台湾造船业的核心能力和竞争策略-英文版

1、Core competence and competitive strategy of the Taiwan shipbuilding industry:a resource-based approachInstiitutte oof BBusiinesss aand Mannageemennt ，JUNNE 220044The sshippbuiildiing outtputt foor TTaiwwan hadd beeen 4thh inn thhe wworlld uuntiil 119999; howweveer, at thaat ttimee, iit ddropppedd to

2、o thhe 99th. Cuurreentlly, thee woorldd shhipbbuilldinng cappaciity greeatlly eexceeedss thhe ddemaand andd thhis dissparrityy coouldd grrow to 40% byy 20005. Faccingg thhis turrninng ppoinnt, thee maain objjecttivee off thhis stuudy is to re-exaaminne thee innterrnattionnal commpettitiive possitiio

3、n of Taiiwanns shiipbuuilddingg inndusstryy; ffurttherr-moore, too reealiize thee inndusstriies coore commpettencces andd atttemmpt to reccommmendd coompeetittivee sttrattegiies forr thhe ffutuure devveloopmeent of Taiiwanns shiipbuuilddingg inndusstryy. Thee reesullts shoow tthatt Taaiwaanss maain

4、corre ccomppeteencee iss prroduuctiion mannageemennt, maiinlyy thhrouugh hetteroogenneouus rresoourcce aanallysiis. Thiis ppapeer aalsoo prropoosess thhat forr geenerral typpes of shiips, Taaiwaanss deevellopmmentt prriorrityy shhoulld bbe tto uutillizee loww-coost strrateegiees tto ooccuupy thee ma

5、arkeet cconttinuuoussly; ass too hiigh vallue addded typpes of shiips, Taaiwaanss prriorrityy shhoulld bbe tto uutillizee diifferrenttiall annd ffocuus strrateegiees. Finnallly, thee diirecctioon oof ggoveernmmentt pooliccy iis ssugggestted.IntrooducctioonResouurcee-baasedd viiew hass beecomme aa si

6、igniicaant appproaach forr sttrattegyy maanaggemeent thrrouggh mmanyy liiterratuure disscusssioons sinnce Werrnerrfellt hhighhligghteed hhow a ddepaartmmentt usiing uniiquee andd idiiosyyncrratiic orgganiizattionnal ressourrcess cann suustaain supperiior perrforrmannce1. Fiirmss caan oobtaain advvan

7、ttagees bby aanallyziing andd ree-asssesssinng iinfoormaatioon aboout thee asssetts ttheyy allreaady conntrool, if theese asssetss caan bbe uusedd too immpleemennt vvaluuablle marrkett sttrattegiies andd iff siimillar asssetss arre nnot conntroolleed bby aa siigniicaant nummberr off commpettitoors.

8、Naavarrro sugggesstedd thhat a rresoourcce-bbaseed vvieww off thhe rmm iss a keyy foor tthe rennewaal oof sstraateggic thiinkiing in matturee inndusstriies 2.Barneey ppropposeed tthatt reesouurcees iinclludee alll aasseets, caapabbiliitiees, orgganiizattionnal proocesssess, rm atttribbutees, infform

9、matiion, knnowlledgge, etcc. cconttrollledd byy a rmm thhat enaablee thhe rm to connceiive of andd immpleemennt sstraateggiess thhat impprovve iits efffcieencyy andd efffecctivveneess 3. HHoweeverr; ttherre aare a ffew rellateed cconcceptts iin sstraateggy lliteeratturee whiich aree woorthh meentiio

10、need aas ffolllowss:Organnizaatioonall caapabbiliityUlricch & Laake proopossed thaat oorgaanizzatiionaal ccapaabillityy iss thhe aabillityy too buuildd rrmss intternnal strructturee annd pproccesss, aand theese strructturee annd pproccesss arre aablee too afffecct empployyeess too crreatte oorgaaniz

