28、tasks that they had little time to think.Indian students had no privacy.Boarding school students were expected to spy on one another and were pitted against each other by administrators and teachers.Students were taught that the Indian way of life was savage and inferior to the white way. They were

29、taught that they were being civilized or raised up to a better way of life.Indian students were told that Indian people who retained their culture were stupid, dirty, and backwards. Those who most quickly assimilated were called good Indians. Those who didnt were called bad Indians.The main part of

30、their education focused on learning manual skills such as cooking and cleaning for girls and milking cows and carpentry for boys.Students were shamed and humiliated for showing homesickness for their families.直流高压发生器概述Blauner Colonialism 1. Forced entry into a culture2. One of those cultures becomes

31、 destroyed by forced entryEasier to control destroyed cultureTaking away bonds3. Group that comes in establishes new forms of social control4. RACISMJustification of actions5. Dominant Group in controlControl of money jobs, who does what直流高压发生器概述Inadequacies of Boarding SchoolsSchools had high infec

32、tion levelsconsumption (tuberculosis)TrachomaPartial loss of sight or total blindnessMalnutritionSchool discipline process was against their employees using abusive language, ridicule, corporal punishment or any other cruel or degrading measures in the education/assimilation process.直流高压发生器概述America

33、n Indian Boarding SchoolsEnd ResultBeforeAfter 直流高压发生器概述Implications Today“A little while ago, I was supposed to attend a Halloween party. I decided to dress as a nun because nuns were the scariest thing I ever saw.”-Willetta Dolphus Age 54Student body assembled on the Carlisle Indian School Grounds

34、. Photo courtesy of Carlisle-直流高压发生器概述Dawes Act1887Gave Native Americans land rights for registration.This was a way of forced assimilation into becoming farmers.Many whites and Native Americans scammed the system by making up names to acquire land.直流高压发生器概述Census Information60% of Native Americans

35、live on reservations.9% of the United States Population37% are of mixed-race status$3 Billion given to the Native Americans annually.Even with Casinos, Native Americans have lowest income, education, house, and health levels, with the highest unemployment. Lower than any other minority, they are the

36、 poorest of the poor. 直流高压发生器概述Geographic Location Cherokee formerly holding the whole mountain region of the south Alleghenies, in southwest Virginia, western North Carolina and South Carolina, north Georgia, east Tennessee, and northeast Alabama.Before European InvasionPost Revolutionary WarPhotos

37、 courtesy of Photos courtesy of 直流高压发生器概述Geographic LocationBefore Removal Photo courtesy of 直流高压发生器概述Geographic Location The Highlighted area represents the Cherokee County After removal the majority of Cherokees settled in North-easternOklahoma Today most Cherokee reside in OklahomaToday 直流高压发生器概述

38、Cherokee Culture Survives Pre-Europeans (1540) = 30,000 located in Southeastern U.S. 1700 = 16,000 due to disease and warToday = 200,000 most residing in OklahomaEastern band (western NC) = 12,500 Largest Native American group in the U.S. 直流高压发生器概述Keys to survival The Cherokee have there own: langua

39、ge (second most widely used Native American lang.) culture Tribal Government which is primarily responsible for keeping their culture alive today. the Cherokee language is a required subject in their schools 直流高压发生器概述The Cherokee have been successful in retaining their culture, yet they faced many s

40、truggles which are still being fought today and seem to be never ending.直流高压发生器概述Issues of discrimination todayMany of the Issues surrounding the Cherokee are seen across the Native American culture.The struggles seem to be universal, if the Cherokee are affected chances are other tribes are also af

41、fected. Contents: Tribal sovereignty Sales TaxCherokee Flag National Holiday Bones Mascots Storing wastes Rebuilding 直流高压发生器概述Tribal Sovereignty Definition: Power of people to govern themselves Cherokee have been fairly successful in creating tribal sovereignty Attributes of sovereignty: 1. Form a g

42、overnment,2. Determine tribal membership,3. Right to tax,4. Regulate tribal property ,5. Regulate individual property ,6. Right to maintain law and order ,7. Right to regulate domestic relations, 8. Right to exclude non-members from tribal property 直流高压发生器概述Tribal sovereignty Problems with tribal so

43、vereignty: The U.S. government recognizes American Indian tribes as sovereign nations,BUT, the U.S. congress has the right to limit the sovereign powers of tribesEven though the Cherokee are recognized as a sovereign nation many issues still arise For example. 直流高压发生器概述Taxing State Taxation: A basic

44、 rule of sovereignty is that governments do not tax other governments. For example, the State of Oklahoma does not pay taxes to the federal government. Likewise, Indian tribes do not, and should not, pay taxes to other governments. Example: Taxes on Tobacco products Selling tax-free cigarettes to no

45、n-IndiansLawsuit to collect lost revenue and to force the reservations to charge sales taxMany store owners who are not located on the reservation claim that they have lost a lot of money to the Indian sales, but claim that the real issues is that of principle. Why are the smoke shops allowed to wor

46、k outside the law and damage everyone elses business ( sovereign nations ) “you cut off the cigarette revenue, and you cut off the livelihood of the tribe” Mr. Gumbs- Shinncocks tribal chairman 直流高压发生器概述Cherokee Flag Issue of flying the Cherokee Flag at the Oklahoma State CapitalRepresentative Cox o

47、f Oklahoma stated, any flag associated with the Confederate flag family was a symbol of racism, he states the Cherokee Braves flag is part of that family of flagsRepresentative Cox also compares anyone fighting against the US government during the Civil war should be looked upon as the terrorist att

48、acking America today. 直流高压发生器概述National Holiday request for a Federal Holiday for Native American This holiday would pay tribute to Indian Tribal Leaderspay tribute to those that endured the worlds longest holocaust and most costly in human lives. Indian Governments nor its people find reason to cel

49、ebrate Columbus Day. Seventeen states do not recognize Columbus Day. The state of South Dakota has changed Columbus day to Native American Day. It is inappropriate for Indian children and children of America to celebrate Columbus discovering a nation of people and not having a holiday paying tribute

50、 to the people of those nations. 直流高压发生器概述National Holiday In United Native Americas quest to bring about a federal national holiday for Native Americans, Cherokee Chief Chad Smith is unwilling to call upon the federal government to stop using our tax dollars to pay for Columbus Day and not having i

51、t as a national holiday, he has stated to me, that would be pitting the Indian community against the Italians. The Cherokee Nation does not recognize Columbus Day as all Indian nations do not. Seventeen states do not recognize Columbus Day as a state paid holiday, Oklahoma is one of those states. Ch

52、erokee Chief Chad Smiths view on not wanting to change Columbus Day to Native American day is not in line with the vast majority of Native Americans to include most Americans. Columbus is the equal of Hitler to the Native American community, there would never be a tax paid holiday for Hitler in America for the German American community, nor should there be a national holiday for Columbus in America! 直流高压发生器概述 Mascots 直流高压发生器概述Mascots American Indians are People, not mascots* National Coalition on Racism in Sports and Media (NCRSM)* Racial