第一篇货物买卖法lec-6买卖合同效

1、QUESTIONS & ANSWERS CONCERNING THE PREVIOUS LECTURE lec-6Lec-6教教学内容容：2-4国国际际货物买买卖合同同的效力力2-4.1承承诺的生生效& 要约约的生效效2-4.2承承诺的生生效& 合同同的成立立2-4.3合合同的成成立& 合同同的效力力2-4.4订订约意图图（legal intention）&达成合意意（consent） &合法目的的（legality）辨析析2-4.5合合同的形形式（form）2-4国际货物物买卖合合同的效效力上周主要要内容回回顾：国际货物物买卖合合同的成成立要约& 承诺诺（概念念、构成成条件）理清各个个国际货

2、货物买卖卖合同几几个的基基本关系系：-要约的的构成， 到-承诺的的构成， 到-合同的的成立， 到-合同的的生效， 到-合同的的履行，到-合同消消灭或争争议2-4.1要约约的生效效&承诺诺的生效效1.要约约的生效效时间、地点和和意义-到达受受要约人人 （世世界法则则）-约束要要约人和和受约人人2.承诺诺的生效效时间、地点和和意义-到达要要约人（CISG和我我法，postalrule除外外）-合同成成立，（非合同同生效）3.要约约的生效效和承诺诺的生效效的关系系 ？2-4.2承承诺的生生效& 合同同的成立立有关承诺诺生效与与合同成成立关系系的若干干问题1.承承诺如果果有效，合同必必然成立立吗？2.

3、如果果合同成成立，承承诺必然然有效吗吗？3.承承诺一旦旦生效，合同立立刻成立立吗？如何理解解待生效效的合同同？2-4.3合合同的成成立& 合同同的效力力合同成立立的概念念和法律律意义- 在词词汇上：formation &validity- 双方方合意：通过过要约和和承诺- 合意意法律效效果：合合意不一一定合法法合同生效效的概念念及其法法律意义义- 合法法，产产生对当当事人的的法律拘拘束力- 合同同成立+合合同生效效的其他他条件即：2.订约意图图legalintention；3.订订约的行行为能力力 capacity；4.意意思表示示真实genuineconsent；5.对对价considera

4、tion；6.合同形式式form7.合同合法法legality合同生效效的其他他条件-订约意图图legalintentionPresumption1(type1 of objectivetest):itispresumedthat partiestoanagreement ofdomesticorsocialorvolunteering naturedonotintend to be legallyboundunlessitisrebutted.Presumption2 (type 2ofobjectivetest):itispresumedthat partiestoanagreement

5、concerningcommerceorbusinessintend to be legallyboundunlessitisrebutted.(Rose& Frank Co.v Crompton &BrosLtd)a business agreementdrawnupbetween aBritishcompany andanAmericanfirm .Ithad allthesignsofbeinglegallybinding agreementbutcontained thefollowingclause“thisagreementisnot enteredinto,nor is this

6、memorandumwritten as aformal or legal agreementandshallnot be subjecttolegaljurisdiction in thelawcourts butitisonly adefiniteexpressionandrecord of thepurpose andintentionofthe partiesconcerned to which theyeachhonorablypledge themselves”legalintentioninvolvedbythe parties? “thisagreementisnot ente

7、redinto,nor is thismemorandumwritten as aformal or legal agreementandshallnot be subjecttolegaljurisdiction in thelawcourts butitisonly adefiniteexpressionandrecord of thepurpose andintentionofthe partiesconcerned to which theyeachhonorablypledge themselves” (参考译译文：所所订立的的本协议议或备忘忘录并不不是正式式文件或或法律协协议,也也

8、不受法法院管辖辖，它只只是记载载了合同同当事人人订约的的愿望和和目的，为此当当事人为为了荣誉誉承诺如如下) thelegaleffect of honor clause:Contractcontaining an “honorclause” is notlegally effective. Thecontractisactuallyregardedashonorableagreement ,whichhas no anylegalbinding force uponthe parties, although thecontractfunctionstopromoteboth partiesto

9、carryit outmorally.Therefore, “honorclause”incontractrebuts thepresumptionthatagreements of abusinessnature areintendedtobebinding.Rebuttalofpresumption2TEEN RANCH PTYLTDV.BROWY(1955)FactsBrownwas avolunteer workerata nonprofit Christianyouthcentre. He receivedaccommodation,food andtheuse of thecamp

10、 facilitiesand wasexpectedtoobey camprulesbut he received no wages.Whileworking at thecamp he wasinjured andclaimed workers compensation.Question:wasthereacontractofemployment thatwouldinreturn entitleBrowntoworkerscompensation ?Decision:No，contractexistedbecause bothpartieshadnolegalintention as Br

11、own s workwas voluntary.InChinavoluntarycontractisnot regarded as legal contract as is of moral nature, andthus shouldnotbegovernedbyour contract law.合同生效效的其他他条件-合同的合合法性（legality）货物买卖卖合同合合法性可可有如下下含义：出卖人转转移标的的物（货货物）的的所有权权与买受受人和买受人支支付价款款的-（1）.法律目的的合法，如如不允许许把公共共所有物物窃为己己有；-（2）.商业目的的合法，如如赚钱资资助恐怖怖活动；-（3）.