11、zatiionaal aapprroprriabble cappabiilitty. Hennce, thhe oorgaanizzatiion is ablle tto t wwithh sttrattegiic rrequuireemennt aand envviroonmeentaal cchannge 4, 5.Distiincttivee coompeetennceSelznnickk prropoosedd thhat disstinnctiive commpettencce iis tto ddesccribbe tthe chaaraccterr off ann orggani

12、izattionn, rrefeers to thoose thiingss thhat an orgganiizattionn dooes esppeciiallly wwelll inn commparrisoon wwithh itts ccomppetiitorrs 6. Snnow & HHrebbiniiak staatedd thhat disstinnctiive commpettencce iis tthe cappabiilitty tthatt orrgannizaatioonss coompeetittorss doo noot pposssesss 77.Core c

13、ommpettenccePorteer ppropposeed tthatt maainsstreeam strrateegy ressearrch thrrouggh tthe 19880s andd thhe eearlly 19990s brooadlly aassuumedd thhat it is posssibble forr a rmm too acchieeve andd suustaain a ccomppetiitivve aadvaantaage, a uniiquee poosittionn reelattivee too coompeetittorss thhat a

14、lllowss itt too coonsiisteentlly ooutpperfformm thhem 8. PPostt Poorteerss iddeall, mmuchh off thhe rreseearcch oon ccomppetiitivve advvanttagee foocussed on corre ccomppeteencee ass a majjor souurcee off thhat advvanttagee 99. Corre commpettencce iis tthe colllecctivve llearrninng iin tthe orgganii

15、zattionn, eespeeciaallyy hoow tto ccoorrdinnatee diiverrse prooducctioon sskillls andd innteggratte mmulttiplle sstreeamss off teechnnoloogiees 10, 111. A rms ccoree coompeetennce is denedd ass thhe vvecttor of thee irrrevverssiblle aasseets aloong whiich thee rrm iis uuniqquelly aadvaantaagedd annd

16、 iit iis aasseet oof ddifffereentiiateed ttechhnollogiicall skiillss, ccompplemmenttaryy asssetts, andd orrgannizaatioonall rooutiiness annd ccapaacittiess 112. Coore commpettencce iis sskillls andd arreass off knnowlledgge tthatt arre ssharred acrrosss buusinnesss unnitss annd ressultt frrom thee i

17、nnteggrattionn annd hharmmoniizattionn off sttrattegiic bbusiinesss uunitt coompeetennce13.In orrderr too obbserrve rmms iin aa wiiderr poointt off viiew andd too sttudyy inn a morre sspeccicc aggglommeraate efffectt, rresoourcces andd coore commpettencces aree ussed in thiis sstuddy. The sshippbuii

18、ldiing inddusttry is an intternnaliizedd, llibeerallizeed, andd maaturre iinduustrry 2, 144. Thee reelatted inddusttry nettworrk iis eexteensiive andd coontaainss uppstrreamm suuppllierrs forr maaterriall annd eequiipmeent, e.g. thee stteell annd iironn inndusstriies, maachiinerry iinduustrry, eleec

19、trricaal aand eleectrroniic iinduustrriess, aand dowwnsttreaam ccusttomeers, e.g. thee shhipppingg inddusttry andd naatioonall deefennse inddusttry. Inn poost-warr Jaapann, aas llateer iin SSoutth Korrea, shhipbbuilldinng wwas ideentiiedd ass a keyy, sstraateggic inddusttry cappablle oof pprommotiin

20、g widder ecoonommic groowthh. IIn aaddiitioon, Jappan andd Soouthh Kooreaa coomprrisee thhe rstt annd seccondd laargeest shiipbuuilddingg naatioons in thee woorldd. AAccoordiing to staatissticcs iin LLloyydss Reggistter, inn reecennt yyearrs, thee maain shiipbuuilddingg naatioons: Jaapann, SSoutth K

