美国人学习的《管理学》教程（4）美国原版教程

1、PowerPoint Presentation to Accompany Management, 9/eJohn R. Schermerhorn, Jr.Prepared by: Jim LoPresti University of Colorado, BoulderPublished by: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Chapter 4: Environment and Organizational Culture1Planning Ahead Chapter 4 Study QuestionsWhat is the external environment of org

2、anizations?What is a customer-driven organization?What is organizational culture?How is diversity managed in a multicultural organization?2Study Question 1: What is the external environment of organizations?Competitive advantage is a core competency that clearly sets an organization apart from compe

3、titors and gives it an advantage over them in the marketplace.3Study Question 1: What is the external environment of organizations?Companies may achieve competitive advantage in many ways, including:ProductsPricingCustomer serviceCost efficiencyQuality4Study Question 1: What is the external environm

4、ent of organizations?The general environment all of the background conditions in the external environment of the organization including:Economic Socio-cultural Legal-political Technological Natural environment5Study Question 1: What is the external environment of organizations?The specific (task) en

5、vironment actual organizations, groups, and persons with whom an organization interacts and conducts business.Includes important stakeholders such as:CustomersSuppliersCompetitorsRegulatorsInvestors/owners 6Figure 4.1 Stakeholder analysis of value creation for key constituencies of a business firm:

6、an open-systems approach.7Study Question 1: What is the external environment of organizations?Environmental uncertainty is a lack of complete information regarding what exists and what developments may occur in the external environment.Two dimensions of environmental uncertainty:ComplexityRate of ch

7、ange8Study Question 2: What is a customer-driven organization? External customers purchase the organizations goods or utilize its services.Internal customers are the persons and groups within an organization who depend on the results of others work to do their own jobs.9Study Question 2: What is a c

8、ustomer-driven organization?Customers want:High quality.Low price.On-time delivery.Key customer service lessons:Protect reputation for quality products.Treat customers right.10Study Question 2: What is a customer-driven organization?Customer relationship management establishes and maintains high sta

9、ndards of customer service in order to strategically build lasting relationships with and add value to customers. Supply chain management is the strategic management of all operations relating to an organizations resource suppliers.11Study Question 3: What is organizational culture?Organizational cu

10、lture is the system of shared beliefs and values that develops within an organization and guides the behavior of its members.12Study Question 3: What is organizational culture?Diagnostic questions for assessing cultural differences: How tight or loose is the structure?Are decisions change oriented o

11、r driven by the status quo?What outcomes or results are most highly valued?What is the climate for risk taking, innovation?How widespread is empowerment, worker involvement?What is the competitive style, internal and external?13Study Question 3: What is organizational culture?Strong cultures: Commit

12、 members to do things that are in the best interests of the organization.Discourage dysfunctional work behavior.Encourage functional work behavior.The best organizations have strong cultures that:Are performance-oriented.Emphasize teamwork.Allow for risk taking.Encourage innovation.Value the well be

13、ing of people.14Study Question 3: What is organizational culture?What is observable culture?What one sees and hears when walking around an organization.Elements of observable culture:StoriesHeroesRites and ritualsSymbols15 Levels of organizational cultureobservable culture and core culture.16Study Q

14、uestion 3: What is organizational culture?What is the core culture?Underlying assumptions and beliefs that influence behavior and contribute to the observable culture.Core culture and values:Strong cultures have a small but enduring set of core values. Commitment to core values is a key to long-term

15、 success.17Study Question 3: What is organizational culture?Important cultural values include:Performance excellenceInnovationSocial responsibilityIntegrityWorker involvementCustomer serviceTeamwork 18Study Question 3: What is organizational culture?Value-based management:Describes managers who acti

16、vely help to develop, communicate, and enact shared values.Criteria for evaluating core values:RelevanceIntegrityPervasivenessStrength19Study Question 3: What is organizational culture?Symbolic leadershipSymbolic leaders use symbols well to establish and maintain a desired organizational culture.Sym

17、bolic leaders behave in ways that espouse organizations values.Symbolic leaders:Use language metaphors.Highlight and dramatize core values and observable culture.Use rites and rituals to glorify performance.20Study Question 3: What is organizational culture?S-C-O-R-E-SHow tight or loose is the struc

18、ture?Are decisions change oriented or driven by the status quo?What outcomes or results are most highly valued?What is the climate for risk taking, innovation?How widespread is empowerment, worker involvement? What is the competitive style, internal and external?21Study Question 4: How is diversity

19、managed in a multicultural organization? Diversity:Describes differences among people at work.How diversity is handled in the workplace reflects the organizations culture.Respect and inclusion.Disrespect and exclusion.A potential source of competitive advantage.22Study Question 4: How is diversity m

20、anaged in a multicultural organization? Diversity trends in the sociocultural environment:People of colors are an increasing percentage of the workforce.More women are working.People with disabilities are gaining more access to the workplace.Average age of workers is increasing.Religious diversity o

21、f workers is increasing.23Study Question 4: How is diversity managed in a multicultural organization? Characteristics of multicultural organizations:PluralismStructural integrationInformal network integrationAbsence of prejudice and discriminationMinimum intergroup conflict24Study Question 4: How is

22、 diversity managed in a multicultural organization?Organizational subculturesCultures based on shared work responsibilities and/or personal characteristics.Ethnocentrism is the belief that ones subculture is superior to all othersCommon subcultures include:OccupationalFunctionalEthnic or nationalRac

23、ialGenerationalGender25Study Question 4: How is diversity managed in a multicultural organization?Challenges faced by minorities and women:Glass ceilingMisunderstanding and lack of sensitivitySexual harassmentPay discriminationJob discriminationMinorities may adapt by exhibiting biculturalism.26 Gla

24、ss ceilings as barriers to women and minority cultures in traditional organizations.27Study Question 4: How is diversity managed in a multicultural organization?Diversity leadership approaches:Managing diversity commits to changing the organizational culture.Affirmative action commits the organization to hiring and advancing minorities and women.Valuing diversity commits the organization to education and training programs.