2022年考研考博-考博英语-东北大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号59

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-东北大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

Forhundredsofmillionsofyears,turtleshavestruggledoutoftheseatolaytheireggsonsandybeaches,longbeforetherewerenaturedocumentariestocelebratethem,orGPSsatellitesandmarinebiologiststotrackthem,orvolunteerstohand-carrythehatchlingsdowntothewater’sedgelesttheybecomedisorientedbyheadlightsandcrawltowardsamotelparkinglotinstead.AformidablewallofbureaucracyhasbeenerectedtoprotecttheirprimenestingontheAtlanticcoastlines.Withallthatattentionpaidtothem,you’dthinkthesecreatureswouldatleasthavethegratitudenottogoextinct.

ButNatureisindifferenttohumannotionsoffairness,andareportbytheFishandWildlifeServiceshowedaworrisomedropinthepopulationsofseveralspeciesofNorthAtlanticturtles,notablyloggerheads,whichcangrowtoasmuchas400pounds.TheSouthFloridanestingpopulation,thelargest,hasdeclinedby50%inthelastdecade,accordingtoElizabethGriffin,amarinebiologistwiththeenvironmentalgroupOceana.ThefigurespromptedOceanatopetitionthegovernmenttoupgradethelevelofprotectionfortheNorthAtlanticloggerheadsfrom“threatened”to“endangered”—meaningtheyareindangerofdisappearingwithoutadditionalhelp.

Theobviousquestion:whatelsedotheseturtleswantfromus,anyway?Itturnsout,accordingtoGriffin,thatwhilewehavedoneagoodjobofprotectingtheturtlesfortheweekstheyspendonland(asegg-layingfemales,aseggsandashatchlings),wehaveneglectedtheyearsspendintheocean.“Thethreatisfromcommercialfishing,”saysGriffin.Trawlers(whichdraglargenetsthroughthewaterandalongtheoceanfloor)andlonglinefishers(whichcandeploythousandsofhooksonlinesthatcanstretchformiles)takeaheavytollonturtles.

Ofcourse,likeeveryotherenvironmentalissuetoday,thisisplayingoutagainstthebackgroundofglobalwarmingandhumaninterferencewithnaturalecosystems.Thenarrowstripsofbeachonwhichtheturtleslaytheireggsarebeingsqueezedononesidebydevelopmentandontheotherbythethreatofrisingsealevelsastheoceanswarm.Ultimatelywemustgetahandleonthoseissuesaswell,oracreaturethatoutlivedthedinosaurswillmeetitsendatthehandsofhumans,leavingourdescendantstowonderhowcreaturesouglycouldhavewonsomuchaffection.

1.Wecanlearnfromthefirstparagraphthat（）.

2.Whatdoestheauthormeanby“Natureisindifferenttohumannotionsoffairness"(Line1，Para.2)?

3.WhatconstitutesamajorthreattothesurvivalofturtlesaccordingtoElizabethGriffin?

4.Howdoesglobalwarmingaffectthesurvivalofturtles?

5.Thelastsentenceofthepassageismeantto（）.

问题1选项

A.humanactivitieshavechangedthewayturtlessurvive

B.effortshavebeenmadetoprotectturtlesfromdyingout

C.governmentbureaucracyhascontributedtoturtles,extinction

D.marinebiologistsarelookingforthesecretofturtles’reproduction

问题2选项

A.Natureisquitefairregardingthesurvivalofturtles.

B.Turtlesarebynatureindifferenttohumanactivities.

C.Thecourseofnaturewillnotbechangedbyhumaninterference.

D.Theturtlepopulationhasdecreasedinspiteofhumanprotection.

问题3选项

A.Theirinadequatefoodsupply.

B.Unregulatedcommercialfishing.

C.Theirlowerreproductionability.

D.Contaminationofseawater.

问题4选项

A.Itthreatensthesandybeachesonwhichtheylayeggs.

B.Thechangingclimatemakesitdifficultfortheireggstohatch.

C.Therisingsealevelsmakeitharderfortheirhatchlingstogrow.