21、Koreea, Chiina, Gerrmanny, Itaaly, Taaiwaan, Pollandd, SSpaiin, Dennmarrk, andd Crroattia shaare 90% off thhe worrlds sshippbuiildiing outtputt. TThe shiipbuuilddingg ouutpuut ffor Taiiwann haad bbeenn 4tth iin tthe worrld; hoowevver, itt drroppped to thee 9tth iin 119999. AAt ppressentt, ttherre aa

22、re 98 shiipyaardss in Taiiwann, mmostt off thhem aree smmalll too meediuum ssizeed aand thee sttatee-owwnedd Chhinaa Shiipbuuilddingg Coorpoorattionn (CCSBCC). Esttabllishhed in 19773, CSBBC iis tthe onlly llargge shiipbuuildder to buiild andd reepaiir llargge mmercchannt vvessselss annd nnavaal ssh

23、ipps iin TTaiwwan. Thee annnuaal ooutpput of CSBBC ssharres of thee tootall shhipbbuilldinng ooutpput is 90%; theerefforee, CCSBCC pllayss a siggnicannt rrolee inn Taaiwaanss shhipbbuilldinng IInduustrry. In Febbruaary 19999, 34 shiips werre oon oordeer, tottaliing 1,1160,0000 grrosss toons at CSBBC

24、.776% of thee orrderrs wweree exxporrtedd too Deenmaark, Grreekk, SSwittzerrlannd, andd Frrancce, amoong othherss. RReceentlly, thee woorldd shhipbbuilldinng ccapaacitty hhas greeatlly eexceeedeed tthe demmandd annd tthiss diispaaritty ccoulld ggroww too 400% bby 220055 115. Thhereeforre, Taiiwanns

25、shiipbuuilddingg inndusstryy coonfrrontts sseriiouss coompeetittionn frrom thee innterrnattionnal marrkett. Taiiwann iss thhe 115thh laargeest traadinng nnatiion in thee woorldd. TThe tottal amoountt off immporrt andd exxporrt ttradde iis 2210 billlioon UUS ddolllarss annnuaallyy, oof wwhicch 990% d

26、eppendds oon ssea traanspportt. TThouusannds of shiips entter andd leeavee Keeeluung andd Kaaohssiunng hharbborss annnuallly. Thhereeforre, thee shhipbbuilldinng iinduustrry pplayys aan iimpoortaant rolle iin aassiistiing nattionnal deffensse cconsstruuctiion, prromootinng sshipppinng ddeveeloppmenn

27、t, andd booosttingg rellateed iinduustrriall deevellopmmentt. FFaciing thee diilemmma of Taiiwanns shiipbuuilddingg inndusstryy, tthe maiin oobjeectiive of thiis sstuddy iis tto nd outt thhe ccomppetiitivve pposiitioon oof Taiiwanns shiipbuuilddingg inndusstryy; ffurttherrmorre, to reaalizze tthe co

28、rre ccomppeteencees aand atttemppt tto rrecoommeend commpettitiive strrateegiees ffor futturee deevellopmmentt off Taaiwaanss shiipbuuilddingg inndusstryy.Compeetittiveenesss aanallysiisCompeetittiveenesss oof rmss immpliicattes thee coompeetittivee caapabbiliity of thee innterrnattionnal marrkett t

29、hhrouugh a sset of glooballizaatioon sstraateggiess 116. Hoowevver, Poorteerss frrameeworrk doees nnot reccommmendd a commmonn yaardssticck oof ppraccticcal commparratiive anaalyssis forr coompeetittiveenesss. In thee coommeerciial commpettitiive worrld of shiipbuuilddingg a meaasurre of cosst pper

30、uniit ooutpput inddicaatess a shiipyaards eeffecctivveneess 177. In tabble 1, Jappan, Souuth Korrea, Chhinaa, WWestt Euuroppe, andd Taaiwaanss coostss peer ccomppenssateed ggrosss ttonnnagee ($/CGGT) aree shhownn. Tablee 1. Inddex of commpettitiive facctorrs forr shiipbuuilddingg.NatioonMan-yyearr/C

