新视野大学英语第三版读写教程第四册课文原文及翻译

1、Love and logic: The story of fallacyI had my first date with Polly after I made the trade with my roommate Rob. That yearevery guy on campus had a leather jacket, and Rob couldnt stand the idea of being theonly football player who didnt, so he made a pact that hed give me his girl inexchange for my

2、jacket. He wasnt the brightest guy. Polly wasnt too shrewd, either.But she was pretty, well-off, didnt dye her hair strange colors or wear too muchmakeup. She had the right background to be the girlfriend of a dogged, brilliantlawyer. If I could show the elite law firms I applied to that I had a rad

3、iant,well-spoken counterpart by my side, I just might edge past the competition.Radiant she was already. I could dispense her enough pearls of wisdom to make herwell-spoken.After a banner day out, I drove until we were situated under a big old oak tree on ahill off the expressway. What I had in mind

4、 was a little eccentric. I thought the venuewith a perfect view of the luminous city would lighten the mood. We stayed in the car,and I turned down the stereo and took my foot off the brake pedal. What are wegoing to talk about? she asked.聪明，而他的女友波莉也不太精明。可能在竞聘中以微弱优势获胜。光彩照人，她已经是了。而我也能施予她足够多的智慧之珠，让她变得

5、谈吐优雅。我们要谈些什么？她问道。Logic.The doctrine of logic,” I said, is a staple of clear thinking. Failures in logic distortthe truth, and some of them are well known. First lets look at the fallacy DictoSimpliciter.Dicto Simpliciter means an unqualified generalization. For example: Exercise isgood. Therefore, e

6、verybody should exercise.She nodded in agreement.I could see she was stumped. Polly, I explained, its too simple a generalization. Ifyou have, say, heart disease or extreme obesity, exercise is bad, not good. Therefore,you must say exercise is good for most people.Next is Hasty Generalization. Self-

7、explanatory, right? Listen carefully: You cantspeak French. Rob cant speak French. Looks like nobody at this school can speakFrench.This is also a fallacy, I said. The generalization is reached too hastily. Too fewinstances support such a conclusion.She seemed to have a good time. I could safely say

8、 my plan was underway. I took herhome and set a date for another conversation.Seated under the oak the next evening I said, Our first fallacy tonight is called AdMisericordiam.She nodded with delight.Listen closely, I said. A man applies for a job. When the boss asks him what hisqualifications are,

9、he says he has six children to feed.Oh, this is awful, awful, she whispered in a choked voice.Yes, its awful, I agreed, but its no argument. The man never answered the bosss好酷啊，她一边嚼着口香糖一边说。逻辑学的原理，我说道，即清晰思考的主要原则。逻辑上出现的问题会歪曲事实，其中有些还很普遍。我们先来看看一种叫做绝对判断的逻辑谬误。”好啊，她表示同意。绝对判断是指在证据不足的情况下所作出的推断。比方说：运动是有益的，她点头

10、表示赞同。我看得出她没弄明白。波莉，我解释说，“这个推断太过简单化了。如果你有动对大多数人来说是有益的。”接下来是草率结论。这似乎不言自明，对吧？仔细听好了：你不会说法语，罗伯也不会说法语，那么这所学校里好像是没有人会说法语。”是吗？波莉吃惊地说。没有人吗？”这也是一种逻辑谬误，我说，这一结论太草率了，因为能够支持这一结论的例证太少了。”家，并且定下了下一次约会交谈的日子。今天晚上我们要谈的第一个逻辑谬误叫文不对题。”她高兴地点了点头。听好了，我说，有个人去申请工作，当老板问他有什么应聘资格时，他说他有六个孩子要抚养。”哇，这太可怕了，太可怕了，她哽咽着轻声说到。对，是挺可怕的，我表示赞同地说

11、，但这不是理由。这个人根本没有回答老板的问题，而只是在博取老板的同情，这就是文不对题。”She blinked, still trying hard to keep back her tears.Next, I said carefully, we will discuss False Analogy. An example, students shouldbe allowed to look at their textbooks during exams, because surgeons have X-rays toguide them during surgery.Polly, I gr

12、oaned, dont derail the discussion. The inference is wrong. Doctors arenttaking a test to see how much they have learned, but students are. The situations arealtogether different. You cant make an analogy between them.I still think its a good idea, said Polly.With five nights of diligent work, I actu