12、转移标的的物和支支价行为为本身合法法，法律允允许货物物正常买买卖行为为；则会会不允许许货物大大幅度贱贱卖；-（4）.买卖标的的物合法法，即法法律允许许标的物物（如钢钢材）交交易，则则不允许许毒品交交易；-（5）.买卖行为效果果合法，即即买卖行行为所导导致的直直接后果果法，如如果所买买卖卖的的钢材直直接用于于制造恐恐怖工具具则非法法；-（6）.还有交易易主体资格格、代理资格格、等其他他合法性性问题。合同能够够的合法法性主要要是合同同的法律律目的合合法性 2-4.4解解析与合合同效力力有关的的几个概概念之之间的相相互关系系合同生效效的七大大条件中中，如下下三个条条件似乎乎相互有有关联，容易搞搞混，

13、应应当区别别：达成合意（meetingofminds：offer&acceptance）订约意图（legalintention）合法目的（legality：contractualend）达成合意意 &订订约意意图、合合法目的的达成合意意未必具具有订约约意图，没有订订约意图图也可以以达成合合意（如如：honor clause）达成合意意也未必必符合合合法目的的（如：达成抢抢劫合同同）订约意图图&合合法目目的订约意图图:强调当事事人主观观上是否否愿意踏踏入法律律平台，它解决决合意的的“入法或不不入法”，即法律性和和非法律律性问题题，它解解决当事事人是否否要承担担法律责责任问题题；合法目的的：强调当

14、事事人的合合意“此法或彼彼法”，即合法与与非法问问题，它它解决合合意的是是否能够够强制执执行，以以及是否否要承担担刑事责责任的问问题三者基本本关系一一句话表表述当事人在在具有订约意图图（legal intention）的前提下下或平台台上，经经要约和和承诺即即合意（meeting of minds）以及其他他法律条条件（如如：具有有订约行行为能力力、意思思表示真真实、和和对价），通过过实现法法律目的的（legality）来达到其其商业目目标。换句话来来说：均具有订订立国际际货物买买卖合同同意图（legalintention）当事人A和B，经合意（meeting of minds）和其他条条件，

15、通通过合法法地转移移货物所所有权这这一法律律目的（legality）来达到彼彼此盈利利的商业业目标。辨析合同同成立与与合同生生效的关关系和法法律价值值两者关系系：合同成立立是合同同生效的的前提和和条件；合同生生效是合合同成立立的必然然结果。法律价值值：-合同成成立：强强调私法法层面上上的契约约自由；-合同生生效：强强调管制制法上的的合同法法制，依依法自由由和法律律约束效效果。问：我们们订约目目的是追追求合同同成立还还是合同同效力？对国际贸贸易实务务而言，何者对对我们意意义较大大？英美法有有效合同同条件：一句话话英美法合合同有效效的七大大条件可可以用一一句话概概括：一个具有有订约资格格的人（ca

16、pacity），内心想与他人人订约（legalintention），他必须把把他内心心的订约约思想通通过要约约承诺的的过程（agreement-as procedure）真实地表达出出来（genuineconsent），就某种交换换事项（consideration）与他人达达成一致（agreement as meetingofminds），这样才能能以某种种合同形式式（form）达到建立立合同关关系的目的（legality）。the7-requirementsofvalidcontractmanifestedinone sentenceA manwith contractual capacit

17、y（capacity）, wholegallyintends（legalintention)tomake alawful contract（legality）with other peoplemust expressitout genuinely（genuineconsent）through offer-acceptanceprocedure(agreement-as procedure）toreachsort of(form)a agreement（agreement as meetingofminds)onexchangeofsomethingvaluable（consideration）

18、thetreeofvaliditybirthofcontract-from formationtotermination阶段3: 合同同完全生效效合同无效或消灭可撤销合同阶段2:合合同生效待生效合同阶段1:合合同成立STOP FORTHETIMEBEING2-4.5合合同的形形式（form）4.5.1合同同的形式式与各种种类似合合同形式式4.5.2要约约与承诺诺的形式式与合同同成立的的关系4.5.3合同同的形式式与合同同成立的的关系4.5.4合同同格式战战4.5.1合同同的形式式与各种种类似合合同形式式Asthedifferent forms of offer andacceptance th