D.Ittakesthemlongertoadapttothehighbeachtemperature.

问题5选项

A.persuadehumanbeingstoshowmoreaffectionforturtles

B.stressthateventhemostuglyspeciesshouldbeprotected

C.callforeffectivemeasurestoensureseaturtles’survival

D.warnourdescendantsabouttheextinctionofspecies

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:B

第4题:A

第5题:C

【解析】1.【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第一段中“AformidablewallofbureaucracyhasbeenerectedtoprotecttheirprimenestingontheAtlanticcoastlines.”，中文翻译为：一堵令人生畏的官僚主义墙已经竖起来保护它们在大西洋海岸线上的主要筑巢地。B选项“已经做出保护海龟免于灭绝的努力”符合题意。

2.【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干可以定位到原文第二段“…areportbytheFishandWildlifeServiceshowedaworrisomedropinthepopulationsofseveralspeciesofNorthAtlanticturtles...”，中文翻译为：一份由鱼类与野生生物服务局提供的报道显示，几种北大西洋海龟的数量出现了令人担忧的下降。以及参考第一段“AformidablewallofbureaucracyhasbeenerectedtoprotecttheirprimenestingontheAtlanticcoastlines.”，中文翻译为：一堵令人生畏的官僚主义墙已经竖起来保护它们在大西洋海岸线上的主要筑巢地。因此，D项正确，译为“尽管人类的保护，但是海龟的数量已减少”。

3.【试题解析】细节事实题。由题干可以定位到原文第三段“Trawlers(whichdraglargenetsthroughthewaterandalongtheoceanfloor)andlonglinefishers(whichcandeploythousandsofhooksonlinesthatcanstretchformiles)takeaheavytollonturtles.”，中文翻译为：拖网渔船（其拖着巨大的网穿过海域和海底的）和多钩长线渔船（其能在延伸数英里的钓线上布置数以千计的钩子）让海龟遭受重创。可以推测出B选项正确，译为“未受管理的商业捕鱼”。

4.【试题解析】细节事实题。由题干关键词globalwarming可以定位到原文最后一段中“Thenarrowstripsofbeachonwhichtheturtleslaytheireggsarebeingsqueezedononesidebydevelopmentandontheotherbythethreatofrisingsealevelsastheoceanswarm.”，中文翻译为：海龟产卵的狭窄带状海滩地带，一方面正被发展所挤压，在另一方面受到海洋变暖所带来的海平面不断上升的威胁。可以得知A选项正确。

5.【试题解析】推理判断题。根据题干可以定位到原文最后一段最后一句话“Ultimatelywemustgetahandleonthoseissuesaswell,oracreaturethatoutlivedthedinosaurswillmeetitsendatthehandsofhumans,leavingourdescendantstowonderhowcreaturesouglycouldhavewonsomuchaffection.”，中文翻译为：最后，我们必须也着手处理这些事情，否则一种比恐龙活得长的动物将会在人类的手中走向灭亡，从而让我们的后代去想知道如此丑陋的生物如何得到如此多的关爱。可以推测出C选项“呼吁采取有效的措施来确保海龟的生存”正确。

2.单选题

Themayorisawomanwithgreat（）andthereforedeservesourpoliticalandfinancialassistance.

问题1选项

A.integrity

B.instinct

C.intensity

D.insanity

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项integrity“完整；正直；诚实；廉正”；B选项instinct“本能；直觉；天性”；C选项intensity“强度；强烈”；D选项insanity“疯狂；精神错乱；愚顽”。句意：这位市长是一位非常正直的女性，因此值得我们的政治和财政援助。根据句意，A选项正确。

3.单选题

Recentlyanumberofcaseshavebeenreportedofyoungchildren（）aviolentactpreviouslyseenontelevision.