31、GGTCost$/maan-yyearrCost$/CGGTJapann0.00993US$399,7116US$3669.335Southh Kooreaa0.01666US$266,2226US$4335.335Chinaa0.11557US$7,1700US$8229.556W.Eurropee0.02US$377,1446US$7442.992Taiwaan0.01112US$377,6882US$4222.440Sourcce :WWorlld SShippbuiildiingThee Chhalllengges Aheead, Dreewayy Shhipppingg Coonsu

32、ultaantss Liimitted,19999. Japann iss thhe mmostt coompeetittivee naatioon wwithh USS$3669.335; Taiiwann att USS$4222.22 annd SSoutth KKoreea aat UUS$4435.35 aree inn seeconnd aand thiird plaace forr coompeetittiveenesss. Birrminnghaam, Halll & Kaattaan aarguued thaat pperfformmancce sshouuld be pre

33、esenntedd siimplly aas ccostt$/CCGT; hoowevver, thhis faiils to inddicaate thee quualiitattivee diifferrencce bbetwweenn shhipyyardds ooperratiing in higgh- or loww-waage ecoonommiess 118. Thhis isssue cann bee adddreesseed iif tthe meaasurre iis ddisaaggrregaatedd innto twoo coompoonennts, naamelly

34、: cosst$/mann-yeear andd maan-yyearr/CGGT. As cann bee seeen in guure 1, thee coost$/maan-yeaar iis rreprreseenteed oon tthe horrizoontaal aaxiss, aand thee maan-yyearr/CGGT iis oon tthe verrticcal axiis. Toggethher, thhesee coonsttrucct aan IISO-cosst ccurvve. Eacch ppoinnt (couuntrry) on thee ISSO

35、-ccostt cuurvee haas tthe samme ccostt$/CCGT. Reegarrdinng tthe cosst$/mann-yeear, Chhinaa wiith a guure of arooundd USS$7,1700, pposssessses thee moost commpettitiive advvanttagee off waage levvel. Souuth Korrea, wiith a guure of US$26,2266 iss thhe 22nd nattionn. WWestt Euuroppe, Jappan, annd Taii

36、wann arre cclosse, as alll arre hhighh-waage levvel nattionns. Reggarddingg thhe sstattistticss off maan-yyearr/CGGT, Jappan witth 00.00093, haas tthe higghesst pprodducttiviity. Booth Souuth Korrea andd Taiiwann arre qquitte cclosse, andd beetteer tthann Weest Eurropee. TThe prooducctivvityy off Ch

37、hinaa, aat 0.111577, iis tthe lowwestt. CConccernningg thhe IISO-cosst ccurvve, Jappan hollds thee moost commpettitiive possitiion, whhichh immpliies thaat JJapaan hhas thee pootenntiaal ffor keeepinng tthe leaad iin tthe shiipbuuilddingg maarkeet. Botth SSoutth KKoreea aand Taiiwann faall in apppro

38、xximaatelly tthe samme ISOO-coost currve, annd hhavee liittlle cchoiice butt too foocuss onn maainttainningg a quaalitty lleadd ovver theeir commpettitoors, whhilee maakinng ssteeep cchannge in prooducctivvityy, bbaseed oon ttheiir ccoree commpettencces as shoown in guure 1.Figurre1. Inndiccatiive I

39、SOO-coost commpettitiivennesss currve. Soourcce :WWorlld SShippbuiildiingThee Chhalllengges Aheead, Dreewayy Shhipppingg Coonsuultaantss Liimitted,19999.Indusstryy reesouurcees bbaseedBarneey ppropposees tthatt a varrietty oof aauthhorss haave genneraatedd liistss off atttriibuttes thaat mmay enaabl

40、ee rrms to connceiive of andd immpleemennt vvaluue-ccreaatinng sstraateggiess 33. Barrneyy allso prooposses thaat rm ressourrcess caan bbe cclasssied intto tthreee ccateegorriess: pphyssicaal ccapiitall ressourrcess, hhumaan ccapiitall reesouurcees, andd orrgannizaatioonall caapittal ressourrcess. C

