chapter2国际供应链管理

1、 Maritime Cargo TransportationChapter twoMaritimeCargoTransportationcharateristicsofmaritimeshippingcargotypesofmaritimeshippingmaritimetransportfacilityandinfrastructure(vessels, channels andports)maritimeshippingservicesoperationofmaritimeshippingTransportationmodestransportationisdefined as themo

2、vementoffreightandpassengersfrom onelocationtoanother.Thefreightsystemincludesseveraldistinctformsoftransportation,calledmodes.Themodesdiffer in terms of operatingcharacteristicsand capabilities,giving themcomparativeadvantagesanddisadvantages.ModesoftransportationMaritime(Ocean) TransportationAirTr

3、ansportationRail TransportationRoad TransportationPipelineTransportationContainerTransportationInternational MultimodeTransportation(IMT)ParcelPostTransportationPerformanceComparison forSelectedFreight ModesBargeHoppercar100car train unitSemi-trailertruck1500 Tons52,500Bushels453,600 Gallons100Tons3

4、,500Bushels30,240Gallons10,000Tons350,000 Bushels3,024,000Gallons26Tons;910Bushels7,865Gallons9,000foratankertruck124tonsCapacity557.7TruckEquivalencyVehicle3.8384.61Post-panamaxcontainership5,000TEU2,1169,330VLCC300,000 tons2 millionbarrelsofoil747-400FOceanTransportationAdvantagesLargecapacityLowc

5、ostEasy passage: notrestricted by roadorrailsDisadvantagesSlowVulnerable to badweatherLess punctualCargotypes98%ofworldtradeinvolumetermsconveyedbyseatransportBulk cargo散货Break-bulk cargo杂货Neo-bulkcargo件装货Containerized cargo集装箱货货Bulk cargo (散货）Bulk cargoiscommoditycargothat is transportedunpackagedi

6、nlargequantities.Drybulkcargosuch as coal, grain,iron,cementLiquidbulkcargosuch as petroleum,liquefied naturalgas (LNG)Move in bigquantitiesMany of themare unprocessed rawmaterialwith lowvalueperunitweightrequiresspecial vesselswiththerightequipment to loadand dischargethecargothis cargo generallyha

7、sasingleorigin,destinationandclientTon-kmShippedbyMaritimeTransportation(inbillions)breakbulk cargo(general cargo)goodsthat is packedindividually, andtobeloadedand unloaded on apiece-by-pieceorpalletizedbasisGenerallyhas highvalueper unitweightMove in smallerquantitiesThis cargo tends to havenumerou

8、sorigins,destinations andclients.Beforecontainerization,economies of scale weredifficult to achievewithbreak-bulk cargo as theloading andunloadingprocesswasverylaborandtimeconsuming.Neo-bulkcargo件装货Uniformlypackagedgoods, suchasautomobilesand logs, which store as solidlyasbulk,but thatare handledasg

9、eneralcargo.Containerized cargoGenerallyhighvaluecargothat needextraprotectionHowever,theranges of containerizedcargoisexpending Containerfor bulkcargoCargo,Tradeand ShipCharacteristicsCargo TypeTrade CharacteristicsVessel SizeGeneral CargoBreak-bulk Varied small consignments, Numerous consignees, S

10、low handling rates, Various routes, Numerous portsSmallUnitized (containers)More uniform cargo, Rapid handling, Many portsSmall to mediumDry BulkOres/coal/cemetLarge consignments, Long hauls, Moderate handling rates, Specialized terminals, Few portsMedium to very largeLiquidCrude oilVery large consi

11、gnments, Long hauls, Few routes, Specialized terminals, Few portsVery large to ultra largeOil productsSmall shipments, Numerous consignees, Many portsSmall to mediumMaritimetransportfacilityandinfrastructurevesselschannelsportsVesseltypes(by function )Containervessels集集装箱船船 p267Ro/Rovessels滚滚装船Break

12、-bulk vessels杂杂货船船Combinationvessels 多用用途船LASH (Lighter AboardShip)载驳驳船Oiltankers油油船Bulk/Orevessels散散货船Refrigeratedship冷藏藏船Vesseltypes(bysize ,indeadweighttons)Size of vessels-measuredbyDead WeightTonnage-D.W.T.载载重吨吨D.W.T.isreferredtothe carrying capacity in transportation.Itreferstothe amountofcarg

13、othat canbeloadedonanemptyshipwithout exceedingitsoperationaldesign limits.Itcanbedividedinto 2classes:grossD.W.T. andnetD.W.T.1)Gross DeadWeight Tonnage总载重吨吨1)Gross DeadWeight Tonnage总载重吨吨Itreferstothe maximumloaded weightthat is restrictedwiththeloadedline.Itisthetotalofthe weightofloadedcargoes,n

