高考英语语法《非谓语动词（二）》备考知识点全方位

1、专题08非谓语动词之分词（二）分词包括现在分词和过去分词，现在分词表示的动作与句子主语是逻辑上的主调关系，且含有进行的意义；过去分词表示的动作与句子主语为逻辑上的动宾关系，且含有完成的意义.分词在句中起形容词或副词的作用，可作定语、状语、表语、补语.doingbeing donehaving done现在分词（主动）mk 兀成式having beenj4人分诃done（一）分词的句法功能一、主动的、正在进行的动作此时的现在分词具备以下两个特点：.假设把分词改成定语从句,那么定语从句的谓语要用进行时态.此时的现在分词多数表示的是所修饰名词的一种短暂性的特点,是强调正在发生的 一个动作.the s

2、inking ship=the ship that is sinking正在下沉的船falling leaves=leaves that are falling正在飘落的叶子the rising sun=the sun that is rising过去分词的主要意义有两类:被动一般或被动完成的动作和主动完成的动作.请看下面的详细讲解.一、被动一般或被动完成的动作,此时的过去分词具备以下两个特点：.此时的过去分词是由及物动词变化而来.假设将分词改成定语从句,那么定语从句的谓语要用被动语态.the exploited class=the class that is exploited,被剥削阶级t

3、he oppressed nations=the nations that are oppressed,被压迫的国家a respected writer=a writer who is respected 二、主动完成的动作此时的过去分词具备以下两个特点：.此时的过去分词是由不及物动词变化而来.由及物动词变来的过去分词才有 被动的意义,而由不及物动词变来的过去分词那么不表示被动，只表示主动的、完成的动作. 此时,过去分词一般表示一种完成的状态,而多数已失去了原动词的动作的概念.此时假设将分词改成定语从句,那么定语从句的谓语要用主动语态和完成时态.the sunken ship=the ship

4、 that has sunk已沉于水底的船fallen leaves=leaves that have fallen.作状语分词作状语时，其逻辑主语是句子的主语，一般在句中作时间、原因、结果、方式、条件、伴随、让步等状语.分词作状语用法作时间状语相当于when, while, before等引导的时间状语从句.作原因状语相当于because, since, as引导的原因状语从句.作条件状语相当于if, unless等引导的条件状语从句.作结果状语常用现在分词表示自然而然的结果.作方式或伴 随状语表示一个与谓语动作同时发生的次要的（或者伴随的）动作，常 用逗号与句子主体局部隔开.作让步状语相当

5、于though, although, even if等引导的让步状语从句.Translated into English, the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order.这个句子被译成英语后,发现它有一个完全不同的语序.（作时间状语）Not knowing ( = Because he didn，t know) how much longer he could last, Nicholas did the only thing he could he huddled in his cave and slept.因

6、为不知道还能维持（生存）多久，尼古拉斯只能做一件事一一蜷缩在他的山洞里睡 觉.（作原因状语）Used （=If it is used） with care, one tin will last for six weeks.如果小心使用，一罐可以用六个星期.（作条件状语）More highways have been built in China, making it much easier for people to travel from one place to another.中国已经建成更多的高速公路,这让人们的出行变得更容易.（作结果状语）.作表语表示事物的特征或性质时，表语用现在分

7、词;表示人或物的内心感受时，表语用过去分词.Please describe a dog that is frightening.请描述一只令人害怕的狗.Please describe a dog that is frightened.请描述一只惊恐的狗.作定语（1）作定语的及物动词的分词形式为doing, being done和done.当被修饰的名词与分 词之间为主动关系时，用doing;当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表示分词动作正 在进行时，用being done;当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表示分词动作已完成时, 用 done.I have never seen a mor

8、e moving film.我没看过比这个更令人感动的电影了.The houses being bui1t are for the teachers.正在建的房子是给老师的.The broken glass is Tom s.这个打破了的杯子是汤姆的.（2）作定语的不及物动词的分词形式为doing和done, doing表示正在进行;done表示 已经完成.boiling water 正沸腾的水boiled water 开水.作宾语补足语（1）感官动词或短语 see, watch, observe, look at, listen to, notice 及 keep, find等词可跟分词作宾

9、语补足语,现在分词作宾语补足语时，宾语与宾语补足语之间 在逻辑上是主谓关系；过去分词作宾语补足语时,宾语与宾语补足语之间在逻辑上是动宾关 系.I saw him entering the bank, （him与enter之间为逻辑上的主谓关系）我看见他正向银行里走.I saw him operated on. （him与operate之间为逻辑上的动宾关系） 我看见（有人）给他做了手术.（2） have, get后可接现在分词或过去分词作宾语补足语.They had the fire burning all night, （burn 动作一直在进行） 他们让火整夜烧着.I will have

