reading理解古代艺术泥土如何形成文明出现词句

Words&theruinsofancientMesoamerica：古代洲的废unearthedcivilizationsincreasinglyremoteinage：出土（上越来unearth：v.anearlierstratumofantiquity：一个更早的古代岩层Stratum:岩层扩展：Stratification:(尤指社会的)分层，形成阶层Stratificationisthedivisionofsomething,especiallysociety,intodifferentclassesorcameuponMayacitiesinthejungle：偶然遇到密林里的玛雅城市Comeupon：偶然碰到或发现Ifyoucomeuponsomeoneorsomething,youmeetthemorfindthembychance.workersinstallingsoundandlightequipment：安装音响和光照设备的stumbleduponaremarkablecave：偶然发现一个极大的Stumble：v.跌跌撞撞走，结巴说aroyalburialchamber：一个皇室的埋葬密室royal：adj.皇室的theexcavationofpyramidsOutlying：adj.Outlyingplacesarefarawayfromthemaincitiesofacountryinitiatedtheexcavationsthere:了那个地方的考古挖initiate=start=trigger，开excavateunearthv.unravelv.pre- turnedthisprocessaround：将该过程反转turnaround=reverse反转toarticulatetheiridentityinthetwenty- 们在21世纪的articulate：v. Mesoamericancivilizationcanbepushedbackanyfurther,althoughnewwork—suchasinOaxaca,southernMexico—willcontinuetofillindetailsofthepicture.In1971workersinstallingsoundandlightequipmentunderthePyramidoftheSunatTeotihuacanstumbleduponaremarkablecavethathassincebeeninterpretedbysomescholarsasaroyalburialchamber.Archaeologyhasitsownfashionstoo:theisolationofnewsitesmaybetheprimegoalinonedecadeandtheexcavationofpyramidsthefocusinthenext.Atonepoint,reconstructionofpyramidstoattracttourismmaybedesired;atanother,archaeologistsmaybeprecludedfromworkingatwhathasalready eatouristattraction.Preclude：v.排除在外，AFranciscanfriar(memberoftheRomanCatholicreligiousorder),Sahagúnrecordedforposteritymanyaspectsofpre-Hispaniclifeinhisencyclopediaoftwelvebooks,includinghistory,ideology,andcosmogony(theoriesoftheoriginoftheuniverse),aswellasdetailedinformationonthematerialsandmethodsoftheskillednativecraftworkers.Catholic：adj.Posterity：n.后代=offspring=descendantEncyclopedia：n.百科全书Ideology：;思想体系;思想方式Anideologyisasetofbeliefs,especiallythepoliticalbeliewhichpeople,parties,orcountriesbasetheiractionsCosmogony：n.Craftworkers:Duringthepast40years,scholarsalsohavemadegreatprogressindecipheringandinterpretingancientMesoamericanwritingsystems,abreakthroughthathastransformedourunderstandingofthepre-Columbianmind.Decipher：v.=decode,cipher=codeTransform：v.ClassicMayainscriptions,forexample—longthoughttorecordonlycalendricalinformationandastrologicalincantations—cannowberead,andwefindthatmostofthemglorifyfamilyandancestrybydisplayingtherightofindividualsovereignstorule.incantation：语Anincantationisaseriesofwordsthatrsonsaysorsingsasamagicspellormakeitseemgoodorspecial,usuallywhenitisnotsovereigns：n.AlthoughscholarslongbelievedthatMesoamericanartistsdidnotsigntheirworks,MayanistscholarDavidStuart’s1986decipheringoftheMayaglyphs(writtensymbols)for“scribe”and“towrite”openedawindowonMayapractice;nowweknowatleastonepainterofceramicvesselswasthesonofaking.Mayanist：玛decipher:破译 ；；glyphs：象形文practice:n.Youcanrefertosomethingthatpeopledoregularlyasapractice.Ceramicvessels:Vessel：n.Thousandsmoresmall-scaleobjectsareknownnowthaninthetwentiethcentury,althoughataterriblecosttotheancientruinsfromwhichtheyhavebeenplundered.Ata…costat…expense以…plunder：v.，窃→TheprocessofdiscoveryoftenshswhatweknowaboutthehistoryofMesoamericanart.ArchaeologyhasitsownfashionsNorshouldonefetthatexcavatorsarevulnerabletolocalAlso,modernconstructionoftendetermineswhichancientsitescanbeexcavated.ButthestudyofMesoamericanartisnotbasedexclusivelyonDuringthepast40years,scholarsalsohavemadegreatprogressindecipheringandinterpretingancientMesoamericanwritingsystems,abreakthroughthathastransformedourunderstandingofthepre-Columbianmind.Words&

