科技英语翻译课后练习答案市公开课金奖市赛课一等奖课件

1、科技英语翻译EST TRANSLATION第1页目录1第3章 名词和冠词翻译1、名词译法2、冠词译法3、总复习题第4章 代词翻译1、代词普通译法2、人称代词译法3、形容词性物主代词译法4、指示代词译法5、不定代词译法6、it及其句型译法7、总复习题第1章 概论1、翻译标准2、对译者要求3、科技英语文体特点4、翻译普通方法第2章 词翻译1、词义选择2、词义引申3、词类转换4、词增译5、词省译6、重复法第2页 目录2第7章 连词翻译1、连词普通译法2、惯用并列连词译法3、惯用主从连接词译法4、总复习题第8章 动词翻译1、谓语动词普通译法2、动词时态译法3、非限定动词译法4、情态动词译法5、被动语态

2、译法6、总复习题第5章 数词、形容词和副词 翻译1、数词译法2、形容词译法3、副词译法4、形容词和副词比较级译法5、形容词和副词最高级译法6、总复习题第6章 介词翻译1、介词普通译法2、介词短语译法3、惯用介词译法4、总复习题第3页 目录3第11章 篇章翻译1、总复习题第9章 句子翻译1、句子成份译法2、否定句译法3、总复习题第10章 长句翻译1、并列句译法2、名词性从句译法3、定语从句译法4、状语从句译法5、复合长句译法6、总复习题第4页1.1 翻译标准信达雅 （严复）：忠实、通顺（普遍观点）科技翻译标准： 1）准确规范 （第1节 翻译练习1） 2）通顺易懂 （第1节 翻译练习2） 3）简练

3、明晰 （第1节 翻译练习3）第5页第1节 翻译练习1The power plant is the heart of a ship.The power unit for driving the machines is a 50-hp induction motor.动力装置是船舶心脏。 驱动这些机器动力装置是一台50马力感应电动机。 第6页第1节 翻译练习2Semiconductor devices, called transistors, are replacing tubes in many applications.Cramped conditions means that passeng

4、ers legs cannot move around freely.All bodies are known to possess weight and occupy space.半导体装置也称为晶体管，在许多场所替换电子管。 我们知道，全部物体都有重量并占据空间。 空间狭窄，旅客两腿就不能自由活动。 第7页第1节 翻译练习3The removal of minerals from water is called softening.A typical foliage leaf of a plant belonging to the dicotyledons is composed of t

5、wo principal parts: blade and petiole.去除水中矿物质叫做软化。 双子叶植物经典营养叶由两个主要部分组成：叶片和叶柄。 第8页1.2 对译者要求英语水平 汉语水平专业知识翻译知识翻译经验第9页1.3 科技英语文体特点第三人称句多被动语态多专业名词、术语多非谓语动词多长句多第10页1.4 翻译普通方法直译与意译 （第4节 翻译练习1）合译与分译 （第4节 翻译练习2）增译与省译 （第4节 翻译练习3）顺译与倒译 （第4节 翻译练习4）第11页第4节 翻译练习1Einsteins relativity theory is the only one which c

6、an explain such phenomena.All four (outer planets) probably have cores of metals, silicates, and water.爱因斯坦相对论是能解释这种现象唯一理论。（直译） 这四颗外层行星内核可能都由金属、硅酸盐和水组成。（意译） 第12页The designer must have access to stock lists of the materials he employs.Part adjustment and repair must be performed on regular basis if a

7、n acceptable printed product is to be the end product.设计师必须备有所使用材料贮备表。（意译） 要使印刷品质量到达要求，部件调试及修理就必须定时进行。（意译） 第13页第4节 翻译练习2The most important of the factors affecting plant growth is that it requires the supply of water.The doctor analyzed the blood sample for anemia.The apparent change in size of the

8、sun is caused by dust in the air near the horizon.植物生长各原因中最主要是水供给。（合译） 太阳大小看起来有改变，这是因为靠近地平线空气中有尘粒而引发。（分译） 医生对血样作了分析，看是不是贫血症。（分译） 第14页These fragments of rock and iron range from thousand kilometers in diameter to less than one.Manufacturing processes may be classified as unit production with small qu