14、ecessary fuel, freshwaterand other spare material.Totalloadedtonnage=full loaddisplacementlightdisplacement 2)DeadWeight Cargo Tonnage-D.W.C.T.净载重吨吨Itreferstothe maximumweight of loadedcargoes thataship is capableoftransporting.Itisalso calledasloaded-cargotonnage.Itisthe marginoftheamount of necess

15、arystorage of fuel, freshwaterand other spare material subtractedfromthetotalofshipload.OperatingCostsofPanamaxandPost-panamax Containerships (inUSD)Vesseltypes(bysize ,indeadweighttons)Domains of Maritime CirculationChannel length(inkm)watchthevedioand findout howa portoperatesDischarge卸卸货Container

16、stackingarea集集装箱堆堆场Load sequense 装载载顺序Crane起重重机,吊吊车Lorry卡卡车，接接驳车Straddlecarrier 跨车车TypesofoceantransportationPrivate fleets私营船队队Charter transportation包船运输输-shiploadsizeshipperLinertransportation班轮运输输-lessthan shiploadsize shipperPrivate fleets私营船队队Private ships areshipsthat areownedorleasedonalong-t

17、ermbasisbythe firmmoving thegoods.Another elementofinterestininternationalshippingisthat of shipregistry. Although ashipmightbeownedbyanAmericanandply aroutebetweentheU.S.andthe PersianGulf,itmightberegisteredinandfly theflag of LiberiaorPanama, it is calledflag of convenience方便旗旗Theowners derivecer

18、tain benefits of taxes,manning,andsomerelaxed safetyrequirementsbybeingregisteredinthosecountries, ratherthan in theUnitedStates,Canada, or wherever.Charter services(alsoknownasTramp). In thisformofservice amaritimecompanyrentsa shipfor aspecificpurpose,commonlybetweena specific portoforigin anddest

19、ination.This typeofshippingserviceisnotably usedinthe caseofbulkcargo,suchaspetroleum, ironore,grainorcoal,oftenrequiringspecializedcargoshipsLinershippingservices. Involves aregularscheduledshippingserviceoftencalling severalportsalongafixedroute.This typeofshippingserviceisnotably usedinthe caseof

20、generalcargoandcontainerizedcargoMaritimeShippingCharacteristicsTrampingLiner ShippingTransportation DemandNumber of shippersFewManyQuantityLargeSmallDensityHigh (weight)Low (volume)Unit valueLowHighRegularityLowHighTransportation SupplyContractCharter party Freight (bill of lading)VesselsLiquid and

21、 bulkGeneral cargoFrequencyLowHighImplicationsFreightLiquid and main bulk commoditiesMinor bulk and general cargo (containerized)Share in Maritime Transport Tons70%30%Value20%80%LinertransportationCharacteristicsofLinerregularscheduleddeparturesspecifiedrouterouteswithfixedbase ports基本港comparatively

22、 fixedfreight rates费率LinertransportationTypesoflinersConference linersFreight ratequoted by shipping conferenceStablefreightratesRegular servicesNon-conferencelinersFreight ratequoted by independent carriers or vesseloperatorsLess dependableserviceHigh flexibilitylinerconferenceDefinitionAgreementbe

23、tween twoormoreshippingcompaniestoprovidescheduledcargoand/orpassengerserviceona particulartraderouteunderuniformratesandcommonterms. Alsocalledshippingconference.班轮运输输的货运运程序承运人揽揽货,并并向港口口预订泊泊位Cargocanvassing, berth reservation托运人填填写托运运单，租租船订舱舱ReservationofShippingSpace备货，报报关Cargopreparation,custom c

24、learances装船换单单/接货货装船Cargoreceiving, loadingand obtainingbill of lading海上运输输作业Oceanshipping货物的卸卸船CargoUnload货物交付付Cargodeliver to consigneeStep 1,承运人揽揽货CargocanvassingWhat is Cargo canvassing(cargo collection)?How?通过自己己的营业业机构或或代理，中介Carrierscollect cargo throughitsownoffice or agent发布班轮轮船期表表Linerschedu

25、leispublishedfor space availabilitycheck华北东/美西周班航线(CEN) 船名航次大连新港青岛横滨长滩奥克兰大连VSLVOYDALTXGQINYOKLGBOAKDALXI BO HE079E/079W11/1211/1311/1511/1811/2812/0112/17LUO BA HE078E/078W11/1911/2011/2211/2512/0512/0812/24远东/美西周班航线(PSW-3)船名航次青岛上海神户 名古屋东京长滩奥克兰东京 名古屋青岛上海VSLVOYQINSHAKOBTOKTOKLGBOAKTOKNAGQINSHAWILLIAM