问题1选项

A.modifying

B.duplicating

C.accelerating

D.stimulating

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项modify“修改，修饰；更改”；B选项duplicate“复制；模仿”；C选项accelerate“加速；促进；增加”；D选项stimulate“刺激；鼓舞，激励”。句意：最近，许多有关少年儿童模仿先前在电视上所看到的暴力行为的案件被报道。根据句意，判断出B选项正确。

4.单选题

AtthecloseoftheKyotoGlobal-WarmingTreatydiscussionsheldinBonnlastweek,exhaustednegotiatorsfromnearlyeverycountryonearthhadreasontobeproud.Theyhaddonewhatnooneexpected—theyreachedabreakthroughagreementtolimitgreenhousegases.Duringtheconcludingremarks,aseachspeakerpraisedthenext,onlythechiefUSofficialonthescenedrewanundiplomaticresponse.WhenPaulaDobrianskytoldthegatheringthattheBushAdministration“willnotabdicateourresponsibility”toaddressglobalwarming,thehallfilledwithboos.That’sbecausetheUS,theworld’slargestproduceofgreenhousegases,satonthesidelinesinBonn.

GeorgeW.Bushhasyettodecidewhat,ifanything,hewilldotocombatglobalwarming.ButhebelievestheKyototreatyisfatallyflawedbecauseitdoesn’trequiredevelopingcountriestolimittheirfossil-fueluseimmediately,asitdoesindustrializedcountries.SohekepttheU.S.outofthediscussions.Indoingso,theAdministrationmayhavelostitslastopportunitytohelpshapetheinternationalresponsetotheproblem.AndBushmaybeindangeroflosingcontroloverclimateactiondomestically.Aftermonthsofinternaldebate,theAdministrationisstill“consulting”ontheissue.

ThatnoiseyouhearisCongressrushingtofilltheleadershipvacuum.Atleastsixclimateplanshavebeenproposedsofar.ThefirstissponsoredbyformerRepublican,nowIndependentStatorJimJeffords,chairmanoftheSenateEnvironmentCommittee,whoproposestocutgreenhouse-gasemissionsfrompowerplants.Congressionalactionthisweekwillcenteronreducingemissionsbyraisingvehiclefuel-efficiencystandards,includingthoseforSUVs.IfSUVshadtomeetthesamestandardsascars—somethingMassachusettsRepresentativeEdMarkeywillproposethisweek—theycouldsaveconsumersanestimated$7billionatthepumpthisyearandcutgasolinedemandbytensofbillionsofgallonsover10years.

The“drillDetroit,nottheArctic”campaignwillfindsomesupportthisweekwhentheNationalAcademyofSciencesreleasesalong-awaitedstudy.Thereport,toneddownaftertheautoindustryprotestedthatraisingfuel-efficiencystandards,bymakingcarslighter,makesvehicleslesssafe,isstilllikelytoconcludethatfuelefficiencycanbeincreasedatleast25percentwithexistingtechnology.

Ifafuel-efficiencybillreacheshisdesk,Bushcouldbeinabind—caughtbetweenautolobbyists(hischiefofstaffusedtobeone)andhisconcernforenergysecurity.Withnewtechnologyputtingimpressivefuelefficiencywithinreach,itwillbehardforhimtoopposemeasuresthatcouldreducethenationalappetiteforforeignoilbymillionsofbarrelsayear.

1.Intheopeningparagraph,theauthorintroduceshistopicby（）.

2.Thephrase“satonthesidelines”inthelastsentenceofparagraphoneprobablymeans（）.

3.ThereasonthatBushkeptUSoutofthediscussionsisthathebelieves（）.

4.TheNationalAcademyofSciencesfoundinthestudythat（）.

5.Wecanlearnfromthelastparagraphthat（）.