9、antities being made and mass production with large numbers of identical parts being produced. 这些石块和铁块碎片大小不等，大直径有1000公里，小不到1公里。（分译） 制造过程能够分为单件生产和大量生产。前者指是生产少许零件，后者则是指生产大量相同零件。（分译） 第15页第4节 翻译练习3Cartography is the science of making maps.Many elements in nature are found to be mixtures of different isot

10、opes.制图学是研究绘制地图科学。（增译） 人们发觉，自然界里许多元素，都是各种不一样同位素混合物。（增译） 第16页The two units used most frequently in electricity are ampere and volt: this is the unit of voltage and that of current.That like charges repel but opposite charges attract is one of the fundamental laws of electricity. 电学上最惯用两个单位是安培和伏特：后者是电

11、压单位，前者是电流单位。（增译） 同性电荷相斥，异性电荷相吸是电学一个基本规律。（省译） 第17页第4节 翻译练习4Almost any insulated body processes to some extent the ability to retain for a time an electric charge.The angular contact bearing provides a greater thrust capacity.The properties of the weld can be altered by varying the grain orientation.几

12、乎任何一个绝缘体都多少含有保留电荷一段时间能力。向心推力轴承有较大轴向承载能力。经过改变晶粒方向能够改变焊缝性能。第18页2.1 词义选择词类/词性（part of speech）：第1节 翻译练习1上下文（co-text）： 第1节 翻译练习2搭配（collocation）： 第1节 翻译练习3学科专业/语域（register）： 第1节 翻译练习4第19页第1节 翻译练习1The spindle rotates simultaneously round two axes at right angles to each other.The earth isnt completely roun

13、d; it is slightly flattened at the poles.In each round of operation the particle picks up energy from the oscillating electric field.锭子同时绕两个相互垂直轴旋转。（介词） 粒子每运转一周都从振荡电场获取新能量。（名词）地球并非完全是圆，它两极略扁平。（形容词）第20页An electron is an extremely small corpuscle with negative charge which rounds about the nucleus of

14、an atom.Her waist measures forty inches round. 电子是绕原子核转动且带有负电荷极其微小粒子。（动词） 她腰围40英寸。（副词） 第21页第1节 翻译练习2Rate of penetration was found to be proportional to the net pressure applied by the tool.Scientists are constantly striving to find fast and convenient way of obtaining quantitative data.To find the a

15、rea of a square or oblong, you merely multiply its length by its width.Certain isotopes are not found in nature.人们发觉钻孔速度与工具所受净压力成正比。 求一正方形或长方形面积，你只需将其长度乘以宽度。科学家们总是力争找到快速而简便方法取得定量数据。有些同位素在自然界中并不存在。第22页New fibers find expanding applications in engineering and industry.Kangaroos are found in Australia.

16、This plant is found in the sea near the mouth of rivers.Microcomputers have found their application in the production of genius sensors.Plastics find wide application in our daily life.大袋鼠产于澳大利亚。这种植物生长在近河口海中。 新创造纤维在工程和工业领域得到越来越广泛应用。微型计算机已经应用于智能传感器生产中。塑料在我们日常生活中得到广泛应用。第23页第1节 翻译练习3low dampinglow brak

17、elow limitlow shotlow currentlow orderlow accesslow keylow brass弱阻尼低速制动器下限低位仰视拍摄低强度电流慢速存取低音调键下半轴瓦第24页solid anglesolid bearingsolid bodysolid linesolid borersolid colorsolid crankshaftsolid goldsolid measuresolid circuitsolid injectionsolid lubricantsolid pole钻头单色实心曲轴固态电路赤金体积无气喷射润滑脂，固体润滑剂磁极实线固体整体轴承立体

18、角第25页第1节 翻译练习4apron (n.):机械行业造船业建筑业地质运输业航空业军事护床船头护船木（皮带）运输机护墙，挡板冰川前沙砾层停机坪（炮）口罩，伪装天幕第26页2.2 词义引申技术性引申修辞性引申详细化引申抽象化引申第2节 翻译练习1第27页第2节 翻译练习1The cause of rolling resistance is the deformation of mating surfaces of the rolling element and the raceway on which it rolls.Traditionally, NC programming has be

