早教英文课程ppt

1、The study of childrens development1Questions(put your name at the top)1. From your own experience, do you think that development is continuous, discontinuous, or both? Give one or more examples to illustrate your thinking.2. In your view, when people change or develop this is mostly as a result of:-

2、experiences they have-their genetic makeup and underlying biological changes-a combination of experience and biological factorsGive an example of a change in your own development that demonstrates what you think.Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Domains of DevelopmentDomainC

3、hanges inPhysicalBody size & proportions, appearanceFunctioning of body systems, healthPerceptual & motor capacitiesCognitiveIntellectual abilitiesLanguageEmotional and SocialEmotional communicationSelf-understanding, knowledge about othersInterpersonal skills & relationshipsMoral reasoning & behavi

4、orCopyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Periods of DevelopmentPrenatalConception to birthInfancy and ToddlerhoodBirth to 2 yearsEarly Childhood2 to 6 yearsMiddle Childhood6 to 11 yearsAdolescence11 to 18 yearsEmerging Adulthood18 to 25 yearsCopyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

5、 All Rights Reserved.TheoryAn orderly, integrated set of statements thatdescribes behavior.explains behavior.predicts behavior.Photodisc, Education 2 Royalty FreeCopyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Basic Issues in DevelopmentContinuous or discontinuous?One course of developmen

6、t or many possible courses?Relative influence of nature and nurture?Figure 1.1Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Continuous or Discontinuous DevelopmentFigure 1.2Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Nature and NurtureNature (Biology & genetics)Inborn, bi

7、ologic givensBased on genetic inheritanceNurture (Experience)Physical and social worldInfluences biological and psychological development Stuart Monk | D Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Stability vs. Plasticity?StabilityIndividuals high or low in a characteristic remain so

8、 at later ages. Early experience may a have lifelong impact.PlasticityChange is possible, based on experiences.Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Resilient Children Personal characteristics A warm parental relationship Social support outside the immediate family Community res

9、ources and opportunities Ami Beyer | D Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Eating Dinner Together Can Make a Difference Figure 2.8Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Historical Views of ChildhoodMedieval EraChildhood (to age 7 or 8) regarded as separate

10、phase with special needs, protections16th CenturyPuritan “child depravity” views17th CenturyJohn Locke “tabula rasa” or “blank slate” view; continuous development18th CenturyJean-Jacques Rousseau “noble savages” view; natural maturationCopyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Early

11、 Scientific Studyof DevelopmentEvolutionary TheoryDarwins ideas of natural selection and survival of the fittest are still influential.Normative ApproachHall & Gesell: Age-related averages based on measurements of large numbers of childrenMental Testing MovementBinet & Simon: Early developers of int

12、elligence testsCopyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Freuds Three Parts of the PersonalityIdLargest portion of the mindUnconscious, present at birthSource of biological needs & desiresEgoConscious, rational part of mindEmerges in early infancyRedirects id impulses acceptablySupe

13、regoThe conscienceDevelops from ages 3 to 6, from interactions with caregiversCopyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Eriksons Psychosocial StagesBasic trust v. mistrustBirth1 yearIdentity v. role confusionAdolescenceAutonomy v. shame and doubt13 yearsIntimacy v. isolationEmerging

14、 adulthoodInitiative v. guilt36 yearsGenerativity v. stagnationAdulthoodIndustry v. inferiority611 yearsIntegrity v. despairOld ageCopyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Behaviorism & Social LearningClassical ConditioningStimulus ResponseOperant ConditioningReinforcers & punishme

15、ntsSocial-Cognitive ApproachModelingSelf-efficacyhttps:/https:/https:/Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Piagets Stages of Cognitive DevelopmentTable 1.2Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Vygotskys Sociocultural TheoryTransmission of culture to new generationBeliefs, customs, skillsSocial interaction vital for cognitive developmentCooperative dialogues with more knowledgeable