(陈琦)美国图书馆的管理与运营

1、 LIBRARY MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONAL MECHANISMS美国图书馆的管理与运营Qi Chen12011 5-6Outline 提纲The basis of American public libraries图书馆的基础American public libraries system 美国公共图书馆系统Library management and personnel图书馆管理和人员Library funding图书馆资金来源The role of library associations图书馆协会的作用American Library Association

2、美国图书馆State and regional library association洲和地区图书馆协会2 American Libraries美国图书馆Academic Libraries (higher educational institutions)高校图书馆Public Libraries 公共图书馆School Libraries (Kindergarten through grade 12) 学校图书馆（幼儿园至12年级）Special Libraries (Dept. libraries in higher educational institutions: medical,

3、theological, scientific, law) 专业图书馆（有一些在高等院校设立，如医学，神学，科学，法律图书馆）3Organizational Basis of American Public Library美国图书馆的组织基础Public library is based on the needs of the community 基于社区的需要More public libraries are available in large metropolitan areas 大都市有更多得图书馆 School districts 学区County or state regions,

4、 or cities 洲, 县,市所在地4 Legal Basis of Public Library美国图书馆的法律基础Library Law and legislation of US图书馆法和美国法律Constitutional from the people 宪法- 来源于人们Statutory enacted by legislative body congress法定的- 如制定立法机构 -国会等 Administrative legislatures, county commissions, city councils. 行政议会，县委员会，市议会5Public Library

5、Management美国公共图书馆的管理State grant the right to city, village, or district to establish a library州政府通过各种法律所建立的一个公共图书馆为本社区,城区,或本地区的居民提供服务To levy taxes & determine the structure and powers of the library board州政府通过征税和确定和图书馆委员会的结构和权力6图书馆在伊利诺宜州地产税中(举例）Illinois Compiled Statutes Ch.75: Libraries (Example)图书

6、馆表明政府是如何使用房地产税的，与每个方面直接挂钩。居民据此可向当地政府表示是否同意。 一个芝加哥居民房地产税2006年帐单中的一部分A Report in a Chicago Resident Property Tax Statement Purpose of a Public library Purpose建立公共图书馆The economic gap between “haves “ and “have nots” 缩小有无产者间的差距Increase diversity and growth of the populations 提高人口和人员多元化Quality of educati

7、on and literacy 人口文化程度Technology benefits and challenges 享受技术迎接挑战Partnership and collaboration 与各界合作 Staying relevant providing services and programs responsive to the community and having the community aware of them紧跟形势, 提供服务和方案回应社区,使社区对他们有所了解Make sure the residents gain all kinds of necessary info

8、rmation they need. 确保居民获得各种社区信息8Equity of Access 平等使用图书馆资源和享受图书馆服务的机会 Gateway to knowledge知识之门Lifelong learning提供终身学习的资源Intellectual freedom 提供追求知识的自由Community and information center，meeting the needs of local communities社区和信息中心Quality of life 提高个人及社区的生活质量Establishing a Public Library公共图书馆Public Lib

9、rary Services公共图书馆服务公共图书馆八种功能:Community activities Ctr 社区活动中心、Community information Ctr.社区资讯中心、Formal education support Ctr 正规教育支持中心、Independent Learning Ctr 独立自学中心、Popular materials library 通俗资料图书馆、Preschoolers door to learning 学龄前儿童学习入门、Reference Library 参考图书馆、Research Ctr. 研究中心10Public Library Sy

10、stem美国公共图书馆管理系统Hierarchy system等级管理系统There may be one public library in a community or there may be a public library system. A public library system administers 该系统一个图书馆，可以包括：central library, 中心图书馆 Branch library, 分馆bookmobile, 流动图书馆books-by-mail service 图书邮寄服务11Public Library 美国公共图书馆A public librar

11、y should have: 一个公共图书馆应有:an organized collection 组织有序的馆藏;paid staff;有正式工作人员an established schedule in which services of the staff are available to the public;有正常的业务时间,并有工作人员接待读者the facilities necessary to support such a collection, staff, and schedule,有支持馆藏,工作人员, 以及开馆时间所需要的各种设施is supported in whole