19、en performed offline with the machine commands being contained on a punched tape.The occurrence of large mats of floating algae may result in the death of many fish from lack of oxygen. 滚动阻力起因在于滚动体配合面和它滚动滚道变形。（技术性引申） 通常，数控机床编程是脱机完成，指令载于穿孔带上。（技术性引申） 大片大片漂浮藻类出现造成很多鱼因缺氧而死亡。（修辞引申）第28页The splitting of th

20、e uranium or plutonium nucleus is accompanied by the release of very considerable amount of energy.The major contributors in component technology have been in the semiconductor.The distance between the two plates is small compared with their linear dimensions.Just as different solids and liquids var

21、y in density, so do gases and vapors.元件技术中起主要作用是半导体元件。（详细化引申） 两板之间距离相对于其宽度和长度而言比较小。（详细化引申） 伴随铀核和钚核裂变，会有极其巨大能量释放处理。（修辞性引申） 正像不一样固体和液体密度不一样一样，不一样气体和蒸汽密度也不一样。（详细化引申）第29页The Curies believed that there was something in nature that gave out radiation.Obviously, there is much room for the improvement in th

22、e structure.At present coal is the most common food of a steam plant.The facts have been set down in black and white.显然，其结构还有较大改进余地。（抽象化引申） 当前，煤是火电厂最惯用能源。（抽象化引申） 居里夫妇坚信，自然界中有一个物质能放出辐射能。（详细化引申） 这些事实已经清清楚楚地统计下来了。（抽象化引申）第30页2.3 词类转换转译为动词 n. v. adj. v. adv. v. prep. v.转译为名词 第3节 翻译练习1 v. n. pron. n. adj.

23、 n. adv. n.转译为形容词 n. adj. adv. adj. v. adj.转译为副词 第3节 翻译练习2 adj. adv. v. adv. n. adv.第31页第3节 翻译练习1Each time a sample was drawn for color determination.What is certain is that the oil spill has delivered a devastating blow to the ecology of the Persian Gulf.We should get familiar with different system

24、s of units. 每次取一个标本测定颜色。 能够必定，这场石油泄漏事件对波斯湾生态是个惨重打击。 我们应该熟悉各种（计量）单位制。第32页These decision-making processes are applicable to the entire field of engineering design- not just to mechanical engineering design.Hydrogen instead of air is frequently used for cooling large turbogenerators.When the war was ov

25、er, it was discovered that the Germans were nowhere near success in developing nuclear weapons.常以氢气代替空气来冷却大型汽轮发电机。 第二次世界大战结束后，人们发觉德国人在研制核武器方面离成功还很远。 这些判定过程能够应用于工程设计整个领域，而不但仅限于机械工程设计。第33页Various precautions have been taken against leakage.Once inside the oven, panels are subjected to a temperature of

26、 365F.Value is defined as a numerical ratio, the ratio of the function, or performance, to the cost.This new model should appeal to potential buyers.一旦进入烘干炉，板材就处于365华氏度温度条件下。价值定义是功效或性能与成本数值比。 已采取了各种办法预防渗漏。 这种新式样对潜在买主必定有吸引力。第34页Galileos experiments are not difficult, nor is there any evidence that he

27、 performed them with exceptional skill.Sometimes a scientist observes an object and its features, for example a star or a bird; sometimes he observes an event, which is something that happens at a particular time.Earthquakes are generally more destructive of life than volcanic eruptions. 有时科学家观察一物体及

28、其特征，比如一颗星或一只鸟；有时科学家观察某一事件，即在一特定时间所发生事。地震对于生命破坏通常大于火山暴发。 伽利略试验并不难，也没有证据表明他是以非凡技能来做试验。第35页Heat should be applied slowly to avoid localized overheating.How rapidly a fuel burns depends on how thoroughly it is mixed with oxygen or air.This is why a coil is often referred to as an inductor. 一个燃料燃烧速度有多快，取

29、决于它与氧气或空气混合均匀程度。这就是线圈常被叫做电感器原因。应该慢慢加热，以防止发生局部过热现象。第36页第3节 翻译练习2Practically all of the useful properties of materials are strongly dependent on their internal structure.The metal casts well.A wire for conducting electric current is covered with plastic; the plastic is insulation round the wire. 几乎材料一

30、切有用特征都与其内部结构有亲密关系。 这种金属有良好铸造性能。 传导电流导线包有塑料，该塑料便是导线周围绝缘材料。第37页There are many ways of determining the distribution of the magnetism about a magnet.Good lubrication keeps the bearings from being damaged.Safety in a power plant is of great importance.Most modern transmitters employ solid state circuits.