13、ally made a logician out of Polly. She was ananalytical thinker at last. The time had come for the conversion of our relationshipfrom academic to romantic.Polly, I said when next we sat under our oak, tonight we wont discuss fallacies.Oh? she said, a little disappointed.Favoring her with a grin, I s

14、aid, We have now spent five evenings together. We getalong pretty well. We make a pretty good couple.Hasty Generalization, said Polly brightly. Or as a normal person might say, thats alittle premature, dont you think?I laughed with amusement. Shed learned herlessons well, far surpassing my expectati

15、ons. Sweetheart, I said, patting her hand ina tolerant manner, five dates is plenty. After all, you dont have to eat a whole cake toknow its good.接下来，我小心地说，我们来讨论错误类比。举个例子：学生考试时应该允许看课本，因为外科医生在做手术时可以看 X 光片。”我喜欢这个主意，她说。波莉，我抱怨道，“别打岔，这一推论是错误的。医生们不是在参加考试以检”我仍然认为这是一个好主意，波莉说。够分析思考了。现在应该是时候让我们的关系从学术向浪漫发展了。波莉

16、，当我们又一次坐在那棵橡树下的时候我对她说，今晚我们不讨论逻辑谬误了。”我赞许地对她笑了笑，说：我们在一起已经度过了五个晚上，相互之间挺合得来，我们是蛮相配的一对。”草率结论，波莉伶俐地说，或者是按一般人的说法，这个结论有些不成熟，你不这样认为吗？我被逗得笑了起来，她功课还真学得不错，大大超过了我的预期。五次约会已经够多了，毕竟你不需要吃掉整个蛋糕才知道它是不是好吃。”False Analogy, said Polly promptly.Your premise is that dating is like eating. But youre not a cake. Youre a boy.I

17、 laughed with somewhat less amusement, hiding my dread that shed learned herlessons too well.A few more false steps would be my doom. I decided to change tactics and try flatteryinstead.Polly, I love you. Please say youll go out with me. Im nothing without you.Ad Misericordiam, she said.You certainl

18、y can discern a fallacy when you see it, I said, my hopes starting tocrumble.But dont take them so literally. I mean this is all academic. You know the things youlearn in school dont have anything to do with real life.Dicto Simpliciter, she said. Besides, you really should practice what you preach.I

19、 leaped to my feet, my temper flaring up. Will you or will you not go out with me?No to your proposition, she replied.Why? I demanded.Im more interested in a different petitioner - Rob and I are backtogether.With great effort, I said calmly, How could you give me the axe over Rob?Look at me, an inge

20、nious student, a tremendous intellectual, a man with an assuredfuture.错误类比，波莉立即回应。你的前提是约会就如同吃东西。可你不是蛋糕，你是个男孩。”我又笑了笑，不过不觉得那么有趣了，同时还不能表露出我害怕她学得太好了。再错几步我可就无法挽回了。我决定改变策略，转而尝试奉承她的办法。波莉，我爱你。请答应做我的女朋友，没有你我什么也不是。”文不对题，她说。你还真是能在遇到逻辑谬误时一一辨别它们了，摇。不过不要对它们太死板，我是说这都是些学术的东西。你知道，学校里学的东西和实际生活根本没有什么联系。”绝对判断，她说道，而且，你自

21、己教的东西应该自己身体力行。”我一下跳了起来，怒火中烧，你到底愿不愿意做我的女朋友？”我不愿意，她答道。为什么？我追问道。我对另一位求爱者更感兴趣”我极力地保持着平静，说道：你怎么会甩了我而选择罗伯？看看我，一个聪明过人的学生，一个不同凡响的学者，一个前途无量的人。32 你的前提是约会就如同吃东西。可你不是蛋糕，你是个男孩。”33 我又笑了笑，不过不觉得那么有趣了，同时还不能表露出我害怕她学得太好了。 再错几步我可就无法挽回了。 法。 34 波莉，我爱你。请答应做我的女朋友，没有你我什么也不是。”35 文不对题，她说。36 你还真是能在遇到逻辑谬误时一一辨别它们了，” 经开始动摇。 不过不要对