26、SBURG BRIDGE 73E/73W11/1711/1911/2211/2311/2412/0312/0612/1712/1912/2212/24BOSPORUS BRIDGE99E/99W11/2411/2611/2911/3012/0112/1012/1312/2412/2612/2912/31Step 2、托运人人填写托托运联单单，租船船订舱/承运人确确定航次次货运任任务TheshipperauthorizehisrepresentativeusuallyClearingandforwardingagents(C&Fagent) orforwarder)toapplyforshipp

27、ingspacefromcarrier or hisagent货主一般般委托货货运代理理代为订订舱TheC&F agent fillinshippingbills(includingBook Noting,ShippingOrder, Mates receipt10copies), presenttocarrierorhisagentand conductshippingreservation托运人委委托货运运代理填填制托运运联单（包括托运单B/N、装货单单S/O、收货货单M/R等），向承承运人或或其代理理人办理理托运Carrier or hisagentexamine theshipping

28、bills,issuethe copiesofB/N,S/O,M/RtoC&Fagent承运人或或其代理理人审核核托运联联单，确确定运杂费后后，留下下托运单单，签发发相关联联单（B/N(留底），S/O,M/R（报关）给货代代Carrier (orhisagent) issue aLoadingList accordingtoallbookingreservationanddraftastowage planbase on theL/L承运人或或其代理理根据订订舱情况况进行货货物积载载安排，出具装装货清单单L/L托运单（B/N，Booking Note）托运单又又称为订订舱单，是托运运人根据据贸

29、易合合同和信信用证条条款的内内容填制制的向承承运人或或其代理理办理托托运货物物的书面面凭证为承运人人配载，通知港港口仓库库接受货货物等作作业提供供依据托运单内内容：托托运人与与收货人人名称、启运港港、目的的港、货货名、标标记及号号码、重重量、件件数、尺尺码、装装船日期期、运费费支付方方式、可可否转船船，分批批装运等等装货单（S/OShippingOrder)装货单是是接受了了托运人人提出装装运申请请的船公公司，签签发给托托运人，凭以命命令船长长将承运运的货物物装船的的单据。装货单既既可用作作装船依依据，又又是货主主凭以向向海关办办理出口口货物申申报手续续的主要要单据之之一，所所以装货货单又称称

30、“关单单”，对托运人人而言，装货单单是办妥妥货物托托运的证证明。对对船公司司或其代代理而言言，装货货单是通通知船方方接受装装运该批批货物的的指示文文件。装货清单单（LOADINGLIST，L/L）装货清单单是承运运人将全全船待装装货物按按目的港港和货物物性质归归类，依依航次、靠港顺顺序排列列编制的的装货单单汇总清清单其内容包包括装货货单编号号、货名名、件数数、包装装形式、毛重、估计尺尺码及特特种货物物对装运运的要求求或注意意事项的的说明等等。装货清单单是船上上大副编编制配载载计划的的主要依依据，又又是供现现场理货货人员进进行理货货，港方方安排驳驳运，进进出库场场以及承承运人掌掌握情况况的业务务

31、单据。Step 3、托运人人备货，报关Shipper preparehis cargoesfor export(packaging,marking)托运人办办妥出口口货物的的包装，刷唛(mark)Shipper or itsC&Fagentprocesscustomclearance withrelevantdocuments ,includingbillofcustoms clearance, exportcontract；Commercial Invoice;Packing List;CertificateofOrigin；Certificate of Inspection, Marine

32、InsurancePolicy；Shipping bills,customofficerendorse on S/Oasletshipapproval托运人或或货运代代理持出出口货物物报关单单,合合同，发票，装箱单单，原产产地证明明，商检检证书、保险单单和船运运单据等等证明报报关,海海关在S/O上盖放放行章Theexportermakesnecessary arrangementsforcargotransportationtothe port, cargo caneitherbeplaceinports warehouseordirectlyloadedonthe vessel托运人向向港口

33、仓仓库发货货(集中中装船)或直接接装船Step 4、接货，装船，换换单Shippingagentreceive thecargoonbehalfofthe carrier装船往往往是由承承运人在在各装货货港指定定装船代代理人接接收托运运货物，办理交交接手续续C&FAgentturn in Shipping Order,Mates ReceipttotallycompanyforTallyverification然后货运运代理人人将S/O、M/R送送交理货货公司，凭此理理货装船船注：Tally services provideassurance thatthe numberorquantityo