31、安全在电厂是非常主要。当代发报机大多采取固体电路。有许多方法来确定磁场周围磁力分布情况。润滑良好可保护轴承不受损伤。第38页E-Chemmerce now offers two main levels of online business intelligence on chemical, plastic and energy e-commerce.These images tend to exaggerate the robots similarity to human anatomy and behavior.Aluminum remained an expensive rarity ti

32、ll the discovery of the electrolytic process for reducing aluminum in 1886. 这些概念经常夸大了机器人与人类在形体和行为方面相同之处。 电子化工商务当前主要提供两个层次相关化学、塑料和能源电子商务在线商务信息服务。 直到1886年人们发觉电解法还原铝之前，铝一直是一个昂贵珍品。第39页Since some materials are not damaged easily as others, the possibility exists of developing radiation-resistant parts. 因

33、为有些材料不像另一些那样轻易被损坏，所以有可能研制出防辐射零件。第40页2.4 词增译增译名词增译动词增译形容词增译副词增译代词第4节 翻译练习1增译量词增译表示名词复数词增译时态词增译概括性词增译连接词增译转折词第4节 翻译练习2第41页第4节 翻译练习1This action externally appears like the discharge of a capacitor.Once out of the earths gravity, an astronaut is affected by still another problem- weightlessness.By minim

34、izing the microscopic imperfections scientists are making far stronger ceramics.这一作用从外表上看来像电容器放电现象。 一旦离开了地球引力范围，宇航员又碰到了另一个问题失重。 科学家们正经过最大程度地减小微观缺点来制造强度高得多陶瓷。第42页Atomic cells are small and very light, as compared to ordinary dry ones.Transistors can make previously large equipment much smaller.Astron

35、omers have evidence of a few other stars too, which might have black holes as companions. 天文学家有证据表明，还有其它一些恒星也可能有黑洞作为伴星。和普通电池相比，原子电池体积小、重量轻。晶体管能使原先体积大设备变得小得多。第43页The key to the new materials is researchers increasing ability to manipulate substances at the molecular level.The largest and most expensi

36、ve products cannot, because of their size, be testable in the factory.Cold rolling enables the operators to produce rolls of accuracy and uniformity, and with a better surface finish.最大最贵产品，因为体积大，在该工厂里是不能检验。 开发新材料关键在于研究人员不停提升在分子一级上处理物质能力。 冷轧可使操作工生产出准确度高、均匀度好轧制件，并含有更加好表面光洁度。第44页All these factors play

37、 a key role in formulation of the model.PCs are not the most stable, and with video editing you have to be extra careful.This method makes it easy to identify the various components.在拟订模型时，全部这些原因都将起到关键性作用。这个方法使人们很轻易识别各种不一样组成成份。 个人电脑普通并不太稳定，所以，进行视频编辑时需要加倍小心。第45页第4节 翻译练习2It was estimated that the powe

38、r of an average horse is equal to 500 feet-pounds per second.Panel patch is one gauge heavier than thickness of original skin.Studies have shown that information can be communicated to people many times faster in a graphic form than in written form.据预计，一匹普通马功率等于500英尺-磅力/秒。 补块比原板厚度大一号。 众多研究表明，以图形表示信息

39、被人们接收速度比以文字表示快许多倍。第46页The chemist is making an analysis of the poison.It appears that the construction of the dam has had a considerable effect on the ecology of the region.The receiver will operate reliably no matter what happens. 不论发生什么情况，这台接收机都将可靠地工作。药剂师正对毒性进行分析。看来，建造水坝对这一地域生态已经有相当大影响。第47页Radiant