22、它们太死板，我是说这都是些学术的东西。你知道，学校里学的东西和实际生活根本没有什么联系。”37 ” 38我一下跳了起来，怒火中烧，你到底愿不愿意做我的女朋友？”42 我极力地保持着平静，说道：你怎么会甩了我而选择罗伯？看看我，一个聪明过人的学生，一个不同凡响的学者，一个前途无量的人。再看看罗伯，一为什么要选择跟他？”43 ”波莉反驳道，声音里充满了讽刺，事情的真相是我喜欢罗伯穿皮衣。是我让他同意你们的协议的，这样他就能拥有你的夹克！”给我一个充足的理由，为什么要选择跟他？”43 ”波莉反驳道，声音里充满了讽刺，事情的真相是我喜欢罗伯穿皮衣。是我让他同意你们的协议的，这样他就能拥有你的夹克！”U

23、nit 2The confusing pursuit of beautyIf youre a man, at some point a woman will ask you how she looks.You must be careful how you answer this question. The best technique is to form anhonest yet sensitive response, then promptly excuse yourself for some kind ofemergency. Trust me, this is the easiest

24、 way out. No amount of rehearsal will help youcome up with the right answer.The problem is that men do not think of their looks in the same way women do. Mostmen form an opinion of themselves in seventh grade and stick to it for the rest of theirlives. Some men think theyre irresistibly desirable, a

25、nd they refuse to change thisopinion even when they grow bald and their faces visibly wrinkle as they age.Most men, I believe, are not arrogant about their looks. If the transient thought passesthrough their minds at all, they like to think of themselves as average-looking. Beingaverage doesnt bothe

26、r them; average is fine. They dont affix much value to theirlooks, or think of them in terms of aesthetics. Their primary form of beauty care is toshave themselves, which is essentially the same care they give to their lawns. If, at theend of his four-minute allotment of time for grooming, a man has

27、 managed to wipemost of the shaving cream out of the strands of his hair and isnt bleeding too badly,he feels hes done all he can.Women do not look at themselves this way. If I had to guess what most women thinkabout their appearance, it would be: Not good enough. No matter how attractive awoman may

28、 be, her perception of herself is eclipsed by the beauty industry. She hastrouble thinking Im beautiful, She magnifies the smallest imperfections in her bodyand imagines them as glaring flaws the whole world will notice and ridicule.令人困惑的对美的追求如果你是一位男士，肯定在某个时候会有女士问你她看起来怎么样。回答，然后借口有急事马上脱身。相信我，这是最简单的方法

29、。对于她的这一问题，无论你事先练习多少次，都不会找到正确答案。男性来说，如果能花四分钟刮刮胡子，结束之后再把粘到头发上的剃须膏擦净，又没有出血太厉害，他就觉得自己已经尽心尽力了。价的话，那肯定是：“一位女士，无论她看起来多么吸引人，她对自我很漂亮是一件难事。她把身体上的极小的不完美之处加以放大，并且幻想这些缺点十分明显，以至于全世界的人都会注意到并且嘲笑她。Why do women consider their looks so deficient? This chronic insecurity isnt inborn,but created through the interaction

30、of many complex psychological and societalfactors, beginning with the dolls we give them as children. Girls grow up playing withdolls proportioned so that, if they were human, they would be seven feet tall andweigh 61 pounds, with tiny thighs and a large upper body. This is an absurd standardto live

31、 up to, especially when you consider the size of the dolls waist, a relativemeasurement physically impossible for a living human to achieve. Contrast thisabsurd standard with that presented to little boys with their action figures. Most ofthe toys that young boys have played with were weird-looking,

32、 like the one calledBuzz-Off that was part human, part flying insect. This guy was not a looker, but hewas still extremely self-confident. You could not imagine him saying to the others, Isthis accessory the right shade of violet for this outfit?But women grow up thinking they need to look like Barb

33、ie dolls or girls on magazinecovers, which for most women is impossible. Nonetheless, the multibillion-dollarbeauty industry, complete with its own aisle in the grocery store, is devoted toconstant warfare on female self-esteem, convincing women that they must buy all thenewest moisturizing creams,

34、bronzing powders and appliances that promise tostimulate and restore their skin. I once saw an Oprah Show in which supermodelCindy Crawford dispensed makeup tips to the studio audience. Cindy had all thesemiddle-aged women apply clay masks and other wrinkle-removing products to theirfaces; she stres

35、sed how important it was to adhere to the guidelines, like applyingproducts via the tips of their fingers to protect elasticity. All the women dutifully didthis, even though it was obvious to any rational observer that, no matter how carefullythey applied these products, they would never have Cindy