问题1选项

A.explainingaphenomenon

B.makingacomparison

C.justifyingasanassumption

D.posingacontrast

问题2选项

A.nottogetinvolvedinthediscussion

B.nottotakepartintheactivityeventhoughtheyshoulddo

C.nottosittogetherwiththerepresentativesfromothercountries

D.nottopayattentiontotheinternationalaffair

问题3选项

A.theindustrializedcountriesshouldnotshouldertheresponsibilityalone

B.theindustrializedcountriesseemtosharemoreintacklingthisissue

C.developingcountriesfailtomeetthesamerequirement

D.thedevelopingcountriesshouldnotbeincluded

问题4选项

A.theautoindustryshouldnotraisethefuelefficiencystandards

B.thelighterthecaris,thelesssafeitwillbe

C.theexistingtechnologycanincreasethefuelefficiency

D.thelightercarisnotsafeenough

问题5选项

A.newtechnologycanhelpBushoutoftrouble

B.Bushintendstostirthenationalappetiteforforeignoil

C.Bushfailstodealwiththesubtlesituation

D.autolobbyistshavedifferentideasfromBush

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:B

【解析】1.【试题解析】细节事实题。由题干可以定位到文章第一段中“Duringtheconcludingremarks,aseachspeakerpraisedthenext,onlythechiefUSofficialonthescenedrewanundiplomaticresponse.”中文翻译为：在致闭幕词的时候，当与会的每一位发言人都对此表示称赞时，唯独美国官方代表做出了毫无外交策略的回应。可以得知D选项“提出对比”符合题意。

2.【试题解析】词汇题。由题干可以定位到原文第一段“WhenPaulaDobrianskytoldthegatheringthattheBushAdministration‘willnotabdicateourresponsibility’toaddressglobalwarming,thehallfilledwithboos.”中文翻译为：当葆拉•多布林斯基向大会宣布布什政府‘不会放弃自己的责任’去处理全球变暖这一问题时，全场报以唏嘘声，可以推测出词组“sitonthesidelines”可译为“冷眼旁观”。因此可知B选项“尽管应该参加，但是他们却没有参加这个活动”为正确答案。

3.【试题解析】细节事实题。由题干可以定位到文章第二段“ButhebelievestheKyototreatyisfatallyflawedbecauseitdoesn’trequiredevelopingcountriestolimittheirfossil-fueluseimmediately,asitdoesindustrializedcountries.SohekepttheU.S.outofthediscussions.”中文翻译为：但是，他认为京都协定有致命的缺陷，因为它没有要求发展中国家如同发达国家那样，去立刻限制矿物燃料的使用。因此，他让美国没有参与讨论。可以得知A选项“发达国家不应该独自承担这种责任”符合题意。

4.【试题解析】细节事实题。由题干可以定位到文章第四段中“Thereport...isstilllikelytoconcludethatfuelefficiencycanbeincreasedatleast25percentwithexistingtechnology…”中文翻译为：这项报告……仍可能得出这样的结论，即燃油效率凭借现存的科技至少可以被提高25%。故选C“现存的科技可以提高燃油效率”。

5.【试题解析】推理判断题。根据题干可以定位到文章尾段“Withnewtechnologyputtingimpressivefuelefficiencywithinreach,itwillbehardforhimtoopposemeasuresthatcouldreducethenationalappetiteforforeignoilbymillionsofbarrelsayear.”中文翻译为：随着新科技能带来非常不错的燃油效率，反对能减少国人每年对数百万桶国外石油兴趣的措施对他将是困难的，判断出答案为B项“布什打算激起国人对国外石油的兴趣”。

5.单选题

Apopularwayofkeepingfitistogo（）,whichisakindofslow-tomedium-pacedrunning.

问题1选项

A.trotting

B.sauntering

C.strolling

D.jogging

【答案】D

【解析】【试题解析】考查动词辨析。A选项trot“小跑”；B选项saunter“漫步；闲逛”；C选项stroll“漫步；闲逛；巡回演出”；D选项jog“慢跑；轻推，轻撞”。句意：保持健康的流行方式是去慢跑，其是一种缓慢到中等步伐的跑步。结合此处语境，D选项正确。

6.单选题

Althoughmostbirdshaveonlyanegligiblesenseofsmell,theyhave（）vision.