12、or in part with public funds.有部分或全部来自公共资金的支持 (IMLS data, 2008)12Public Library美国公共图书馆There are a total of 9,208 public libraries共有9,208 个公共图书馆, There are 819 mobile libraries serving 97% of the population有819个流动图书馆, 为各州的 97 % 的人口提供图书馆服务12 % of the libraries locate in a population of more than 50,000

13、 up to 73% of the total population 12% 的公共图书馆为73 %的人口服务,人口都在 50,000 以上53% of the library reside in city or school districts53%以上的公共图书馆直属市区管辖51% of the libraries open more than 40 hours 51% 的图书馆每周开馆时间在 40 小时以上140,000 Library staff 有图书馆工作人员 140,00013Public Library美国公共图书馆Average total staff per 25,000

14、population 12.18 每25,000人, 有图书馆工作人员Highest 最高21.66 Ohio, lowest 最低:Arkansas 7.55, Average librarians per 25,000 population 4.06 图书馆员highest最高8.39 New Hampshire, lowest 最低2.00 N. CarolinaAverage ALA MLS librarians per 25,000 population 2.75 专业馆员Highest 最高5.25 Connecticut, lowest最低.84 ArkansasAverage

15、other staff per 25,000 population 8.13 一般工作人员, Highest 最高15.59 Ohio, lowest 最低4.29 Montana14Public Library Management美国公共图书馆的管理结构Library management system 图书馆管理结构Library Board of trustees董事会Library Director 馆长librarians and staff 馆员及一般工作人员 Mission图书馆使命 Policy 政策15Administration - Library Board of tr

16、ustees行政管理-公共图书馆董事会Library board-A board of citizens (supported by national and state level assn ) 图书馆董事会Responsibilities 责任Analysis of community needs 分析社区需要Hiring recommending the director 挑选推荐馆长Acting in an advocacy role to develop community support for bond issues and taxation 作为地区为图书馆呼吁支持人Budge

17、t review and approval 审批预算Policy review and approval审批政策Commitment to freedom of inquiry and expression 确保自由知寻和表达Formulation of long-range planning 制做长期计划16Library Director 图书馆馆长Works closely with the library board 图书馆馆长与董事会紧密合作 realize the public library mission 实现公共图书馆的使命develop long range plans 发

18、展长期规划implement policies for the librarys operations 并执行图书馆的业务的各项政策strengthen the relationship between the community and the library and its staff加强社区和工作人员之间的联系。*McCook (2004). Introduction to Public Librarianship, p. 141Library Director Responsibilities 图书馆馆长责任, 知识技能From leading to organizing 主导规划组织

19、Liaison and representative 代言人Managing and planning etc. 规划，设计Technical, Customer service, Problem-solving ability skills Self-renewal, Risk-takingable to recommend policies, ie, use new technology, evaluate new info. 技术, 客户服务解决问题, 承担风险, 自我更新Peoples skills, vision, marketing, communication and colla

20、boration人事技巧, 营销能力, 沟通交流能力, 协作技能18Public Library Staff and Services公共图书馆员工和服务Librarians with MLIS from ALA accredited schools 由美图书协会认可的研究院毕业Other supporting staff 一般人员Library services: 服务Public service: 公共服务References 参考咨询Interlibrary loan 馆际互借Youth services 青少年读者服务Adult services 成人读者服务19Youth Servi

21、ce at a Public Library公共图书馆青少年读者服务Develop and encourage childrens reading habit从小培养和加强儿童的阅读习惯;Support independent and formal teaching个人自学以及各级正规教育;Provide opportunities for creativities 为个人发展创造力提供机会;Stimulate youths imagination 激发儿童和青年的想象力Improve awareness and appreciation of cultural differences, ar

