基础医学英语-Unit-1课件

1、Unit 1 Holistic Medicine整体医疗Word-Formation1. ab- from, away from abdomen （ 腹部，腹腔）abdicate（放弃，退位） abuse （ 滥用，虐待） absorb （ 吸收，吸引） absolve （免除，赦免）2. ad- to, toward, nearadhesion (粘连） advantage（优势） adjust （调整） adventure（冒险） adjoin （毗邻）3. anti- against antibiotic（抗生的，抗菌的） antibacterial（抗菌剂） antioxidant （

2、抗氧化剂）4. bi- twobiological（生物,生物学的） biology （生物，生物学）biography（传记,档案） billon（铜币） bicycle, 5. hyper- over， above 源自希腊语hypercritical（吹毛求疵的） hyperglycemia（高血糖症）hypersensitive（过敏的） hypertense（过于紧张的） hyperacid (胃酸过多的) hyperoxide ( 过氧化物)6.hypo- under， beneath，down 源自希腊语hypothermia（低体温症） hypothesis（假定，假设）hyp

3、oglossal （舌下的） hypodermic （皮下的）tricar （三轮车） trilogy （三部曲） triangle （三角形）triple （三倍的） trioxide （三氧化物）7. inter- between, amonginteract（互相作用） intercity（城市间的） interdependent（相互依赖的, 互助的）internet （因特网） international（国际的）8. tri- three9. peri- round around nearperigee (近地点) periderm (外皮) perimeter ( 周长)10.

4、mal- ill badlymaltreat (虐待) malpractice ( 治疗不当的) malefaction (恶行) malnutrition (营养不良) malicious (恶意的)Word-Formationhomeo- 相同，象；同一，同 ( homeostasis 体内稳定的) homeopathic顺势疗法, homocentric, homonym, homophone-stasis 停滞，淤积hypno- 睡眠 （hypnosis / hypnotic / hypnotherapy ） psych/o 心理，精神 psychiatry -therapy 治疗 (

5、psychotherapy ) (chemotherapy ) -emia 血症 (leukemia白血病, anemia 贫血症 ) lymph/o 淋巴 ( lymphoma 淋巴瘤)-oma 肿瘤 (melanoma 黑色素瘤) 整体医学的发展概况 21世纪社会的发展以人为本，人的发展以健康为本。人是一个不可侵害的有机整体，人所需要的卫生服务是整体性的服务，要提高这种服务必须树立整体医学观，掌握系统整体的思维方式，开展生物-心理-社会医学模式，做好以患者为中心而不是以疾病为中心的服务。Background Knowledge整体医学的理论体系，现在尚未正式形成，但已具雏形，大致包括： (

6、1)强调整体的健康观；(2)治疗的出发点是激发自然治愈力；(3)治疗疾病的主角是患者自身，治疗者不过是援助者；(4)把各种治疗方法综合起来加以应用。 美国整体医学的兴起，可以说是始于美国加利福尼亚州巴克莱整体健康中心的设立。此后，类似的整体健康中心很快在美国各大城市建立，在全美掀起了一个整体健康运动。Group discussionWhat do you know about:1. holism2. holistic medicine3. holistic healthHolism (from holos, a Greek word meaning all, entire, total) is

7、 the idea that all the properties of a given system (biological, chemical, social, economic, mental, linguistic, etc.) cannot be determined or explained by the sum of its component parts alone. Instead, the system as a whole determines in an important way how the parts behave. The term holism was co

8、ined in 1926, by the South African statesman General Jan Christian Smuts.Introductionholistic adj. describing an approach to patient care in which the physical, mental, and social factors in the patients condition are taken into account, rather than just the diagnosed disease. The term is applied to

9、 a range of orthodox and unorthodox methods of treatments.机能整体性的 描述照料病人的一种思路：应考虑病人的身体、精神、以及社会等各方面因素，而不是仅仅考虑经诊断的疾病。此术语适用于一系列正统的和非正统的治疗方法。optimal- adj. the best or most favorable or desirable e.g. An optimal environment for healingwell being/wellness- n. healthalternate/alternative Difficult PointsAlt

10、ernative Medicine - 替代医学，或非传统医学a wide range of treatments for medical conditions that people use instead of or with western medicine.It is often used by the general public and some healthcare practitioners to refer to medical techniques which are not known or accepted by the majority conventional me