HowSoilisdynamictopography(theelevations,depressions,directionsandanglesofslopes,andothersurfacefeaturesofthelandsc)topography：elevation：海拔高度anglesofslopes：斜坡的角度v.刺激，激发=motivateSimulate：v.模拟，模仿=mimic=imitateInhibit：v.阻Inhabit：v.Habitat：n.Habitant=inhabitant：n.carrieroftheacids：酸的携带者carrierofdisease：疾病携带者Radiantenergyhasapronouncedeffectonthemoistureregime,nouncedeffectonthemoistureregime：对水分管理的明显效果regime：n.Aregimeisthewaythatsuchasaninstitution,company,oreconomyisrun,especiallywhenitinvolvestoughorsevereactionevaporate：v.蒸发va.水蒸relativelylevelland：相对平坦的土地relatively：adv相对地=comparativelydrain：v.流走，排出Vegetation,animals,bacteria,andfungiallcontributetotheformationofsoil. position,andmineralizationoranicmaterialrequireconsiderabletime.Accumulation：n.积累=buildingupposition：n.分解Composition：n.n.Considerable：adj.大量的inequilibriumwith：与…soildifferentiationfromparentmaterial：从物质中土壤的分Soilsonsteepslopesoftenremainpoorlydevelopedregardlessofgeologicalagebecauserapiderosionremovessoilnearlyasfastasitisformed.Theparentmaterialistheunconsolidatedmassonwhichsoilformationtakesplace.Unconsolidated：adj.Thismaterialmayormaynotbederivedfromtheon-sitegeologicalsubstrateorbedrockonwhichitrests.On-sitegeologicalsubstrate:On-siteinplaceSubstrate：基底层物质，基Becauseofthediversityofmaterialsinvolved,soilsderivedfromtransportedparentmaterialsarecommonlymorefertilethansoilsfromparentmaterialsderivedinplace.Fertilize：v.施肥；传粉Fertilizer：n.化肥Naturalfertilizer=animalwaste=dung=manureArtificialfertilizer=inanicfertilizer=mineralfertilizerWhatevertheparentmaterial,whetherderivedinplacefrombedrockorfromtransportedmaterial,itultimaycomesfromgeologicalmaterials,suchasigneous,sedimentary,andmetamorphicrocks,andthecompositionoftherockslargelydeterminesthechemicalcompositionofthesoilUltimay：adv.最终=eventually=finally=overIgneousrockigneousrockisrockformedbysolidificationfromamoltenstate;especiallyfrommoltenmagmaSedimentaryrock：沉淀岩Sediment：沉淀物=depositClimateismostinfluentialindeterminingthenatureandintensityofweatheringandthetypeofvegetationthatfurtheraffectssoilthenatureandintensityofweathering：风化的性质和强度eg.Thenatureofhimisbad.Intensity:n.强度Intense：adj.猛烈的orrockweathersorisweathered,itchangescolororshasaresultofthewind,sun,rain,orcoldOpensurfacesexposedtothermalradiationundergothegreatestdailyfluctuationsinheatingandcooling,soilscoveredwithvegetationtheleast.Exposedto：于（不好的东西）当中=subjectto=vulnerableto=susceptibletoThermalradiation:热辐射geothermalenergy：地热能量 .经历fluctuation：n.flutter：v.挥动翅Thewaterregime—thewaterflowoveragiventime—insoilmaterialissporadic,andinmanypartsoftheEarthishighlyseasonal.WaterSporadicadj.;SporadicoccurrencesofsomethinghappenatirregularintervalsWaterthatentersthesoilduringheavyrainfallandsnowmeltmovesdownthroughthesoil.Steepslopesaresubjecttosurfaceerosionandsoilcreep—downslopemovementofsoilmaterial,whichaccumulatesonlowerslopesandlowl