40、, electrical and chemical energies can all be turned into heat.The frequency, wave length and speed of sound are closely related.Noise figure is minimized by parametric amplifier.频率、波长和声速三者是亲密相关。 辐射能、电能和化学能这三种能均可转变为热能。采取参量放大器即可将噪音系数减小至最低程度。第48页In the absence of sufficient knowledge confusion exists

41、in classifying a specimen as a butterfly or a moth.Lead can be hammered into very thin sheets without being broken.There are a number of devices that give an electric current when light falls on them, without any chemical changes taking place.假如没有足够知识，就分不清标本是属蝶类还是蛾类。有许多器件在受光照射时能产生电流，但不发生任何化学改变。 铅能被锤

42、成很薄薄片而不破裂。第49页2.5 词省译省译冠词省译代词省译介词省译连词省译动词there be句型中省译现象 第5节 翻译练习1第50页第5节 翻译练习1The fact that the concrete is slow in setting is no sign that it is of poor quality.Such an engine is called an internal combustion engine.The symptoms of hepatitis are similar no matter which virus is involved.混凝土凝固得慢并不表

43、示其质量差。这种发动机成为内燃机。肝炎不论是由何种病毒引发，其症状均大同小异。第51页This critical deficiency was itself due to three factors which interacted with each other over the entire period.The properties change in going from carbon to graphite.The design choices hinge upon considerations of gain, noise figure, and so forth.设计选择关键在于

44、考虑增益、噪音系数等等。 这个关键性逆差起源于三个一直相互影响原因。碳转变成石墨时，其性质也发生了改变。第52页Temperatures may reach 700C and surface oxidation becomes critical.If the atomic nucleus of a heavy element is split, a large amount of energy is released.The discovery of enzymes is very important because it gave impetus to a series of experim

45、ents.分裂一重元素原子核，会释放出很大能量。 温度高达700摄氏度，表面氧化便成为关键问题。 酶发觉很主要，因为它推进了一系列试验进行。第53页Apart from the fact that it may become hot, no apparent change occurs in a metal when it is carrying a current.This equipment forms an integral part of many advanced systems.There was a rise in temperature, and as a result, th

46、e component failed.金属有电流经过时，除了金属可能变热外没有什么显著改变。温度升高了，结果元件出了故障。这个设备是许多先进系统不可缺乏一部分。第54页If there is little cooling water available, a diesel engine makes an excellent prime mover for generation below 10,000 kVA.There was a block in the pipe and the water could not flow away. 假如能利用冷却水不多，则柴油发动机能够成为极好发电100

47、00千伏安以下原动机。水管被东西堵住，水流不出去。第55页2.6 重复法重复名词重复动词 第6节 翻译练习1 第56页第6节 翻译练习1The properties of gas are quite different from those of liquid.The electric resistance of copper is not so large as that of iron.The three gas laws are true of all gases, as well as of air.气体性质与液体性质大不相同。（重复名词） 气体三定律不但适合用于空气，也适合用于全部气

48、体。（重复动词）铜电阻不像铁电阻那样大。（重复名词）第57页Matter changes not only in state but also in volume.Continuous data can be expressed in either fractions or whole numbers.物质不但形态改变而且体积也改变。（重复动词）连续资料能够用分数表示，也能够用整数表示。（重复动词）第58页3.1 名词译法直译（第1节 翻译练习1）重复增译：抽象名词后增译名词详细名词后增译名词（第1节 翻译练习2）转译：n. v. （第1节 翻译练习3）n. adj. （第1节 翻译练习4）n

49、. adv.省译第59页第1节 翻译练习1In an unusual application, this organization uses a fingerprint scanner to monitor the comings and goings of its residents.A capacitor is used to eliminate sparking when a circuit containing inductance is suddenly opened. 一个不一样寻常用途是：这个机构使用指纹扫描器监视居住人员进出。当含有电感电路突然断开时，可用电容器消除火花。第60