11、dical practitioners . Such techniques could include non-invasive, non-pharmaceutical techniques such as Medical Herbalism, Acupunture, hypnotherapy, naturopathy and many others. However, this term can also refer to any experimental drug or non-drug technique that is not currently accepted by convent

12、ional medical practitioners. 2. Holistic health/holistic healing (para. 3)Questions: What is holistic health? What is the goal of holistic healing?Holistic health is a philosophy of medical care that views physical and mental aspects of life as closely interconnected and equally important approaches

13、 to treatment. Holistic health is not itself a method of treatment, but is an approach to how treatment should be applied.Difficult Pointstakes a broader spectrum of mind, body, and spirit (para.3)spectrum-range, field, scope 领域, 范围; 谱; 系e.g. broad-spectrum antibiotic 广谱抗生素healer(para.3)-a person sk

14、illed in a particular type of therapy( Synonym: therapist ) 整体健康是指身体和精神两方面都健康，它强调的重点不再是某一种疾病或者某些患病的部位，而是作为整体的一个人与其周围环境的相互影响。 Holistic health is a total approach to life both in physical and spiritual terms. It does not focus on the specific illness or parts of the body suffering from illness, but ra

15、ther focuses on the whole person and takes in to account how he or she interacts with his or her environment. Part II Overview(para.4-5 )Questions:1. What are the healthy lifestyle habits promoted by health professionals ?2. What does a holistic approach generally mean in mainstream medicine ?Mainst

16、ream medicine/careComplementary therapy/medicinePreventive care/public healthHealth professionals/providersA more inclusive approach to a persons healthDifficult PointsMainstream/Conventional medicinee.g. Chemotherapysurgery radiation therapy hormone therapy Preventive care is a set of measures take

17、n in advance of symptoms to prevent illness or injury. This type of care is best exemplified by routine physical examinations and immunizations. The emphasis is on preventing illnesses before they occur. (compare: Public health )health care provider / health professional-A health care provider or he

18、alth professional is an organization or person who delivers proper health care in a systematic way professionally to any individual in need of health care services. Health care professionals include physicians, physician assistants, support staff, nurses, pharmacists, therapists, psychologists, vete

19、rinarians(兽医), dentists, optometrists(配镜师), and a wide variety of other individuals regulated and/or licensed to provide some type of health care.A more inclusive approach to a persons health(para.5)inclusive adj.-1)covering a wide scope; involving much or everything; 2)all-around, general ,comprehe

20、nsive, e.g. gender-inclusive 不分性别的 all-inclusive 包罗万象的生态环境国家、社会社区、文化家庭个人系统器官组织细胞分子病人情境 (context )(模糊、个体化、情绪化） (综合性系统性思维) 疾病定位（精确、标准化、科学化） (分析性还原性思维)微观向下向上宏观人类学心理学社会学 生物医学从系统论看人类生命及其研究在主流医学领域，整体疗法一般指一种更为全面的治疗方法，不仅治疗疾病，还要考虑与病人有关的社会和文化因素。 In mainstream medicine, a holistic approach generally means a mo

21、re inclusive approach to a persons health, one that include the patients social and cultural situation as well as her or his illnessPart III Promotion for Use ( para. 6-7 )Questions:1. What are the complementary therapies mentioned in para. 6 ?2. What are the different kinds of cancer claimed to be

22、cured by holistic methods in para. 7 ?Difficult Pointsanecdotal ( para.7 )-informal ( unscientific ）Art therapyHypnosisImageryMeditationPsychotherapySpirituality and prayeryogaArt Therapy 艺术疗法Other common names: creative arts therapy, expressive arts therapy Art therapy is used to help people manage

23、 physical and emotional problems by using creative activities to express emotions. It provides a way for people to come to terms with emotional conflicts, increase self-awareness, and express unspoken and often unconscious concerns about their illness and their lives. Expressive arts therapy or crea

24、tive arts therapy may also include dance and movement, drama, poetry, photo therapy and others, as well as the more traditional art methods. Hypnosis 催眠疗法Other common names: Hypnotherapy, Hypnotic Suggestion, Self-HypnosisHypnosis is a state of restful alertness during which a person uses deeply foc

25、used concentration. The person can be relatively unaware of, but not completely blind to, her or his surroundings, and may be more open to suggestion. It is considered to be a type of complementary therapy. Imagery 想象(疗法)Other common names: Guided Imagery, Visualization Imagery involves mental exerc

