漫谈文化翻译

1、漫谈文化翻译欢迎光临 以红楼梦的译本对比为例 左 飚A bosom friend afar brings a distant land near.海内存知己，天涯若比邻。华中农业大学Wishing you happiness every day! On Cultural Translation：Exemplified by the Contrast Between Two Versions of Hong Lou MTranslation is a Bridge.Translation is a Boat.Two ExtremesEverything can be translated wit

2、hout loss. Translatability is emphasized. 强调可译性Nothing can be translated without loss. Untranslatability is emphasized.强调不可译性Traduttore / Traditore Translator / TraitorTranslatability0%100%A Dynamic ContinuumStarIf you areA love compassionate,You will walk with us this year.We face a glacial distanc

3、e, who are hereHuddledAt your feet.A Christmas Tree William Burford 星啊，如果你那爱中满含怜悯，来年就和我们同行。我们面对冰河距离，如今拥挤在你脚底。圣 诞 树 黄杲炘译人曾为僧，人弗可以成佛。女卑是婢，女又何妨成奴。拆字为汉文特有的玩意，绝不可能翻译。 钱歌川（1980）A Buddhist cannot bud into a Buddha.A maiden may be made a house maid.中国翻译 许渊冲（1991）我为妈妈，妈妈为我。 左 飚（1999） 回文(palindrome)是顺读、倒读其效果都

4、一样的修辞法。由于它讲究形式上的绝对对称，被普遍认为是绝不可能翻译的。Ma is as selfless as I am. 可以清心也 中国茶壶上的循环文字The Translator as MediatorThe translator is a bilingual mediating agent between monolingual communication participants in two different language communities. George Steiner (1975) 译者是两个不同语言群体的单语交际者之间的双语中介人。The translator i

5、s first and foremost a mediator between two parties for whom mutual communication might otherwise be problematic.Hatim and Mason (1990) 译者首先是两方的中介人，没有他，两方的交际会有困难。The Translator as Cultural MediatorThe translator is a cross-cultural specialist（跨文化专家）. Mary Snell-Hornby (1992)The translation operator

6、is a cultural operator（文化运作者）. Heuson and Martim (1991)The translator is a cultural mediator（文化中介人）. David Katan (2004)The Translator as Cultural MediatorA cultural mediator is a person who facilitates communication, understanding, and action between persons or groups who differ with respect to lang

7、uage and culture. Thus a mediator must be to a certain extent bicultural. R. Taft (1981) 文化中介人是使两个有着不同语言和文化的个人或群体之间的交际、了解和行动得以顺利进行的人。所以，中介人必须在一定程度上是双文化的（熟悉两种文化的）。Translation is intercultural communication and the translator is a cultural mediator.翻译是跨文化交际活动，译者是文化中介人。 In order to play the role of med

8、iator, an individual has to be flexible in switching his cultural orientation. Hence, a cultural mediator will have developed a high degree of intercultural sensitivity. Taft (1981) 一个人，如果想发挥（文化）中介人的作用，就必须灵活地转换自己的文化倾向。所以，文化中介人要培养高度的跨文化敏感性。文化翻译与翻译文化 Cultural translation is a translation in which the

9、content of the message is changed to conform to the receptor culture in some way. Nida & Taber 1969 文化翻译是对原文的信息内容加以某种改变使之符合译入语文化的翻译。文化翻译与翻译文化Cultural translation refers to any translation which is sensitive to cultural as well as to linguistic factors. Such sensitivity might take the form either of

10、presenting TL recipients with a transparent text which informs them about elements of the source culture, or of finding target items which may in some way be considered to be culturally “equivalent” to the ST items they are translating. Shuttleworth & Cowie 2004 文化翻译是指任何不仅对语言成分而且对文化成分进行敏锐处理的翻译。这种敏锐处

