语言学的名词解释

1、WhenIwaspreparingthepostgraduateentranceexaminationofNNU(NanjingNormalUniversity),someofthesefollowingconceptshadbeentested,buttheresnospecificorclearexplanationinthetextbookrequiredbytheinpreparingthesecond-roundexaminationIreadtheminotherrelevantbooks,Iwrotedownhereforyourtheyareusefultosomeofyou.

2、1.Acculturation(同化过程）isaprocessinwhichmembersofoneculturalgroupadoptthebeliefsandbehaviorsofanothergroup.Adjacencypair（相邻语对）;asequenceoftwoutterancesbydifferentspeakersinconversation.Thesecondisaresponsetothefirst,suchasquestion/answersequencesandgreeting/greetingexchange.3.affix:aboundmorphemethati

3、sattachedtoastemandmodifiesitsmeaninginsomeway.4.agreement(concord)（一致）:hesentenceTheboygoestoschooleveryisanagreementinnumberbetweenboyand.goes（发音器官):thetongue,lips,andvelum,whichchangetheshapeofthevocaltracttoproducedifferentspeechsounds.(体）:thegrammaticalcategoryrepresentingdistinctioninthetempor

4、alstructureofanevent.Englishhastwoaspectconstruction-theperfectandtheprogressive.(完成体和进行体)(吐气）;thepuffofairthatsometimesfollowsthepronounciationofastopconsonant./p/inthewordpit.（辅音）;aspeechsoundproducedbypartialorcompleteclosureofpartofthevocaltract,thusobstructingtheairflowandcreatingaudiblefrictio

5、n.Consonantsaredescribedintermsofvoicing,placeofarticulation,andmannerofarticulation.9.converstionalimplicature（会话含义）:petence（交际能力）;theabilitytouselanguageappropriatelyinsocialsituations.11.constituent（成分）:asyntacticunitthatfunctionsaspartofalargeunitwithinasentence;typicalconstituenttypesareverbphr

6、ase,nounphrase,prepositionalphraseandclause.(格)：thegrammaticalcategoryininflectionallanguagesbywhichtheformofanounornounphrasevariesforgrammaticalorsemanticreasons.Englishhasonlyonecasedistinctioninnounsthegenitivecase(所有格),butEnglishpronounshavethreeformsthatcorrespondtothreeofthesixcasesinLatin.（小

7、句）:agrammaticalunitthatcontainsasubjectandapredicate.Itmaybeasentenceorpartofasentence.class（封闭词类）:agroupofwordswhosemembershipissmallanddoesnotreadilyacceptnewmembers.（创新词）:theconstructionandadditionofnewwords.(分布）:thesetofpositionsinwhichagivenlinguisticelementorformcanappearinalanguage.（双重结构）:aty

8、peofdouble-layerstructureinwhichasmallnumberofmeaninglessunitsarecombinedtoproducealargenumberofmeaningfulunits.（包含）;therelationshipbetweentwosentenceswherethetruthofone(thesecond)isinferredfromthetruthoftheother.（宛转语）:awordorphrasethatreplacesataboowordorisusedtoavoidreferencetocertainactsorsubject

9、s,.powderroomfortoilet.pathsentence（花园小径句）:asentenceinwhichthecomprehenderassumesaparticularmeaningofawordoraphrasebutlaterdiscoversthattheassumptionwasincorrect,forcingthecomprehendertobacktrackandreinterpretthesentencevariation;(自由变异)arelationbetweentwospeechsoundssuchthateitheronecanoccurinacerta

10、inpositionandthesubstitutionofonefortheothernevermakesanydifferenceinthemeaningoftheword.Forinstance,theunexploded(失去爆破)stop/d/inthephraseGoodmorningisinfreevaritationwiththeexploded(爆破)counterpart.（屈折变化）:themorphologicalprocessbywhichaffixescombinewithwordsorstemstoindicatesuchgrammaticalcategories

11、astenseorplurity.（支配）:thegrammaticalphonomenoninwhichthepresenceofaparticularwordinasentencerequiresasecondwordwhichisgrammaticallinkedwithittoappearinaparticularform.aprepositionoraverbrequiresthatthepronounfollowingitbeintheobjectiveform,asinwithme,tohim.universal(语言共性):anypropertythatissharedbymo

12、st,ifnotall,humanlanugages.franca:(通用语)Alanguagevarietyusedforcommunicationamonggroupsofpeoplewodonototherwiseshareacommonlanguage.Forexample,Englishisthelinguafrancaoftheinternationalscientificcommunity.;Thestudyoftheeffectoflanguageonsociety.:Thestudyoftheeffectofanyandallaspectsofsociety,includin

13、gculturalnorms,expetationsandcontexts,onthewaylanguageisused.Itisoftensimplycalledsociolinguistics.relation:(纵组合关系)Thesubstitutionalrelationbetweenasetoflinguisticitems,thatis,linguisticforms(letters,wordsandphrases)canbesubstitutedforeachotherinthesamepositioninawordorsentence.,b,p,s,fareinparadigm