19、econtractformscouldbeaswell as follows:A.oral contractB.written contractC.contractinactionD.electronic contractA.oral formofcontractItisformulated throughlanguage.- Vis-a-visnegotiation- negotiation throughtelephone orMSNphoningsystemB.written contracta.legalsignificanceofcontractinwritingform-judic

20、iallyItprovidesevidenceofthecontract;-practically, it provides clearlymemorable andunderstandableobligations;- certainlawsrequest contract in writingformUCC:theamount of contract forsale of goods over$500Chinese law:sale of realestate.mercial documentssimilar to writtencontractThosesimilar document

21、include:(1). memo(备忘录录);(2). generalagreement（原则则协议书书）;(3). letterofintent(意向向书);(4). preliminary agreement(初步协协议书).（1）. memo(备忘忘录)-arecordofnegotiation,-non-legaldocument（2）. generalagreement (原原则性协协议)alegaldocumentbutitneedstobefurther detailed in order to beworkable.（3）. letterofintent(意向向书)A doc

22、ument where onepartygivesa strongindication to theotherthat he is likelytoplacea contract withhim.Usually it is wordednottocreate legal obligation，However，in somecases, it maybephrased to includeainvitation to commence apreliminarywork,Insuchcircumstance, it createsanobligation.Case follows.Case:let

23、terofintent legally bindingFacts:Thedefendant asked theclaimanttosupplycertaintype of goods,andsenttheclaimants aletterofintentstatingtheirintentiontoplaceanorderontheirstandardterms. Theclaimantstatedthatthey wereunwilling to makecontractonsuchterms,butstarted to manufacture andeventually completed

24、anddelivered allthegoodsrequested by thedefendant.Theclaimantsuedforthe value of thenodes,but thedefendantcounter-claimed fordamages forthelatedelivery.Decision:Asthepartieshadnocontract,sotherewouldbenoquestionofdamages forlate delivery requestedbythecontract.However,sincetheclaimanthad undertakent

25、he workatthe requestofthe defendantandthe defendanthadacceptedthe work, theclaimantswerestillentitledtoa reasonableremuneration fortherenderedservices.（4）preliminaryagreement (初初步协议议)preliminaryagreementoftenoccurs wherethenegotiationtakesmonths or evenyears, forinstance,negotiationfor joint venture

26、ortechnologytransferorinvestment .Itmaywellhappenthatthenegotiatorshave enteredintoa preliminary agreementwithout being consciousofit.Furthermore,the parties intentionnottocreate legallybindingrelationdoes notproduce thesame consequencesunderalllegalsystems.Forexample,underFrench law,theprincipleofc

27、onsensualism(协协商一致致)impliesthat acontractisconcluded whenapartydemonstratestheexistenceofameeting of minds,without anyfurther conditionbeingrequired.Comment：Frenchlaw intendstoexploretheexistence of thecontractform whatthe partiesare thinking,ratherthanfrom whattheyhave expressedout. (theconstructio

28、n of contract)Thus,theoralcontractbecomes morejudiciallypractical.This sortofruleofFrench lawapplies to anycontractincludingPreliminaryagreementandthuslead to thecontractualobligation simplybecause ,inthe courseofdiscussion,they haveexpressed an agreementoncertain points.Sothenegotiatorsneedtobeexte

29、rnally watchful forsituations thatcreate unintendedlegalobligationsThebestwaytopreventsuch situationfrom happeningis:discussC.contractinactionItisalso called事事实合同同 in Chineseterminology. Thetype of contract is formulatedthroughactions of bothparties ,ratherthanbylanguageorbywriting.E.g. thecaseoflet

30、terofintent above mentioned.D.electronic contract (电电子合同同形式)Therecent development of e-commercea.thestandardbusinessmessagethat arebeingdevelopedfor bothnationaland internationaltrade.b.standardprocedurebeingintroducedbetween seller,buyer,trade-relatedservices, customs, etctosupport theimplementatio

31、nofthemassage.c.thehardware,software,andnetworkservicesrequiredarenot restrictedtonationalboundariesandshould notneed to be alteredfor communicationwithparties abroad.d.languageindependenceisbuiltinthrough theuseofUNdataelementsand internationalcodesets-e.g. Terms of payments anddeliveries,harmonize

32、d codingsystemfor commodities andservices,codesfor identifying theparties andlocation,etc.e.thereductionofpaperworkisrequiredincross-boardtrade.Thebenefitsofe-commerceE-commerce(1). it createshigh managementbyquickening decision-makingprocess andfacilitatingeasy-tousesystem formanagement dataanalysi