10、my bike repaired tomorrow.（让另U人去修） 明天我要让人修一下我的自行车.（二）现在分词的时态和语态Having finished his homework, he went to bed.形式意义主动语态被动语态一般式与谓语动词的动作同时或稍后发生doingbeing done完成式先于谓语动词的动作完成having donehaving been done完成作业后，他上床睡觉了.The meeting being held now is of great importance.现在正在开的会很重要.注意:现在分词作定语与动名词的区别.被修饰的名词与现在分词有逻辑

11、上的主谓关系;动名词用来说明被修饰的名词的用途或 类别.a sleeping boy （=a boy who is sleeping）j a sleeping bag（=a bag for sleeping）现在分词作表语与动名词的区别.动名词作表语说明主语的内容,可与主语进行互换;现在分词作表语表示主语的性质和 特征，相当于形容词作表语.My job is teaching. = Teaching is my job.The routine work can be very frustrating.（三）独立主格结构独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在.在句中一般作状语,表示时

12、 间、条件、原因、伴随状况等，也可以作定语.名词/代词（主格）+非谓语动词Weather permitting, we shall play the match tomorrow, （permit 的逻辑主语是 weather 而非 we）明天如果天气允许,我们就进行比赛.He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.（fix的逻辑主语是his eyes而非he） 他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板. Many trees to be planted, our newly-built school w

13、ill look even morebeautiful, （plant 的逻辑主语是 many trees 而非 our newly-built school） 种上许多的树后,我们新建的学校看上去将更美.名词/代词（主格）+名词/形容词/副词/介词短语The students were having a discussion, their faces （being） red with excitement.学生们正在进行讨论，因为激动，他们的脸都红了.The boy came in, book in hand.男孩走进来,手里拿着书.特别注意为使句子简洁、明快,独立主格结构中的冠词或代词也常

14、省略.（四）with/without +宾语（名词/代词）+宾语补足语“with/without +宾语+宾语补足语”结构在句中常作伴随状语和原因状语.“with/without +名词/代词+现在分词”中的现在分词表主动且进行,或表特征. The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park, with their petdog following them.这对老夫妇经常晚饭后在公园散步，他们的宠物狗跟在后面.“with/without +名词/代词+过去分词”中的过去分词表被动且完成，或表状态. It was a pity t

15、hat the great writer died with his works unfinished.真可惜， 这位伟大的作家去世时,他的作品尚未完成.“with/without +名词/代词+动词不定式”中的不定式表将来.With the exception of using a small microwave oven to heat food, students are not permitted to cook in their rooms.除了可以使用小型微波炉加热食物之外,学生们被禁止在他们的房间里做饭.“with/without +名词/代词+形容词/副词/名词/介词短语”中的

16、形容词等表宾语 的性质或状态.With production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year. 产量 提高了 60%,公司又度过了辉煌的一年.单句语法填空/单句改错（2021新高考卷11）1 was upset to learn thatmany sea animals eat plastic garbage, （think） it is food.（2020 新 高考卷 I）As well as looking atexhibits, visitors can play with computer simulatio

17、ns （ 模 拟 ）and imaginethemselves living at a different time in history or（walk）through arainforest.（2019 全国卷 III）0n the last day of ourweek-long stay, we were invited to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars, （listen）to musicians and meeting interesting local

18、s.（2018 全国卷 II ）China，s approach toprotecting its environment while （feed） its citizens uoffers useful lessons for agriculture and food policymakers worldwide, “ says the bank，s Juergen Voegele.（2018 11 月浙江高考）Larger amounts ofcaffeine can cause a problem（call） caffeinism. You get verynervous and you

19、 can，t sleep.（2016 全 国卷 I ）But my connection withpandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, when I was the first Western TV reporter（permit） to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.（2016 全国卷 III） The Chinese have usedchopsticks for five thousand y

20、ears.People probably cooked their food in large pots,（use） twigs （树枝）to remove it.（2015 全 国卷 I ）Abercrombie & Kent, atravel company in Hong Kong, says it regularly arranges quick getaways here for people （live） in Shanghai and Hong Kong.（2018 全国卷HI）Everyone was silent, waitto see who would be called

21、 upon to read his or her paragraph aloud.单句改错In addition, communicate with our teachers and classmates is also a good way.Last evening he used it take his cousin out for ice cream. He hopes create an environment for his students that is much more relaxing than the one he used to study in.After that,

22、 I swore I must learn English well, especially spoken English, and never make that embarrassing thing happening again.r d like work for you because I care a lot about presently affairs.To her surprise, the poor old man was sitting on the floor with the palm of his hand bleed.Arrived home, I almost forgot my tiredness. Yesterday morning I was determined to giving her a hand and do some washing.Most high school students want to get into famous universities and they spend most of their time review lessons. Learning this news, I am really willing to travel with you and introducing i an to you