34、fgoodstobeshipped or received is thesame as those describedinshippingdocumentssuchasthebilloflading, letterofcredit, matesreceipt,orotherdocuments.Step 4、接货，装船，换换单Afterexaminationofcargos quantity andpackage condition, tally companyturninS/Oand M/RtotheMateofvessel, theMate keepshippingorderandissue

35、endorsedM/Rtothe C&FAgent理货公司司理货后后将S/O和M/R交交大副，大副核对无误误，留下下S/O，签发M/R，交还托托运人TheC&F Agent surrendersthe MatesReceipt to theShippingCompany forobtainingthe BillofLading andpaythe freight货运代理理人根据据M/R付运费，并凭缴缴费凭据据换提单单（B/L）Shipper collectpaymentfrom thebank (orimporter)withBill of lading托运人持持提单到到银行结结汇收货单（M/

36、RMates Receipt)收货单是是船舶收收到货物物的收据据及货物物己经装装船的凭凭证,由大副签签注，又又称为”大副收收据”货物装船船时，如如发现外外表存在在缺陷，大副可可拒收或或要求托托运人予予以调换换。如不不愿或不不能调换换，大副副应早收收货单上上如实加加以批注注，以使使船方免免除赔偿偿责任托运人凭凭经过签签注的收收货单向向承运人人或其代代理支付付运费，换取提提单Commonremarksonmates receipt常见大副副批注SHORTSHIP FIVECASESTHREEBALESBURST,N/R FORCONSEQUENTIAL LOSSORSHORTAGEOFCONTEN

37、TSTWOCARTONSOPEN FLAPSFOUR LOOSE PIECESUNSECURELY PACKEDONECARTON N0.23 MILDEWSTAINEDMARKSINDISTINCTPERISHABLE CARGO AT SHIPPERSRISKDAMAGEBYVERMINS(RATS)CARGOSWEATED N/RFORLOSSORSHORTAGEANDCONTENTSALLTIMBER LOADEDWETSHORTSHIP FIVECASES短装五箱箱THREEBALESBURST,N/R FORCONSEQUENTIAL LOSSORSHORTAGEOFCONTENT

38、S3包破裂，船方对对内容的的灭失或或短少不不负责TWOCARTONSOPEN FLAPS两纸箱盖盖松开FOUR LOOSE PIECES四捆零散散UNSECURELY PACKED包装不固固ONECARTON N0.23 MILDEWSTAINED第二十三三号箱有有霉渍MARKSINDISTINCT标志模糊糊PERISHABLE CARGO AT SHIPPERSRISK易腐货物物，发货货人自负负风险DAMAGEBYVERMINS(RATS)有虫或鼠鼠咬CARGOSWEATED N/RFORLOSSORSHORTAGEANDCONTENTS货物发汗汗，船方方对货物物损失，短少和和内容不不负责A

39、LLTIMBER LOADEDWET全部木材材水湿装装船凭保函签签发清洁洁提单实践中，当货物物包装不不良或存存在缺陷陷时，托托运人人会出具具保函，要求承承运人签签发清洁洁提单，以便能能顺利结结汇，在在当今航航运实务务中被普普遍采用用。也因为这这种保函函能使承承、托运运人之间间就签发发清洁提提单与否否发生争争议时迅迅速得到到“润滑滑”，从从而使予予盾双方方摆脱僵僵持的困困境，避避免双方方一触即即发的损损失。这这种保函函实际上上对促进进经济和和航运事事业的发发展起到到了一定定的积极极作用。但长期以以来，对对这种保保函的效效力问题题，不仅仅外国法法院有不不同的主主张和判判例，我我国现行行的海商商法也

40、无无明确的的规定，法学界界和航运运界各执执一说，莫衷一一是，至至今国际际间尚无无统一的的认识LetterofIndemnity保函a document which thewriterissues to anotherpartyagreeingtoprotectthem fromliability fortheperformanceofcertainact.CaseA shipperoforange juice in barrelsprevailed说服upon theownersofthe shiptoissueacleanbill of ladingacknowledging therece

41、ipt of theconsignment“inapparentgoodorderandcondition”intheknowledge thatthe barrels桶were old,frailand leakingatthe timeofshipment. Whenthe barrelsoforange juice arrivedatthe portofdischarge,considerablelosshadbeensufferedand, becauseofthe clean billoflading,thecarrierpaid theclaim.Thereafter,thecar

42、rierbrought aclaimagainsttheshippersunderthe terms of theletterofindemnity.Theshipper,however,sought shelterbehind thelawand refusedtopay,submitting thatthe letterwasissued by theminpursuance of aconspiracybetween themselvesand thecarrier in order to misrepresentthecondition of thebarrels andwas, therefore,unenforceable不能执行行的TheCourtruledthatthecarriermade arepresentationinthe billof