英语词汇学教程课件第6章English-Lexicology-6上

1、English LexicologyLecture SixEnglish LexicologyLecture SixOther Word-formation ProcessesConversionBlendingshorteningOther Word-formation ProcessesConversionA change in word class without the addition of an affix is known as conversion. In other words, conversion is a process by which a word belongin

2、g to one word class is transferred to another word class without any change in form. It is a productive device for the creation of new words since there is no restriction on the form.ConversionA change in word claAs the distinction between conversion and functional shift (the extension of an existin

3、g word to take on a new syntactic function) is not well-defined, conversion is also called functional shift. There are four major kinds of conversion: from noun to verb, from verb to noun, from adjective to noun and from adjective to verb. As the distinction between conNoun verb: to air, to arm, to

4、bottom, to cup, to fish, to mouth, to tooth, e.g.We hold meetings where the residents problems can be aired.They quickly armed themselves with sticks. Prices are stilling falling, but show no signs of bottoming out.Noun verb: to air, to arm, tVerb noun: a call, a command, a count, a go, a guess, a l

5、ook, a walk, e.g.Dont try to eat the whole thing in one go. Hold your breath for a count of ten. Can you wait while I make another call?Verb noun: a call, a commandAdjective verb: to better, to blind, to bold, to brave, to dirty, to empty, e.g. The low sun blinded her as she drove up the hill.You ca

6、n use your bold to make the information stand out a little more. It was time to brave the rush hour traffic again.Adjective verb: to better, tAdjective noun: best, poor, rich, blind, convertible, daily, double, e.g. Ill do my best to help you.You can adjust the blinds to keep out the glare. Id booke

7、d two single rooms, but they gave us a double.Adjective noun: best, poor, Auxiliary verbs, adverbs, modal verbs, prepositions, conjunctions, interjections and even affixes can all act as bases for conversion, e.g. He downed his beer and left.The company has had its share of ups and downs.Good binocu

8、lars are a must for any serious birdwatcher.Are you out to your parents?Auxiliary verbs, adverbs, modaAmong the different types of conversion, the formation of a verb by converting a noun, adjective or other word is very common. For example, the noun chair becomes the verb to chair, as in chair the

9、meeting. This process is known as a type of verbification. This type of verbification often involves simple conversion of a non-verb to a verb. Verbified words are often found in colloquial English, where the speaker needs to describe common actions or experiences. Among the different types of cSome

10、 of the most common words include access, aim, bed, beer, brave, clean, cup, deck, e-mail, fool, impact, pension, ship, train and so on. The formation of a noun by converting a verb, adjective or other word is also very common. This process is often referred to as a type of nominalization. Some of t

11、he most common words For example, the verb run is used as the noun run, as in I went for a run after work. This type of nominalization is widely used as one of the most flexible and creative linguistic devices in English. Although it is very difficult to tell which form arose first, these two types

12、of conversion do exist. For example, the verb run is uSometimes when a word consisting of two or more syllables undergoes conversion, there is a change in the stress pattern. Sometimes when a word consisti英语词汇学教程课件第6章English-Lexicology-6上BlendingBlending refers to the process of combining parts of t

13、wo words to form a third word which contains some of the meaning of each part. Blends are compounds that are less than compounds. Among the better-known blends are smog (from smoke and fog), fruice (from fruit and jiuce), glasphalt (from glass and asphalt), modem (from modulator and demodulator) and

14、 urinalysis (from urine and analysis).BlendingBlending refers to the In the formation of a blend, the first part of the first element is added to the second part of the second element. Most blends are nouns, but a few are adjectives such as glitzy (from glitter and ritzy), and verbs such as skyjack

15、(from sky and hijack). In the formation of a blend, Structurally, there are four common types of blends. The first type of blends is a full word followed by a splinter, e.g. wintertainment (from winter + entertainment), chatire (from chat + satire). Blends can also begin with a splinter, followed by

16、 a full word, e.g. cinemenace (from cinema + menace). Structurally, there are four cThe second type of blends consists of two splinters. There are two subtypes. In some cases, the beginning of one word is followed by the end of another word, e.g. psychergy (from psychic + energy). In other cases, bo

17、th splinters are the beginnings of words, e.g. sitcom (from situation + comedy). The second type of blends consThe third type of blends consists of complete overlap, in which a part of the blend belongs to both words, e.g. sexploitation (from sex + exploitation), palimony (from pal + alimony). The f

18、ourth type of blends is involves the embedding of one word in another, e.g. entreporneur (from entrepreneur + porn). The third type of blends consiA very small number of blends consist of three source words, e.g. intelevisionary (from Intel + television + visionary).A very small number of blends Blends are of