33、s(2). it providesaccuracy,speedand efficiency(3).itraises theorganizationsinternationalprofile andaccess.(4).itmakesthecost moreeffectiveFailure to becomeinvolvedinE-commerce willresult in businessesorcompanies no longerbeingcompetitiveinthefuture marketplace.Theweb-based or electronicoronline busin

34、ess(B2C/B2B)creates anew category of contract.However,onthewhole, thewebsite sales activitiesonthe internet arelargelyunregulatedsincethelaw is stillinitsinfancy.Noticeable issuess for formation of electronic contract under common lawIn writing form : It provides evidence of the terms of contractSig

35、ned: some legislations, e.g. UK and China , have given legal effect to digital signatureTiming of acceptance: the post rule ,with any problems arising from it, probably applies, although the point has not been tested.Because internet e-mail shares many qualities of conventional Mail ,which is not ab

36、solutely instantaneous and may be subject to delayConsideration: the internet is largely insecure, this may cause problems when it comes to payment .practical legal issues faced by the seller and buyer when negotiating online (7 issues)1.Website should be construed as shop windows, that is ITT rathe

37、r than offers2.Terms and conditions governing electronic transactions should be made explicitly and clearly 3.An indication of interest by a purchaser visiting the website should be understood by both parties to be an offer , not an acceptance, which the seller then is free to accept or reject.4.The

38、 law and jurisdiction governing the transaction should be made clear 5.The seller should make sure that any web pages do not contravene local laws (for example, those relating to advertising standard) in the countries targeted 6.Seller can continue to use disclaimers of liabilities, clearly displaye

39、d on the website, subject to usual customer protection laws on unfair terms7.A time limit should be set for all offers made on the website, which should take account of potential delays in receiving email.4.5.2要约约与承诺诺形式与与合同成成立的关关系要约/承诺的形式与合同形式图表 要约当面谈判、电话信/电报/传真/电邮行为口头书面行为承诺当面电话口头口头合同书面合同？口头合同？信、电报传

40、真电邮书面书面合同？书面合同书面合同？行为行为 事实合同(法理是:事实合同的特点是合同的成立与合同的履行在同一个时间)4.5.3合同同的形式式与合同同成立的的关系在通常情情况下，合同具具备法定定形式后后合同成成立，但但有时合合同在形形式上的的缺陷并并不影响响合同的的成立，我国法法律似乎乎更重视视合同履履行所产产生效果果的社会会价值，至于合合同的形形式的重重要性则则其次。只要合合同能够够双方认认可了合合同的履履行即便便是合同同的形式式有缺陷陷，也认认定合同同成立，除非法法律有强强制性的的合同形形式的硬硬性要求求如房屋屋买卖的的书面形形式要求求。2-4.5.3 我国法律：合同形式与合同成立关系形式

41、意外与异议条件与合同成立法律效果口头合同一方对口头合同内容有异议合同已开始履行 合 同 认 定 成 立书面合同但实际上没有采取书面形式一方已履行主要义务，对方接受的在签字或盖章前依据交易习惯履行双方对合同履行没有异议如果一方对合同内容有异议一方已履行主要义务，对方不接受可能认定合同不成立4.5.4标标准条款款与合同同格式战战A：Definition of standard termsUNIDROTTprinciple: standard terms areprovisions which arepreparedinadvance forgeneral andrepeatedusebyone p

42、arty andwhichareactuallyusedwithout negotiation withthe other party.B.rulesregardingstandardtermsa.general rules on formationofcontractapplybutwiththefollowing exceptions（b-d）b.thetermcontainedinthe standard terms shall havenoeffect if theotherpartycouldnothavereasonablyexpected;c.incase of conflict

43、 betweenthe standard termand termwhichisnot standard,thelatterprevailsd.wherethecontractisconcluded containingthe standard termusedbyboth parties,thestandardtermsare in conflict witheachother,thetermsnot in conflict areeffective.C.battle of formBattleofformariseswherethe partiesexchange inconsistent

44、standardformsduringthe contract negotiation andreachtheagreement on theprincipaltermswithout deciding whose standard formshould prevail.Resolution:1.classicallastshot approach(usually usedfor offer/acceptance)-The party winsthe battleifhesendsthelastinsistentformwhichusually willberegardedascounter-offer;or-the party winsifheismorepersistent in insistinghisown form.2.CISGapproachCISGapproachArt19:acceptance withmodificationsacceptanceWithMaterial modificationAcceptance is not effective it is a counter-offeracceptance withImmaterialmodificationAcceptance is ef