14、aticrelationinthewordsbit,pit,sit,fit,soareNature,Beauty,Love,Honestyinthesentences:Naturepurifiesthemind.Beautypurifiesthemind.Lovepurifiesthemind.Honestypurifiesthemind.relation:(横组合关系)Thewordbit,b,i,tareinsyntagmaticrelation,soarenature,purifies,the,mind,inthesentenceNaturepurifiesthemind.（预设）:im

15、plicitassumptionsabouttheworldacquiredtomakeanutterancemeaningfulorappropriate,e,g,“someteahasalreadybeentaken”isapresuppostionof“Takesomemoretea”.(典型):Whatmembersofaparticularcommunitythinkofasthebestexampleofalexicalcategory,someEnglishspeakers“cabbage”(ratherthan,say,carrot)mightbetheprototypical

16、vegetable.(词根):themorphemethatremainswhenallaffixesarestrippedfromacomplexword.systemfromun-+system+atic+ally.（词干）:thebasetowhichoneormoreaffixesareattachedtocreateamorecomplexformthatmaybeanotherstemoraword.（禁忌语）:wordsthatareoffensiveorembarrassing,consideredinappropriatefor“politesociety”,thustobe

17、avoidedinconversation.restriction(选择限制):arestrictiononthecombiningofwordsinasentenceresultingfromtheirmeaning.universal:(语言共性)Thelinguisticuniversalsareprinciplesthatenablechildrentoacquireaparticularlanguageunconsciously,withoutinstructionintheearlyyearsoflife.AsawholetheyarereferredtoasUniversalGr

18、ammar.distribution(比较分布)：Ifthespeechsoundsoccurinthesamephoneticcontextandthesubstitutionresultsacontrastinmeaning,wesaytheyareincontrastivedistribution.constituentanalysis（直接成分解析法）isthetechniqueofbreakingupsentencesintowordgroupsbymakingsuccessivebinarycuttingsuntilthelevelofsinglewordsisreached.co

19、nstruction:(向心结构或内心结构)Oneconstructionwhosedistributionisfunctionallyequivalent,orapproachingequivalence,tooneofitsconstituents.ThetypicalEnglishendocentricconstructionsarenounphrasesandadjectivephrases.construction(离心结构或外心结构)theoppositeofendocentricconstruction,referstoagroupofsyntacticallyrelatedwo

20、rdswherenoneofthewordsisfunctionallyequivalenttothewholegroup.Mostconstructionsareexocentric.canbedefinedasthemeansemployedtoshowawarenessofanotherpersonspublicself-image.(politenessprinciple)tactmaxim;generosityprinciple;approbationmaxim;modestymaxim;agreementmaxim;sympathymaxim.(反语)istheuseofwords

21、toexpresssomethingotherthanandespeciallytheoppositeoftheliteralmeaningoftheutterance.:(语码变换)meansthealternationbetweentwoormorelanguages,languagevarietiesorregistersincommunication.filter(感情过滤)：Ascreenofemotionthatcanblocklanguageacquisitionorlearningifitkeepsthelearnersbeingtooself-consciousortooem

22、barrassedtotakerisksduringcommunicativeexchanges.（转类构词）isachangeinthegrammaticalfunctionofawordwithoutaddingorremovinganypartofit.Awordbelongingtoonepartofspeechisextendedtoanotherpartofspeech.Itisalsocalledfunctionalshiftorzeroderivation.meaningVSgrammaticalmeaning(词汇意义与语法意义)Themeaningofasentenceis

23、carriedbythewordsproperaswellasbythepatternsofwordorderthatispartofthegrammaticalsystemofalanguage.Thepartofthesentencemeaningcontributedbywordsiscalledthelexicalmeaningandthepartofsentencemeaningthatdependsuponthewaythewordsareputtogetheriscalledgrammaticalmeaning,inwhichthefunctionwordsandthewordo

24、rderplayaveryimportantrole.meaningVSnon-linguisticmeaning(副语言意义与非语言意义)Inhumancommunication,apartfromthelinguisticmeaningconveyedbylanguageitself,therearenumerousparalinguisticmeaningsandnon-linguisticmeaningsthatareperceivedsimultaneouslybythehearer.Paralinguisticmeaningsarethoseattachedtotheverbale

25、xpressionsbyqualityofvoice,tempoofspeech,posture,facialexpressionandgestures.Non-linguisticmeaningsarethoseindicatedbynon-verbalnoisessuchascough,sigh,tongue-clicking,variouskindsofbodylanguagesanddifferentcontextsofsituation.VSconnotation(外延与内涵)Denotationisastraightforward,literalmeaningofthewordeverymemberofthelanguagespeakingcommunitywillagreeon.Connotationisnotthebasicmeaingofthewordbutsomeemotiveorevaluativemeaingsassociatedwithth