36、Crawfords face orcomplexion.为什么女性会把自己的外貌想得这么差呢？这种长期的不安全感并不是与生倶原为真人大小的话，就会是 7 英尺高，61 英磅重，大腿纤细，上身丰满。要达相对尺寸对任何一个活人来说都是不可企及的。与女孩玩具的这种荒唐标准相动作玩偶蜜蜂侠的玩偶，一半像人，一半像会飞的昆虫。这个玩偶尽管样子不好看，但仍然非常自信。你肯定无法想象他会问别人说：这个配饰的紫罗兰色和这件外套配不配呢？”然而，女性在成长过程中却认为自己应该长得像芭比娃娃或杂志的封面女郎那样，这对大多数女性来说是不可能的。尽管如此，产值达几十亿美元的美容业，己只有购买最新的保湿面霜、古铜散粉，

37、以及各种美容器具，才能激发和恢复”肌肤活力。我曾经看过一期奥普拉脱口秀，在节目中，超级名模辛迪克劳这些产品，她们都不可能拥有辛迪那样的面容或肤色。Im not saying that men are superior. Im just saying that youre not going to get agroup of middle-aged men to plaster cosmetics to themselves under the instruction ofBrad Pitt in hopes of looking more like him. Men dont face the

38、 same societal focuspurely on physical beauty, and theyre encouraged to reach out to other characteristicsto promote their self-esteem. They might say to Brad: Oh yeah? Well, what do youknow about lawn care, pretty boy?Of course women argue that they become obsessed with appearance as a reaction top

39、ressure from men. The truth is that most men think beauty is more than just lipstickand perfume and take no notice of these extra details. I have never once, in more than40 years of listening to men talk about women, heard a man say, She had gorgeousfingernails! To most men, little things like finge

40、rnails are all homogeneous anyway,and one womans flawless pink polish is exactly as invisible as anothers bare nails.By participating in this system of extreme conformity, women are actually openingthemselves up to the scrutiny of other women, the only ones qualified to judge theirefforts. What is t

41、he real benefit of working this hard to appease men who dont noticewhen it only exposes women to prosecution from other women?Anyway, to get back to my original point: If youre a man, and a woman asks you howshe looks, you cant say she looks bad without receiving immediate and well-deservedoutrage.

42、But you also cant shower her with empty compliments about how her shoescomplement her dress nicely because shell know youre lying. She has spent countlesshours worrying about the differences between her looks and Cindy Crawfords.Also,she suspects that youre not qualified to voice a subjective opinio

43、n on anybodysappearance. This may be because you have shaving cream in your hair and inside thefolds of your ears.我并不是说男性优于女性。我的意思是你不可能让一群中年男子在布拉德皮特的指导下把化妆品敷到自己脸上，期望自己能看起来更像布拉德。与女性不同，自尊。他们也许会对布拉德说：”当然，女性会争辩说她们对外表的热衷追求是出于对来自男性的压力的一种反她的指甲真漂亮啊！”对大多数男性来说，像指甲这样小光光的毫无修饰，男性都一概视而不见。呢？不管怎样，言归正传：如果你是一位男性，当有女士

44、问你她看起来怎么样时，你知道你是在说谎。她已经花费了无数个小时发愁自己的容貌不能和辛迪克劳馥格对任何人的外表给出主观评价。Unit 3Every night several hundred planes bearing a purple, white, and orange design touch down at Memphis Airport, in Tennessee. What precedes this landing are package pickups from locations all over the United States earlier in the day. C

45、rews unload the planes cargo of more than half a million parcels and letters. The rectangular packages and envelopes are rapidly reshuffled and sorted according to address, then loaded onto other aircraft, and flown to their destinations to be dispersed by hand - many within 24 hours of leaving thei

46、r senders. This is the culmination of a dream of Frederick W. Smith,the founder, president, chief executive officer, and chairman of the board of the FedEx Corp. - known originally as Federal Express - the largest and most successful overnight delivery service in the world. Conceived when he was in

47、college and now in its 28th year of operation, Smiths exquisite brainchild has become the standard for door-to-door package delivery.Recognized as an outstanding entrepreneur with an agreeable and winning personality, Smith is held in high regard by his competitors as well as his employees and stock