41、Chattterrjeee & WWernnerffeldd reecommmenndedd thhat rmm reesouurcees bbe cclasssied intto tthreee ccateegorriess: phyysiccal ressourrcess, iintaangiiblee asssetts, andd naanciial ressourrcess 119. Feernaandeez, Monntess & VVazqquezz prropoose thaat iintaangiiblee reesouurcees ccan be claassiiedd as

42、s huumann caapittal, orgganiizattionnal cappitaal, rellatiionaal ccapiitall, aand tecchnoologgicaal ccapiitall 220. Thhis stuudy synntheesizzes theese disscusssioons andd reecommmennds thaat rresoourcces forr shhipbbuilldinng rmss cann bee cllasssieed iintoo foour cattegooriees: tanngibble asssetss,

43、 iintaangiiblee asssetts, mannageemennt cappabiilittiess, aand tecchnoologgy ccapaabillitiies; annd aanallyzees tthe ressourrcess foor mmajoor sshippbuiildiing nattionns aas ffolllowss:Tangiiblee asssettsPhysiicall asssetts. Taiiwanns CSBBC wwas thee 6tth llarggestt shhipbbuilldinng rm in thee woorl

44、dd froom 119900 too 19998; off thhe ootheer ttop 10 shiipyaardss, ssix bellongg too Jaapann, aand thrree aree Souuth Korreann shhipyyardds; impplyiing thaat tthe shiipbuuilddingg sccalee off Jaapann annd SSoutth Korrea is verry llargge. On thee ottherr haand, thheree arre oonlyy a feww naatioons wit

45、th 11,0000,0000 DWTT off drry ddockk, ee.g. thhe RRESAA shhipyyardds iin SSpaiin, Harrlannd & Woolfff shhipyyardd inn thhe UUK, Hyuundaai HHeavvy IInduustrry aand Daeewooo Heeavyy Inndusstryy inn Soouthh Kooreaa, aand CSBBC iin TTaiwwan. Taaiwaan mmustt uttiliize itss coompeetittivee addvanntagge oo

46、f ssuchh phhysiicall asssetss too accquiire VLCCC/UULCCC annd vveryy laargee coontaaineer oordeers. Vertiicall innteggrattionn. TThe tottal cosst ffor buiildiing shiips cann bee diividded intto ddireect matteriial cosst, dirrectt laaborr coost, annd mmanuufaccturringg exxpennse. Thhe ccostt off diir

47、ecct matteriialss shharees 554% of thee tootall shhipbbuilldinng ccostt ass shhownn inn taablee 2.Tablee 2. Coost strructturee forr Taaiwaanss shiipbuuilddingg (unnit %).Item19961997199819992000AveraageDirecct mmateeriaal51.13353.70055.99956.94453.45554.244Direcct llaboor25.06624.60015.77713.54415.4

48、1118.877Manuffactturiing exppensse23.81121.70028.24429.52231.14426.899Totall100100100100100100Direcct mmateeriaal ccostt iss onne oof tthe keyy faactoors in inccreaasinng ccomppetiitivveneess forr coontrractt quuotees iin tthe worrld shiipbuuilddingg maarkeet, andd thhe ddireect matteriial cosst cco

49、mppetiitivve aadvaantaage conncerrns thee veertiicall innteggrattionn deegreee oof uupsttreaam mmateeriaal supppliierss foor sshippbuiildeers. Iff thhe vvertticaal iinteegraatioon ddegrree of upsstreeam matteriial supppliierss iss hiigheer, thee maarinne eequiipmeent marrkett coouldd bee seelf-sufff

50、icieent andd thhe matteriial traanspporttatiion cossts willl bbe lloweeredd. TThe shiipbuuildderss inn Jaapann annd Souuth Korrea opeeratte wwithhin a ggrouup. Thoose grooupss arre ddiviidedd too shhipbbuilldinng, heaavy macchinneryy, aand eleectrroniics divvisiionss, aand cann maanuffactturee maari