问题1选项

A.vigorous

B.exact

C.acute

D.vivid

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项vigorous“有力的；精力充沛的”；B选项exact“准确的，精密的；精确的”；C选项acute“敏锐的；激烈的；尖声的”；D选项vivid“生动的；鲜明的”。句意：尽管大多数鸟类只有微不足道的嗅觉，但是它们却有敏锐的视觉。根据句意可知C选项正确。

7.单选题

Therewasmuch（）amongthecyclistsafterthedifficultride.

问题1选项

A.camaraderie

B.camradene

C.commraderie

D.comraderie

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项camaraderie“友情”；B，C和D这三项在英语中不存在。句意：在这个艰难的骑行后，这些骑车者之间产生了很多友情。结合句意，故A选项正确。

8.单选题

AfterabigThanksgiving,mostpeoplefeel（）fromthetryptophanintheturkey.

问题1选项

A.slipshod

B.languid

C.diminutive

D.extemporaneous

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项slipshod“潦草的；穿着不整洁的”；B选项languid“倦怠的；呆滞的；软弱无力的”；C选项diminutive“小的，小型的，微小的”；D选项extemporaneous“即席的，临时的；不用讲稿的”。句意：在一个丰盛的感恩节后，大多数人因火鸡中的色氨酸而感觉软弱无力。结合句意，故B选项正确。

9.单选题

The（）airthatlingersaroundthesewerpipesisenoughtomakeanyonegag.

问题1选项

A.raillery

B.noisome

C.supine

D.liturgy

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词、名词词义辨析。A选项raillery“逗趣；开玩笑”；B选项noisome“恶臭的；有害的”；C选项supine“仰卧的；懒得动的；向后靠的”；D选项liturgy“礼拜仪式；圣餐仪式；祷告文”。句意：萦绕在污水管周围的恶臭的空气足以使任何人窒息。结合句意，B选项正确。

10.单选题

Animportantpropertyofascientifictheoryisitsabilityto（）furtherresearch.

问题1选项

A.stimulate

B.originate

C.renovate

D.endorse

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项stimulate“刺激；鼓舞；激发”；B选项originate“引起；创作”；C选项renovate“更新；修复；革新；刷新”；D选项endorse“背书；赞同”。句意：科学理论的一个重要特性是它激发进一步研究的能力。根据句意，A选项正确。

11.单选题

Accordingtothenewspapercritic,theperformancesatthetalentcontestlastnight（）fromacceptabletoexcellent.

问题1选项

A.varied

B.receded

C.averaged

D.declined

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项vary“变化；变异”；B选项recede“后退；减弱”；C选项average“平均为”；D选项decline“下降；衰落；谢绝”。句意：这份报纸的评论家称，昨晚才艺大赛上的表演在从可接受的到极好的范围变化着。结合句意，A选项正确。

12.单选题

Thelocalgovernmentreducedthetaxonpetrolasa（）tothepublicoutcry.

问题1选项

A.conception

B.consensus

C.contempt

D.concession

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项conception“怀孕；概念；设想”；B选项consensus“一致；舆论；合意”；C选项contempt“轻视，蔑视；耻辱”；D选项concession“让步；承认；退位”。句意：当地政府减少汽油税来当作对公众强烈抗议的让步。根据句意可知D选项正确。

13.单选题

Manypeopleare（）toinsectbites,andsomeevenhavetogotohospital.

问题1选项

A.insensitive

B.allergic

C.infectious

D.alert

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项insensitive“感觉迟钝的”；B选项allergic“对……过敏的”；C选项infectious“传染的；传染性的”；D选项alert“警惕的；留心的”。句意：很多人对虫子叮咬过敏，且有些人甚至不得不去医院。结合此处句意，B选项正确。

14.单选题

FastReading

Newspapers

Newspapersaretheoriginalformofbroadbandcommunication,adistinctionnotalwaysrecognizedintheageoftheInternet.Longbeforewehadcomputers,televisions,radios,telephonesandtelegraphs,newspaperswerethecheapestandmostefficientwaytoreachmassaudienceswithnews,commentaryandadvertising.Newspapers,fromtheirbeginningsashand-printed“broadsheets”,havebeenatruerandom-accessmedium-readerscanmoveeasilyandquicklythroughthedifferentsectionsofanewspaper,returningtothemdaysorevenweekslater.Andbecauseanewspaper’s“software”consistsofacommonlanguage,itpossessesauniversalandtimelessquality.