26、ises designed to allow the mind to influence the health and well being of the body.Meditation 冥想(疗法)Other common names: mindfulness meditation, transcendental meditationMeditation is a mind-body process that uses concentration or reflection to relax the body and calm the mind. It has been defined as

27、 the intentional self-regulation of attention, a mental focus on a particular aspect of ones inner or outer experience. One commonly practiced type is Transcendental Meditation, which involves repeating a word or phrase , either silently or aloud. Another is mindfulness meditation, in which a person

28、 observes sensations, perceptions, and thoughts without judgment as they arise. Psychotherapy 心理/精神疗法Other common names: Therapy, Counseling, Psychological Intervention, Psychotherapeutic Treatment Psychotherapy covers a wide range of approaches designed to help people change their ways of thinking,

29、 feeling, or behaving. Spirituality and Prayer 宗教/精神疗法Other common names: Religion, spiritual healing Spirituality is generally described as an awareness of something greater than the individual self. It is often expressed through religion and/or prayer, although there are many other paths of spirit

30、ual pursuit and expression.Yoga 瑜珈Other common name: Hatha Yoga Yoga is a form of non-aerobic exercise that involves a program of precise posture, breathing exercises, and meditation. Yoga can be a useful method to help relieve some symptoms of chronic diseases such as cancer, arthritis, and heart d

31、isease and can lead to increased relaxation and physical fitness. Available scientific evidence does not support yoga as an effective treatment for cancer or any other disease; however, it may enhance quality of life. Some cancer treatment centers even offer yoga in addition to standard medical trea

32、tment. Part IV Coverage (para. 8-11)Questions:1. What do all practitioners stress when they are practicing holistic medicine? (Para. 8)2. What does holistic medicine involve? (Para. 9-10)Difficult PointsHelicobacter pylori palri幽门螺杆菌 supplement: 补品 (natural/botanical/health/dietary/nutritional)synth

33、etic interferonhealing touchHelicobacter Pylori: 幽门螺杆菌Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium that infects the mucus lining of the human stomach. Many peptic ulcers (消化性溃疡）and some types of gastritis are caused by H. pylori infection, although most humans who are infected will never develop symptoms. Thi

34、s bacterium lives in the human stomach exclusively and is the only known organism that can thrive in that highly acidic environment. It is helix-shaped (hence the name helicobacter) and can literally screw itself into the stomach lining to colonize. ( helix-螺旋线) 早在一个世纪前就有人发现胃内存在一种螺旋状微生物，由于长期未能分离而未受到

35、重视。 直至 1983 年澳大利亚佩思皇家医院的 Warren 和 Marshall 报道从胃内成功地分离出“未鉴定的弯曲状杆菌”( unidentified curved bacilli ) 后, 才引起医学界的广泛兴趣，从各方面进行了深入的研究。 人们在研究这种细菌的生物学物性时，曾几次对其易名，直到1989年才正式将其命名为:幽门螺杆菌（Helicobacter pylori, Hp）interferons 干扰素- small, natural or synthetic protein and glycoprotein cytokines(细胞素) that are produced

36、by leucocytes, T-lymphocytes, and fibroblasts(成纤维细胞) in response to infection and other biological stimuli. In cancer treatment, they are used as immunotherapy against the proliferation(增生) of cancer cells. Healing touch 触摸治疗Healing Touch is a relaxing, nurturing energy therapy. Gentle touch assists

37、 in balancing your physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual well- being. Healing Touch works with your energy field to support your natural ability to heal. It is safe for all ages and works in harmony with standard medical care. Healing Touch is used in a wide variety of settings including hospit

38、als, long term care facilities, private practices, hospices(临终关怀医院), and spas(疗养院). Janet Mentgen, RN, founded Healing Touch in 1989 as a continuing education program for nurses, other health care professionals, and lay persons. Today Healing Touch has spread internationally and is taught in univers

39、ities, medical and nursing schools, and other settings internationally. Reducing stress Calming anxiety, depression Decreasing pain Strengthening the immune system Enhancing recovery from surgery Completing care for neck and back problems Supporting cancer care Creating a sense of well-being Easing

40、acute and chronic conditionsSome of the benefits of healing touchPart V A short history (para. 12-13 )Part VI Scientific evidence (para. 14-15)Questions: 1. Why does scientific research generally not focus on holistic medicine itself as a cure for cancer or any other disease ? (Para. 14)2. According