11、理表现为以明白易懂的译文向译入语读者介绍源语文化，或者在译入语中找到在某种程度上文化“对等”的成分。文化翻译与翻译文化Cultural Translation and Translation Culture文化翻译（狭义）可界定为对原文中的文化信息进行某种处理的任何翻译。文化翻译（广义）指受各种文化制约因素影响的任何翻译。文化翻译与翻译文化Cultural Translation and Translation Culture An interculture is assumed to be operative in the overlaps of culture 1 and culture

12、2 An unspecified number of translators can be seen as members of intercultures or as having some degree of interculturality. Anthony Pym, 1998文化翻译与翻译文化Cultural Translation and Translation Culture译者在两大文化之间活动，它不仅是不同文化的搭桥人，而且是文化1（源语文化）和文化2（译入语文化）之间中介文化的滋生者和运作者。这种中介文化即翻译文化，它既不同于文化1，又不同于文化2，但又跟两者有千丝万缕的联系

13、。 Pym 1998文化翻译指处理文化信息的翻译过程与行为；翻译文化则指翻译的结果与产品所展示的文化。Some Culture-bound Factorsin Translation （翻译中的文化制约因素） Who: the Culture-nurtured Translator 受某种文化熏陶的译者What: the Culture-loaded Text 承载着文化信息的原文How: the Culture-determined Strategy for Translating 由文化决定的翻译策略Why: the Culture-oriented Aim of Translating

14、带文化倾向的翻译目的 Culture-bound Factors : Translator Text Strategy Aim 受文化制约的翻译要素: 译员 翻译文本 翻译策略 翻译目的The text and the translator翻译文本和译者Strategy of Translating翻译策略Aim of Translating翻译目的The translators outlook 译者的翻译观Layers of Culture-bound Factors in Translation红楼梦的译本对比Contrast between Two Versions of Hong Lo

15、u Meng译者比较 Yang Hsien-yi & Gladys Yang杨宪益与戴乃迪David Hawkes戴维霍克斯Name姓名David Hawkes戴维霍克斯Yang Hsien-yi & Gladys Yang杨宪益与戴乃迪Nationality国籍British英Chinese & British中、英Comparison between the Two TranslatorsName姓名David Hawkes戴维霍克斯Yang Hsien-yi & Gladys Yang杨宪益与戴乃迪Education教育背景Mostly in Britain;3 years in Chi

16、na主要在英国3年在中国Mostly in China;4 years in Britain主要在中国3年在英国Comparison between the Two TranslatorsName姓名David Hawkes戴维霍克斯Yang Hsien-yi & Gladys Yang杨宪益与戴乃迪Occupation职业Professor,Free-lance translator教授、自由译者Professor,Professional translator教授、专业译者Comparison between the Two TranslatorsName姓名David Hawkes戴维霍

17、克斯Yang Hsien-yi & Gladys Yang杨宪益与戴乃迪Cultural Orientation文化倾向Western Culture西方文化Predominantly Chinese Culture中国文化为主Comparison between the Two TranslatorsName姓名David Hawkes戴维霍克斯Yang Hsien-yi & Gladys Yang杨宪益与戴乃迪Nationality国籍British英Chinese & British中、英Education教育背景Mostly in Britain;3 years in ChinaMos

18、tly in China;4 years in BritainOccupation职业Professor,Free-lance translatorProfessor,Professional translatorCultural Orientation文化倾向Western Culture西方文化Predominantly Chinese Culture中国文化为主Comparison between the Two Translators译文比较 The Story of the Stone David HawkesA Dream of Red Mansions Yang Hsien-yi

19、 & Gladys YangThe Story of the Stone David Hawkes A Dream of Red Manshions Yang Hsien-yi & Gladys Yang为什么一书二名？为什么霍克斯舍红楼梦而取石头记？红色的翻译 贾宝玉神游太虚境，警幻仙曲演红楼梦。 Jia Baoyu visits the Land of Illusion; And the fairy Disenchantment performs the Dream of Golden Days. David Hawkes 贾宝玉品茶栊翠庵，刘姥姥醉窝怡红院。 Jia Baoyu tast