22、t, science, invention and creation 提高对文化，对艺术的鉴赏力以及对科学成就和创造发明的了解Provide path to understand cultural difference, art, science, invention and creation 提供了解各种表演艺术, 文化的途径;20Youth Services - Professional Associations 青少年读者服务专业协会National Organizations Serving Children and Youth 为儿童和青少年提供服务的全国性机构 American A

23、ssociation of School Librarians (AASL) 学校图书馆员协会 Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT) 教育交流与技术协会 Association for Library Services to Children (ALSC) 儿童图书馆服务协会改进和扩大针对儿童（学龄前儿童到八年级）的图书馆服务Young Adult Library Services Association (YALSA) 青年图书馆服务协会- 宣传，促进，和加强针对青年人的服务并支助为这一群组提供服务的

24、工作人员21Youth Services 青少年读者服务Youth education services- 儿童和青少年服务 教育Parents education- good relationship among the family and between children 家长教育，发展与儿童和家庭的良好关系，Satisfy the literature needs of the community 满足社区成员的阅读需求Basic Literacy services 基础扫盲服务Information literacy 信息教育Formal Learning Support 辅助正规教

25、育22Youth Services 青少年读者服务Librarians competencies 图书馆员资格The Competencies of Childrens Librarian儿童图书馆员的资格-证书Knowledge of the readers 了解服务对象Administrative & managerial skills行政和管理技能Communication skills 交流技能 Advocacy, public relations & networking宣传，公关和建立合作网络的能力Professionalism & professional development

26、专业精神和专业发展能力Adult Services 成人读者服务Scope: 服务范围Finding materials 选择图书馆的藏书Library resources access 提供使用资源的途径Teaching, reading and consulting 教学,读者咨询顾问和指导Reference and information 参考和信息服务Marketing & community reader services 鼓励个人和社区团体使用图书馆资源24Adult Services 成人读者服务General public every individual 为所有普通人服务Pe

27、ople from different cultures and ethnic groups, 出身于不同文化或不同种族的人People with disabilities 身体有残障的人(盲人,只具部分视力的人,有听力障碍的人)Homebound/housebound people 不能离开住房的人, Institutionally confined people-被隔离的人(医院, 或监狱等)Adult Services 成人读者服务Service for institutions 服务于所有团体Educational institutions 教育团体Cultural groups 文化

28、团体Public services公益团体Business organizations 商业团体And all types of regional or local government entities 各类团体的上一级机关,如地方政府等Sources of Library Funding 图书馆资金来源Local tax dollars (primary) taxation 地方税元（主要）税收State grants, per capita support material grants lump sum grants 洲政府-人均补助助或一次性补助金Federal library ag

29、encies- information access through technology and provision of information access through empowerment联邦政府- 通过图书馆组织项目-通过提供技术信息和信息接入服务来提高能力Foundation public and private the Gates program, community foundations 基金会 公共私人Individuals 个人捐款27Source of Library Fund 美国公共图书馆资金来源Operating revenue运营资金 (蓝色表示地方来源，

30、红色表示州来源，紫色表示联邦来源，绿色表示其它）28Seeking and Advocating with local officials寻求当地官方的支持Presenting benefits to local government向当地政府陈述支持图书馆的利益Supporting the work of local government支持当地政府的工作Understanding local priorities了解当地政府施政的重点Establishing a relationship与当地政府建立良好关系Being clear and to the point Not using li

31、brary terms要清晰，明确， 扼要 避免使用图书馆术语29/Seeking funds - Fund Raising 向个人和商界筹措资金Identify those who have interests in libraries asking them to donate确认对图书馆有兴趣的个人和商界团体, 对他们施以开导，恳请捐款和沟通Develop long time strategies有长期发展策略Use mail, email, phone or in-person communication 利用信件邮递，电话沟通，或访谈来恳请捐款Develop collective e

32、fforts through the library and library staff 由图书馆基金会或单位领导全图书馆共同努力30Budget and Operating Expenditures美国公共图书馆运营支出Operating expenditures 运营支出(蓝色部分表示职工薪水，红色表示馆藏，绿色表示其它)31Libraries and political process图书馆与政治结构Exist within a nested and overlapping structure 存在于各阶层的政治重叠的结构中Local, regional, state and natio