41、 to health professionals, what does a persons health depend on ? (Para. 15)Health living and being in harmony with natureHistoryin ancient time Socrates promotedPlato advocatedHippocrates emphasized in 1926Jan Christian Smuts coined the termAn approach to life and health which brings together the ph

42、ysical, metal, and spiritual aspects of a person in order to create a total sense of well being. HOLISM一种生活和健康的方式，它将一个人的身体、心理和精神方面视为一体，创造一个整体的幸福感 。Difficult Pointscost-effective (para. 14) -adj. economical in terms of the goods or services received for the money spent. 成本效益高的, 经济的, 上算的, 划得来的clergy (

43、 para. 15 ) - n. clergymen, the body of people ordained for religious service. 牧师; 教士Part VII Possible problems or complications (para. 16)Question: In your opinion, what limitation does holistic medicine have ?Other Terms Associated with Holistic MedicineNaturopathy 物理疗法Homeopathy ( homoeopathy ) 顺

44、势疗法Allopathy 对抗疗法Naturopathic medicine (also known as naturopathy, or natural medicine) is a complementary and alternative medicine which emphasizes the bodys intrinsic ability to heal and maintain itself. Naturopaths prefer to use natural remedies such as herbs and foods rather than surgery or synt

45、hetic drugs. Naturopathic practice includes many different modalities. Practitioners emphasize a holistic approach to patient care, and may recommend patients use conventional medicine alongside their treatments. Homeopathy ( homoeopathy )A system of medicine based on the theory that like cures like

46、. The patient is treated with extremely small quantities of drugs that are themselves capable of producing symptoms of his particular disease. The system was founded by Samuel hahnemann(1755-1843) at the end of 18th century and is followed by a minority of doctors in the UK. There is a Royal London

47、Homeopathic Hospital.顺势疗法 以“以毒攻毒”理论为基础的医学体系。用极小量的药物治疗病人， 而该药本身就能产生病人所患疾病的症状。该体系由创立于18世纪末， 目前在英国仍被少数医生沿用。并有一所伦敦皇家顺势疗法医院。homeopathic (homoeopathic) adj. (1) of or relating to homeopathy 顺势疗法的，与顺势疗法有关的(2) infinitesimally small, as applied to the dose of a drug 极小的（指一药物的剂量）Allopathy is a term for conven

48、tional medicine, used most frequently by its critics. The word was coined by Samuel Hahnemann.Allopathy n.- the orthodox system of medicine, in which the use of drugs is directed to producing effects in the body that will directly oppose and so alleviate the symptoms of a disease.对抗疗法 一种传统的医疗体系，药物使用

49、的目的为在体内直接对疾病症状产生作用而加以缓解。Phrases in the Text1. holistic medicine/health/healing2. alternative/alternate medicine3. modalities of diagnosis and treatment4. mainstream/conventional medicine ( care )5. health professionals/providers6. complementary therapy7. preventive care8. radiation / hormone therapy

50、9. oral hygiene10. genotoxic agents11. synthetic interferon12. side effects13. physical therapistsExercisesComprehension CheckI. Answer the following questions according to the text1. What is holistic medicine? What does it focus on? Holistic medicine is a system of alternate medicine. It visualizes

51、 the body as a whole and views body as more than the sum of the parts. It tries to attain a perfect harmony by fostering a cooperative relationship among all those involved, leading towards optimal attainment of the physical, mental, emotional, social and spiritual aspects of health. It focuses on e

52、ducation and responsibility for personal efforts to achieve balance and well being. 2. What is holistic health? And what is the goal of holistic healing? Holistic Health is a total approach to life both in physical and spiritual terms. The goal of holistic healing is to achieve maximum body function

53、, where individual body parts are functioning the very best that is possible by themselves. 3. What does a holistic approach generally mean in mainstream medicine? In mainstream medicine, a holistic approach generally means a more inclusive approach to a persons health, one that includes the patient

54、s social and cultural situation as well as her or his illness. 4. What does holistic medicine involve? Holistic medicine can involve the use of conventional and alternative therapies but focuses mostly on lifestyle changes. 5. Introduce briefly the history of holistic medicine. Holistic medicine has its roots in several ancient healing traditions that stress healthy living and being i