20、es some superior tea at Green Bower Hermitage; And Grannie Liu samples the sleeping accommodation at Green Delights. David HawkesAssociations of the Red ColorChinese CultureWestern CultureCelebrationHappinessAuspiciousness BloodDangerViolence红色的翻译 红色对中国人和英美人会产生不同的联想。红色对汉语文化的人而言，表示喜庆、幸福、吉祥，但在英语国家的人眼中

21、，绿色和金黄色具有类似的联想意义，而红色则意味着流血、危险或暴力。 红色的翻译红旗red flag红酒 red wine红米red rice红细胞，红血球red blood cell红土red clay (soil)有赤字，亏欠in the red红十字会Red Cross红地毯式仪式（隆重仪式）red carpet 因窘迫而脸红turn red with embarrassment直译，完全对应红色的翻译红糖brown sugar红种人The brown race红烧肉Pork braised in brown sauce 眼红green-eyed红茶 black tea红润的脸色rosy

22、(ruddy) cheeks红柳rose willow改换颜色红色的翻译红榜 honor roll 红豆 love pea红运 good luck红利 dividend 红事wedding红人a favorite with sb. 红绿灯traffic light红薯sweet potatored ruin 火灾 red battle 血战 意译，不用颜色词怡红院怡红公子The Happy Red Court The House of Green Delight Happy Red PrinceGreen Boy* Red The Yangs Green Hawkes 水溶（见他语言清楚，谈吐

23、有致，）一面又向贾政道：“令郎真乃龙驹凤雏。” The prince turned to observe to Jia Zheng: “Your son is truly a dragons colt or young phoenix.” Yang Hsien-yi The prince observed to Jia Zheng that the young phoenix was worthy of his sire. Hawkes龙 = dragon ? 古代传说中一种有鳞有须、能兴云作雨的神异动物。(辞海) A mythical monster usually represented

24、as breathing fire and having a scaly reptilian body, wings, claws, and a long tail. Collins English Dictionary象征帝王、富贵、昌盛 Symbolizing chaos or evilNo. They are entirely different.Dragon龙龙 = dragon ?No. They are entirely different.四小龙 龙腾虎跃龙楼凤阁上海是中国经济建设的龙头four tigersa scene of bustling activity;full of

25、 vigor and enthusiasmimperial palaceShanghai plays a leading role in Chinas economic construction.龙飞凤舞bold sweeping strokes; moving gracefully and forcefully凤 = phoenix ? 古代传说中的鸟王，鸡头、蛇颈、燕颔、龟背、鱼尾、五彩色。 辞海 A legendary Arabian bird said to set fire to itself and rise anew from the ashes every 500 years.

26、 Collins English Dictionary旧时比喻有圣德之人。 Symbolizing rebirth and sometimes analogized to a person of surpassing beauty or qualityNot equal, but they have similar metaphorical meaning.Phoenix凤凤 = phoenix ? A legendary Arabian bird said to set fire to itself and rise anew from the ashes every 500 years.

27、Collins English Dictionary旧时比喻有圣德之人。 Symbolizing rebirth and sometimes analogized to a person of surpassing beauty or qualityNot equal, but they have similar metaphorical meaning.Phoenix凤 古代传说中的鸟王，鸡头、蛇颈、燕颔、龟背、鱼尾、五彩色。(辞海) 水溶（见他语言清楚，谈吐有致，）一面又向贾政道：“令郎真乃龙驹凤雏。” The prince turned to observe to Jia Zheng:

28、“Your son is truly a dragons colt or young phoenix.” Yang Hsien-yi The prince observed to Jia Zheng that the young phoenix was worthy of his sire. Hawkes龙、凤 （荣华、富贵、圣德等)Dragon （chaos, evil） Phoenix (rebirth，a person of surpassing quality) 你倒也三从四德的，只是这贤惠也太过了。 Quite a model of wifely submission and vir