48、holders. Fred Smith was just 27 when he founded FedEx. Now, so many years later, hesstill the captain of the ship. He attributes the success the company simply to leadership, something he deduced from his years in the military, and from his family.Frederick Wallace Smith was born into a wealthy fami

49、ly clan on August 11, 1944 inMississippi. His father died when he was just four years old. As a juvenile, Smith wasan invalid, suffering from a disease that left him unable to walk normally. He was picked on by bullies, and he learned to defend himself by swinging at them with his alloywalking stick

50、. Cured of the disease by the age of 10, he became a star athlete in highschool, playing football, basketball, and baseball.弗雷德史密斯与联邦快递：一个改变了世界的创想每天夜晚，在田纳西州的孟菲斯机场，都有几百架带着白、紫、桔色图案的飞机再由人工投递到这时很多邮件离开寄件人之手还不到 24 小时。这是弗雷德里克W史密斯的终极梦想，他就是联邦快递集团（最初为联邦快递）这一全球最大、最成功的隔夜送达服务企业的创始人、总裁、首席执行官及董事会主席。如今，史密斯这一源于大学时代的

51、妙想已在现实中经营到了第 28 个年头，并已成为包裹快递入户行业的标杆。史密斯被公认为是一位和蔼可亲、性格迷人的杰出企业家。无论是他的竞争者、员工，还是他公司股票的持有人，都对他十分敬重。弗雷德史密斯创建联邦快递时只有 27 岁。现在多年过去了，他仍然坐在掌门人的位置上。他将公司的成功简单地归因于领导力，而这一推论则来自于他的军旅生涯及其家庭的影响。弗雷德里克华莱士史密斯 1944 年 8 月 11 日出生于密西西比州一个富裕的家族。他四岁时父亲就离世了。史密斯年少时被视为病残者，因为他得了一种病，保护自己。十岁时他的病治好了，到了高中他则成了学校里的体育明星，足球、篮球、棒球样样能行。Smi

52、ths passion was flying. At 15, he was operating a crop-duster over the skyline ofthe Mississippi Delta, a terrain so flat that there was little need for radar navigation.As a student at Yale University, he helped revive the Yale flying club; its alumni hadpopulated naval aviation history, including

53、the famous Millionaires Unit in WorldWar I. Smith administrated the clubs business end and ran a small charter operationin New Haven.With his study time disrupted by flying, his academic performance suffered, butSmith never stopped looking for his own big idea. He thought he had found it whenhe wrot

54、e a term paper for an economics class. He drafted a prototype for atransportation company that would guarantee overnight delivery of small,time-sensitive goods, such as replacement parts and medical supplies, to major USregions. The professor wasnt impressed and told Smith he couldnt quantify the id

55、eaand clearly it wasnt feasible.However, Smith was certain he was onto something, even though several more yearselapsed before he could turn his idea into reality. In the interim, he graduated fromYale in 1966, just as Americas involvement in the Vietnam War was deepening.Since he was a patriot and

56、had attended officers training classes, he joined theMarines.Smith completed two tours in Vietnam, eventually flying more than 200 missions. Inthe military, leadership means getting a group of people to subordinate theirindividual desires and ambitions for the achievement of organizational goals, Sm

57、ithsays, fusing together his military and business experiences. And good leadership hasvery measurable effects on a companys bottom line.Home from Vietnam, Smith became fascinated by the notion that if you connected allthe points of a network through an intermediary hub, the streamlined efficient co

58、uldbe enormous compared to other disjointed, decentralized businesses, whether thesystem involved moving packages and letters or people and planes. He decided to takea stab at starting his own business. With an investment from his fathers company, aswell as a chunk of his own inheritance, Smith boug

59、ht his first delivery planes and in1971 formed the Federal Express.史密斯对飞行充满了激情。15 岁时，他就曾驾驶一架作物喷粉飞机在密西西比责管理俱乐部的事务，同时还在纽黑文经营一项小规模的租赁业务。 1966 了美国海军陆战队。领导力对控制一个公司的盈亏底线来说具有相当重要的作用。”他自己继承财产的一部分购买了第一架快递飞机，并于 1971 年创建了联邦快递。The early days were underscored by extreme frugality and financial losses. It was not

60、uncommon for FedEx drivers to pay for gasoline for their vans out of their ownpockets. But despite such problems, Smith showed concern for the welfare of hisemployees. Just as he recalled, even when they didnt have the money, even whenthere werent couches in the office and electric typewriters, they