WhatDidtheGrowthofTVNewsMeantoNewspapers?

Withthegrowthoftelevisionnewsinthe1960s,newspapersconfrontedtheirfirstformidablecompetitor.Today,ABCNewsclaimsthatmoreAmericansgettheirnewsfromABCthanfromanyothersource—andit’sprobablytrue.TheUnitedStates’1,600dailynewspaperscontinuetoservemillionsofreaders,butnewspapersarenolongerthecountry’sdominantmassmedium.Howtosurviveandevenflourishinaculturemoreattunedto（吻合）electronicmediathantoprinter’sinkisthemostseriousissuefacingthenewspaperindustryasitentersthe21stcentury.

ItissafetosaythatnewspapersarenotabouttofollowtheMorsetelegraphintooblivion.Newspapersareaportableconvenientmedium.Noonelugsacomputermonitortothebreakfasttabletogetthemorningnews.And,newspapersareprovingsurprisinglyadeptatreinventingthemselvesfortoday’sreadersbyemphasizinggooddesign,colorphotographyanddetailedstoriesthatreportandinterpretcurrentevents.

WhatExactlyIsNewsandHowDoesItWork?

Curiously,forapublicationcalledanewspaper,noonehasevercoinedastandarddefinitionofnews.Butforthemostpart,newsusuallyfallsunderonebroadclassification-theabnormal.Itishumanfolly,mechanicalfailuresandnaturaldisastersthatoften“makethenews”.Reportersareanewspaper’sfront-lineeyesandears.Reportersglean（收集）informationfrommanysources,somepublic,suchaspolicerecords,andothersprivate,suchasagovernmentinformant.Occasionally,areporterwillgotojailratherthanrevealthenameofaconfidentialsourceforanewsstory.Americannewspapersproudlyconsiderthemselvesthefourthbranchofgovernment—thewatchdogbranch—thatexposeslegislative,executiveandjudicialmisbehavior.

Somereportersareassignedtobeats,oranareaofcoverage,suchasthecourts,cityhall,education,business,medicineandsoforth.Othersarecalledgeneralassignmentreporters,whichmeanstheyareoncallforavarietyofstoriessuchasaccidents,civiceventsandhuman-intereststories.Inthemovies,reportershaveexciting,frenzied（狂热的）anddangerousjobsastheyliveafamouspronouncementofthenewspaperbusiness:“Comforttheafflictedandafflictthecomfortable.”Althoughafewmembersofthemediahavebeenkilledasaresultofinvestigationsintowrongdoing,newspaperworkforthegreatmajorityofreportersisroutine.

Allreportersareultimatelyresponsibletoaneditor.Dependingonitssize,anewspapermayhavenumerouseditors,beginningwithanexecutiveeditorresponsibleforthenewsdivision.Immediatelybelowtheexecutiveeditoristhemanagingeditor,thepersonwhooverseestheday-to-dayworkofthenewsdivision.Othereditors―sports,photo,state,national,featuresandobituary（讣告）,forexample—mayalsoreporttothemanagingeditor.

However,thebestknownandinsomewaysthemostcrucialeditoristhecityormetroeditor.Thisistheeditorthatreportersworkfordirectly.Thecityormetroeditorassignsstones,enforcesdeadlinesandisthefirsttoseereporters’rawcopyonthecompositionsystemorcomputernetwork.Theseeditorsarecalledgatekeepers,becausetheycontrolmuchofwhatwillandwillnotappearinthenextday’spaper.Oftenworkingunderthestressofbreakingnews,theirdecisionstranslatedirectlyintothecontentofthenewspaper.