29、tue, arent you? Only you carry this obedience too far. Yang Hsien-yi I must congratulate you on your wifely virtue though I must say, that in this case you are carrying wifeliness a little far. Hawkes三从：未嫁从父、既嫁从夫、夫死从子四德：妇德、妇言、妇容、妇功贾蓉对卜世仁说：“巧媳妇做不出没有米的饭来，叫我怎么办呢？”（273） Even the cleverest housewife cant

30、 cook a meal without rice. What do you expect me to do? Yang Hsien-yi and I dont see what I am supposed to do without any capital. Even the cleverest housewife cant make bread without flour. Hawkes 那薛老大也是“吃着碗里看着锅里”的。 Hsueh Pan is another of those greedy guys who keep one eye on the bowl and the othe

31、r on the pan. Yang Hsien-yi You know what cousin Hsueh is like: always keep one eye on the dish and the other on the saucepan.Hawkes 凤姐听了，眼圈儿红了半天，半日方说道：“真是天有不测风云，人有旦夕祸福。这个年纪倘或就因这病上怎么样了，人还活着有甚么趣儿！” 红楼梦第十一回 凤姐听了，眼圈儿红了半天，半日方说道：“真是天有不测风云，人有旦夕祸福。这个年纪倘或就因这病上怎么样了，人还活着有甚么趣儿！” （156） Xifengs eyes became moist

32、. After a pause she exclaimed, “Truly, Storms gather without warning in nature, and bad luck befalls men overnight. But life is hardly worth living if such an illness can carry off one so young. Yang Hsien-yi Xi-fengs eyes became moist and for a moment she was too overcome to speak. “I know the weat

33、her and human life are both unpredictable”, she said at last, “but shes only a child still. If anything should happen to her as a result of this illness, I think all the fun would go out of life.” David Hawkes天有不测风云，人有旦夕祸福。 Storms gather without warning in nature； bad luck befalls men overnight. Yan

34、g Hsien-yi The weather and human life are both unpredictable. Hawkes少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。A lazy youth, a lousy age.An idle youth, a needy age. A man who does not work hard in his youth will be grieved when he grows old. 人无千日好，花无百日红。 Man cannot be always fortunate; flowers do not last forever. Nobody can alwa

35、ys be happy. 疾风知劲草，患难见交情。 Strong winds test sturdy grass; calamities reveal true friendship. Calamity is the touchstone of friendship. （贾雨村）虽才干优长，未免有些贪酷之弊；且恃才侮上，那些官员皆侧目而视。（第二回） （贾雨村）虽才干优长，未免有些贪酷之弊；且恃才侮上，那些官员皆侧目而视。（第二回） But although a capable administrator, Yucun was grasping and ruthless, while his

36、arrogance and insolence to his superior made them view him with disfavor. The Yangs But although his intelligence and ability were outstanding, these qualities were unfortunately offset by a certain cupidity and harshness and a tendency to use his intelligence in order to outwit his superiors; all o

37、f which caused his fellow-officials to cast envious glances in his direction. Hawks黛玉葬花锦囊收艳骨，净土掩风流；质本洁来还洁去，不教污淖陷渠沟。 尔今死去侬收葬，侬身何日丧？侬今葬花人笑痴，他年葬侬知是谁？ 试看春残花渐落，便是红颜老死时， 春尽红颜老，花落人亡两不知！ Better shroud the fair petals in silkWith clean earth for their outer attire;For pure you came and pure shall you go,Not

38、sinking into some foul ditch or mire.Now you are dead I come to bury you;None has divined the day when I shall die;Men laugh at my folly in burying fallen flowers,But who will bury me when dead I lie?See, when spring draws to a close and flowers fall,This is the season when beauty must ebb and fade;