33、nal political entities 当地,地区,洲 及全国政治组织Each level, must work hard to educate policymakers about the fiscal and legal needs of libraries 图书馆人员必须让每个政界知道图书馆的财经与政治需要.ALA public awareness advisory committee -advocacy, workshop and programs 美国图书馆提供为图书馆呼吁的各类活动.National legislative day in May to talk with re

34、presentatives and senators library issues每年5月的全国立法日是大家与参众议员淡图书馆的事宜.32The building was designed by the architectural firm of Hammond, Beeby and Babka, now known as Hammond Beeby Rupert Ainge, Inc., winners of a design competition held in 1987 to replace the old central library, It is approximately 75

35、6,640square feet (70,294 m2).133Population-服务人口: 2,896,016Library Branches - 图书馆 79Collection - 藏书量5,521,854 册Visits - 访问图书馆人次2,860,862Circulation - 图书借阅次数1,506,293PC usage - 计算机使用次数2,600,000 Children programs: 儿童活动参加人次262,208 Where in US is Chicago?34芝加哥公共图书馆中国城分馆Fate of most public libraries in U.

36、S. is entirely a local matter 大部分公共图书馆的命运掌握当政府和居民Chicago Public Library Mayor Richard M. Daley joined Chicago Public Library officials for the 17th Annual Bookamania event36图书馆挑战 Two major challengesStaff management encouraging them so that they are able to do their best.人员管理，激发工作积极性Budget managemen

37、t so to use financial resources to the best advantage of the library.财政管理，使财政资源发挥最大优势用于图书馆37A good organization has puts at its heart qualified staff & it is paid competitive salaries with good benefits 以称职的员工为中心，并支付合理的工资Three processes for managing people 人员管理的三个核心程序Recruitment, hiring, retention 招

38、聘，雇佣，留住人才Evaluation of employees 工作绩效评估Disciplining of employees 工作纪律38Personnel Management 人员管理Personnel Management人员管理Hiring招聘 人事处Job announcement advertised 发布招聘广告Applications reviewed by search committee 招聘委员会对工作申请人的评审Select applicants for interviews 选择人进行面试Successful candidate chosen 录取最合适人选Job

39、 description 岗位职责描述job analysis and needs of library基于这个工作岗位的分析和图书馆本身的需要Qualifications 应具备的条件Other information：benefits, salary， description of the library信息包括福利，工资或者浮动, 范围；对图书馆的介绍等39招聘广告二参考咨询图书馆员 Reference and Instruction Librarian招聘广告一哥伦比亚大学东亚图书馆馆长Professional 专业能力Librarians and staff should work

40、together to achieve the goals and objectives of the library.图书馆长需馆员共同努力达成图书馆的制定的方向的目标。 Effective library services are decided by librarians competencies有效的图书馆服务是取决于馆员的职业能力These competencies can be achieved by providing them continuous professional training and development programs通过继续教育和在职训练以达成任务。专业

41、发展Professional Development 计划和预算Planning and budgeting 年度计划 Annually planning 专业发展内容, 形式, 次数专业会议和工作坊 Professional conferences and workshops在职馆内培训 Professional in house training行政培训Administrative training校部或更高级 University or higher院内各类培训 In house or general trainingLibrary Management问题与解答 Dr. 士伊利陈琦博士

42、美国阿格西大学东部地区图书馆馆长责人，副教授Thank You! 谢谢!459、静夜四无邻，荒居旧业贫。2022/9/92022/9/9Friday, September 9, 202210、雨中黄叶树，灯下白头人。2022/9/92022/9/92022/9/99/9/2022 8:39:48 AM11、以我独沈久，愧君相见频。2022/9/92022/9/92022/9/9Sep-2209-Sep-2212、故人江海别，几度隔山川。2022/9/92022/9/92022/9/9Friday, September 9, 202213、乍见翻疑梦，相悲

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