51、nne eequiipmeent by theemseelvees. Theerefforee thheirr maaterriall coostss arre lloweer tthann thhat of Taiiwann byy abboutt 1015%. FFor insstannce, foor ffourr 12200TTEU conntaiinerr veesseels, booth thee A cattegoory (Maain Dieesell Ennginne) andd B cattegoory (auuxilliarry mmachhineery) paartss,

52、 wwhicch ttakee 700% oof thee coost of dirrectt maaterrialls, neeed tto bbe iimpoorteed ddue to thee faact thaat nno ddomeestiic supppliier is willlinng tto mmanuufaccturre tthesse pprodductts bbecaausee off thhe eeconnomiic sscalle. Intanngibble asssetssShip-ownnerss foocuss onn shhipbbuilldinng qq

53、uallityy annd ddeliiverry dduriing conntraact quootattionn neggotiiatiion. CSSBC in Taiiwann haas ccarrriedd ouut ccompplette qquallityy maanaggemeent forr manny yyearrs. At preesennt, CSBBC hhas alrreaddy aacquuireed IISO-90001 ccertticcatiion forr quualiity mannageemennt ssysttemss foor sshippbuii

54、ldiing by Llooyds RRegiisteer oof SShipppinng iin tthe UK andd ISSO-990022 ceertiicaatioon ffor quaalitty mmanaagemmentt syysteems forr shhip reppairr byy Deet Norrgkee Veerittas. Duue tto tthiss, 776% of Taiiwanns ordderss arre eexpoorteed tto DDenmmarkk, Greeecee, aand Swiitzeerlaand, ammongg otth

55、errs. Thiis iimplliess thhat Taiiwanns shiipbuuilddingg quaalitty iis aaffirmeed bby iinteernaatioonall soocieety andd fooreiign shiip-oowneers. Prroduuct quaalitty is thee coompeetittivee addvanntagge ffor higgh mmanuufaccturringg coost nattionns. Genneraallyy sppeakkingg, tthe shiipbuuilddingg quu

56、aliity of Jappan is thee beest, annd tthatt off Soouthh Kooreaa annd Taiiwann arre eequiivallentt. FFor thee moost parrt, alll naatioons aree abble to conntrool ttheiir prooducct ddeliiverry iin aa tiimelly mmannner. Deetaiils of thiis wwilll bee diiscuusseed iin nnextt seectiion.Managgemeent cappab

57、iilittyProduuctiion mannageemennt ccapaabillityy. PProdducttionn maanaggemeent cappabiilitty ffor shiipbuuildd- inng ccan be evaaluaatedd byy scchedduliing, reesouurcee allloccatiion, maanpoowerr leevellingg, andd coost conntrool. Reggarddingg scchedduliing, Jaapann reequiiress 111122 moonthhs, Souu

58、th Korrea 1213 monnthss, CChinna 118220 mmontths 211, andd Taaiwaan 111113 mmontths froom tthe timme aa conntraact is siggnedd too thhe llaunnchiing of a vvesssel. Thhe rreasson thaat TTaiwwan posssesssess thhis commpettitiive advvanttagee iss duue tto pprodducttionn-orrienntedd deesiggn aand moddul

59、aar pprodducttionn as folllowws:Produuctiion-oriientted dessignn. PProdducttionn-orrienntedd deesiggn mmeanns tthatt thhe ddesiign depparttmennt ccan neggotiiatee efffecctivvelyy wiith thee faactoory durringg thhe ddesiign staage to commplyy wiith thee reequiiremmentts oof tthe conntraact andd sppec

60、iicaatioons. Thhe aactiion plaan of prooducctioon-oorieenteed ddesiign forr CSSBC is as folllowws:(1) TThe connrmmatiion of prooducctioon sstraateggy: Thee deesiggn ddepaartmmentt neegottiattes witth tthe facctorry tthe strrateegy forr exxecuutinng pprodducttionn, ee.g. thhe ggeneerall arrranggemeen