39、The day that spring takes wing and beauty fadesWho will care for the fallen blossom or dead maid? Yang Hsien-yiRhyme scheme: abcbBut better their remains in silk layAnd bury underneath the wholesome clay,Pure substances the pure earth to enrich,Than leave to soak and stink in some foul ditch.Can I,

40、that these flowers obsequies attend,Divine how soon or late my life will end?Let others laugh flower-burial to see:Another year who will be burying me?As petals drop and spring begins to fail,The bloom of youth, too, sickens and turns pale.One day, when spring has gone and youth has fled,The Maiden

41、and the flowers will both be dead David Hawkes Rhyme scheme: aabb “你明儿服侍我去吧，我认你做女儿，我一调理，你就出息了。” You must come and work for me. I will make you my adopted daughter.Yang Xianyi How would you like to come and work for me and be my God-daughter? Hawkes好了歌世人都晓神仙好，惟有功名忘不了！古今将相在何方？荒冢一堆草没了。世人都晓神仙好，只有金银忘不了！终

42、朝只恨聚无多，及到多时眼闭了。世人都晓神仙好，只有姣妻忘不了！君生日日说恩情，君死又随人去了。世人都晓神仙好，只有儿孙忘不了！痴心父母古来多，孝顺儿孙谁见了。 好了歌是整篇作品的主题思想，讲的就是人生虚幻，功名利禄都是过眼云烟。世人都晓神仙好，惟有功名忘不了！古今将相在何方？荒冢一堆草没了。All men long to be immortals,Yet to riches and rank each aspires;The great ones of old, where are they now?Their graves are a mass of briars. Yang Hsien-y

43、i Men all know that salvation should be won, But with ambition wont have done, have done,Where are the famous ones of days gone by?In grassy graves they lie now, every one.HawkesImmortal：长生不死的神仙Salvation:人的灵魂蒙主拯救 世人都晓神仙好，只有金银忘不了！终朝只恨聚无多，及到多时眼闭了。All men long to be immortals,Yet silver and gold they p

44、rize.And grub for money all their lives,Till death seals up their eyes. Yang Hsien-yi Men all know that salvation should be won, But with their riches wont have done, have done.Each day they grumble theyve not made enough.When theyve enough, its goodnight every one! Hawkes世人都晓神仙好，只有姣妻忘不了！君生日日说恩情，君死又

45、随人去了。All men long to be immortals,Yet dote on the wives theyve wed,Who swear to love their husband evermore,But remarry as soon as hes dead. Yang Hsien-yi Men all know that salvation should be won, But with their loving wives they wont have done.The darlings every day protest their love;But once you

46、re dead, they are off with another one. Hawkes世人都晓神仙好，只有儿孙忘不了！痴心父母古来多，孝顺儿孙谁见了。All men long to be immortals,Yet with getting sons wont have done.Although fond parents are legion,Who ever saw a really filial son? Yang Hsien-yi Men all know that salvation should be won, But with their children wont hav

47、e done, have done.Yet though of parents fond there is no lack,Of grateful children saw I neer a one. Hawkes富含文化意蕴的词语与语言风格The Yangs VersionThe Hawkes Version 红（ Red）Red retainedChanged to Green龙（Dragon）Dragon retainedRemoved三从四德（3 submissions and 4 virtues）All retainedVirtues reserved, but submission

48、s removed米饭、锅、碗Rice, pan, bowlAll retainedRice changed to bread,bowl changed to dish神仙 immortalsTaoism retainedChanged to Christianity语言风格Linguistic styleSymmetry and metaphor retained Changed to the plain, concise and direct style诗歌韵律 Rhymeabcb retainedChanged to abab schemeA Comparison between Two

49、 Versions (Summary)A Comparison of Translating Strategies翻译策略比较 Literal Translation 直译 Free Translation 意译SL WriterTL ReaderTranslatorSemantic Translation 语义翻译 Communicative Translation 交际翻译Foreignization 异化翻译 Domestication 归化翻译Word-for-word Translation 逐词翻译 Adaptation / Rewriting 改写Translation Stra