50、页第1节 翻译练习2The comparison reveals that the error is due to aliasing.The scans confirmed that the subjects brains dealt with words in ways that contradict one hoary old idea.The latest research with radioactive isotopes has shown that this assumption is quite wrong.比较结果表明，误差是因为名称不一样而造成。 扫描结果证实，受试者大脑处理

51、词方式同一个古老旧观念不一致。 对放射性同位素最新研究结果表明，这种构想是完全错误。第61页Metals differ in the ease with which they give up electrons and enter into chemical combination.Internal-shoe drum brakes provide better protection from water and dust.People on earth are protected from the dangerous ultraviolet radiation of the sun by a

52、 layer or ozone that spans the planet and absorbs the radiation.各种金属放出电子和参加化学反应难易程度不一。内蹄式鼓形制动器防水、防尘性能比很好。 地球上人们受到包围着地球并能吸收辐射一层臭氧层保护，从而免受危险太阳紫外线辐射伤害。第62页According to the molecular theory the temperature of an object depends on the average speed of its molecules.Effectiveness of temperature control de

53、pends upon the amount of lubricant supplied, the ambient temperature, and the external cooling.依据分子理论原理，物体温度取决于其分子平均速度。 温度控制效果取决于润滑剂用量、环境温度以及外部冷却设施。第63页第1节 翻译练习3Particular attention should be given to hoses to ensure that chafing does not occur.The primary concern of electrical engineering is the do

54、ing of work by the delivery of energy.Gene piracy is not new.All plants and animals need carbon for growth.要尤其注意软管，确保没有擦伤。窃取基因不是新鲜事。电工学主要关注是经过输送能量做功情况。全部动植物均需要碳才能生长。第64页第1节 翻译练习4The experiment was a success.Semiconductor devices can perform a variety of control function in electronic equipment.这个试验是

55、成功。半导体在电子设备中能起各种各样控制作用。第65页3.2 冠词译法不定冠词a/an译法1）普通译法 （第2节 翻译练习1）2）省译 （第2节 翻译练习2、3）不定冠词the译法1）普通译法 （第2节 翻译练习4）2）省译 （第2节 翻译练习5）第66页第2节 翻译练习1A polymer is a substance of high molecular weight.Being a good insulator, rubber is often used in cables.The patient was administered the mixture twice a week.Thes

56、e machines may be oiled once or twice a month.聚合物是一个高分子物质。这种混合剂病人每七天服用两次。橡胶是一个良好绝缘体，所以经常使用在电缆上。这些机器每个月能够加一次或两次油。第67页第2节 翻译练习2A bearing can be defined as a member specifically designed to support moving machine components.Use a transformer and power at low voltage can be changed into power at high vo

57、ltage.An object at rest has no kinetic energy, its velocity being zero.轴承能够定义为一个专门用于支撑运动着机器零件构件。静止物体没有动能，因为它速度为零。使用变压器可将低压电转变为高压电。第68页第2节 翻译练习3作为固定词组时省译：on a large scalea majority of a wealth of as a result结果，所以大规模地大多数大量第69页第2节 翻译练习4The machine is intended for grinding the top and bottom surfaces of

58、 tungsten carbide tips.The mechanism has been termed cumulative feedback inhibition.该机床是供磨削硬质合金刀片上下表面用。这种机制就叫做累加反馈抑制。第70页第2节 翻译练习5The basic job of the computer is the processing of information.The main effect is to raise the fundamental slosh mode frequency.计算机基本任务是处理信息。主要作用在于提升基本晃动频率。第71页第3章 总复习题Ot

59、her factors affect the configuration of the total system.In normal flight the hatch doors fair into the fuselage.Energy can neither be created, nor destroyed by any means known to man.另一些原因则将影响整个系统结构。飞行正常时，舱门与机身平整贴合。用人们已知方法，既不能创造能量也不能毁灭能量。第72页It is customary to refer to design levels as high or low

60、on component complexity.The main economy of the system stems from the ability to move cars in a continuous train without uncoupling.He is a stranger to the operation of the electronic computer.他对电子计算机操作是陌生。 习惯上依据部件复杂程度把设计级称为高设计级和低设计级。 此系统主要经济之处于于它能移动列车车厢而无须将它们脱钩分开。第73页A key element in system capacit