50、tegiesLiteral Translation The SL form is converted to its nearest TL equivalent. The emphasis is laid on both form and content. 源语形式被转换成最接近对等的译入语形式的翻译策略。形式与内容都强调。Free Translation The matter is reproduced without the manner, or the content without the form of the original (SL). 注重内容的再现而不拘泥于源语形式的翻译策略。

51、Translation Strategies Semantic translation attempts to render, as closely as the semantic and syntactic structures of the second language allow, the exact contextual meaning of the original. 语义翻译力求在译入语语义和语法结构允许的情况下尽可能精确地再现源语文本的情境意义。Communicative translation attempts to produce on its readers an eff

52、ect as close as possible to that obtained on the readers of the original. 交际翻译力求使译文对译入语读者所产生的效果尽可能接近原文对原文读者所产生的效果。Translation Strategies Word-for-word translation The ST word order is preserved and the words translated singly by their most common meanings out of context. Cultural words are translate

53、d literally. 逐词翻译是按原文词序，再现原词的最常用意义，对有文化内涵的词语进行直译的翻译。Adaptation This is the freest form of translation. The ST culture is converted to the TT culture and the text re-written. 改编是最自由的翻译形式。源语文化被转换为译入语文化，源语文本被改写。Translation StrategiesForeignization Foreignizing means taking the reader over to the foreig

54、n culture, making him/her see the cultural differences and seeks to evoke a sense of the foreign. 异化翻译把读者引入异国文化，使其自己看到文化差异，感受奇花异草的风味。Domestication Domestication means converting the SL culture to the TL culture and naturalizing all renditions according to the TL norm. 归化翻译把源语文化转换为译入语文化，并根据译入语的规范使译文自

55、然顺畅。归化翻译要在我们的水土上成长 。 茅盾 理想的译文仿佛是原作者的中文写作。 傅雷 译本对原作应该忠实得以至于读起来不像译本，因为作品在原文里决不会读起来像翻译出的东西。 钱钟书 Domestication All translations are fundamentally domestication and is really initiated in the domestic culture, there is, therefore, a fundamental ethnocentric impulse in all translation. 翻译基本上都用归化策略，把异族文化植入

56、本民族文化。因而，所有翻译都有一种民族中心主义冲动。 Lawrence Venuti (1995:47) Translation and the Formation of Cultural Identities 异化 宁信而不顺保存着原作的丰姿。 鲁迅 翻译应尽量表现出原文的异国情调，尽量忠实地再现原文的形象化语言，尽量输入新的表现法 。 杨自俭等David Hawkes said,If I can convey to the reader even a fraction of the pleasure this Chinese novel has given me, I shall not

57、have lived in vain. 杨宪益说： “翻译时不能做过多的解释。译者应尽量重视原文，否则，就不是翻译，而是改写了。”Literal Translation 直译 Free Translation 意译SL WriterTL ReaderTranslatorSemantic Translation 语义翻译 Communicative Translation 交际翻译Foreignization 异化翻译 Domestication 归化翻译Word-for-word Translation 逐词翻译 Adaptation / Rewriting 改写翻译策略比较 杨宪益夫妇戴维霍

58、克斯较多直译较多意译注重语义翻译注重交际翻译倾向于异化翻译倾向于归化翻译(有时改写)文化翻译策略比较 杨宪益夫妇戴维霍克斯文化传真Cultural Facsimile文化适应Cultural AdaptationLiteral Translation 直译 Free Translation 意译SL WriterTL ReaderTranslatorSemantic Translation 语义翻译 Communicative Translation 交际翻译Foreignization 异化翻译 Domestication 归化翻译Word-for-word Translation 逐词翻译 Rewriting 改写Cu