Oncethecityormetroeditorhasfinishededitingareporter’srawcopy,thestorymovesfromthecompositionsystemviathecomputernetworktoanotherpartofthenewsdivision,thecopydesk.Here,copyeditorscheckforspellingandothererrorsofusage.Theymayalsolookfor“holes”inthestorythatwouldconfusereadersorleavetheirquestionsunanswered.Thecopydeskchiefroutesfinishedstoriestoothereditorswhofitlocalandwireservicestories,headlines（writtenbytheeditor—notthereporter!）anddigitalphotographsontopages.Newspapersareincreasinglydoingthiswork,calledpagination（分页）,withpersonalcomputersusingsoftwareavailableatanyofficesupplystore.MicrosoftWindows,WordandQuarkExpressarethreeprogramsthat,thoughnotdesignedfornewspaperproduction,areeasilyadaptedforit.

WhatAretheEditorialPagesAllAbout?

Anewspaperpublishesitsviewsoncurrentevents-bothlocalandnational-onitseditorialpages.Thisiswhereeditorials,unsignedcommentarythatreflectsthecollectivepositionofthenewspaper’seditorialboard,appear.Editorialsarenotnews,butratherreasonedopinionbasedonfacts.Forexample,editorialsmaycriticizetheperformanceofpublicofficialssuchasthemayor,thepolicechief,orthelocalschoolboard;conversely,editorialsmaypraiseothersfortheirciviccontributions.Whateverthetopic,newspapershopetheireditorialswillraisethelevelofcommunitydiscourse.

Twowaysthisoccursarefamiliartoanynewspaperreader―letterstotheeditorandop-edarticles（acontractionofopposite-editorialpage）.Lettersarealwaysamongthebest-readsectionofanynewspaper,forthisiswherereadersexpresstheiropinions.Op-edarticlesusuallyrun850to1,000words.Newspapersmakespaceforletterstotheeditorandop-edarticlesfreelyavailableaspartoftheircontributiontocivicdialogue.

Theeditorialpagesareunderthedirectionofaneditoroutsidethenewsdivision.Newspaperpeoplecallthis“separationofchurchandstate”,meaningthereisalinebetweennewsandopinionthatmustnotbecrossed.Todosostripsanewspaperofitsmostvaluableasset-credibility.Forthatreason,editorialpageeditorsatsomelargenewspapersreporttothepublisher,whoisthechiefexecutiveofficerofthecompany,andnottotheexecutiveeditor.Othernewspapersmayhavetheireditorialpageeditorreportingtotheexecutiveeditor.Whatevertheorganizationalmodel,though,neitherdepartmentcantelltheotherwhattopublishinthenewspaper.

HowAreNewspapersDistributed?

Responsibilityforgettingthenewspaperfromthepresstothereaderfallstothedistributiondivision.Largenewspaperspublishtwo,threeorevenfoureditions,allofwhichmustbereadytoleavethenewspaperplantatacertaintime.Thefirstedition,sometimescalledthebulldogedition（晨版）,goestotheouterlimitsofthenewspaper’scirculationarea.

Thismaybeseveralcountiesorevenanentirestate.Latereditionscontainprogressivelyfreshernewsandgotosmallerareas.Thefinaledition,whichgoestopressaftermidnight,containsthelatestnewsbutcoversthesmallestgeographicalarea,usuallyacity.

Anysubscribertoadailynewspaperknowsthatitplops（扑通落下）ontothedrivewayintheweehoursofthemorning.Independentcontractorscalledcarriersbuycopiesofthenewspaperatdiscountanddeliverthem,usingtheirpersonalvehicles.ThefirstjobformanyAmericanyoungsterswasdeliveringtheafternoonpaperintheirneighborhood.

Thecirculationdepartmentdrawstheroutesthatcarriersfollow.Thisdepartmentisalsoresponsibleforracksales,newspapersthatgointocoin-operateddispensers（自动售货机）.Thecirculationdepartmentmaintainssubscribers’billingrecords,stopsandstartsdeliveriesuponrequest,andusesservicerunnerstodelivermissingpapers.

In18hoursofhighlycoordinatedworkcarriedoutbynumerousdivisions,whatnewspaperpeoplecalla“roughdraftofhistory”asmovedthroughcomputersystems,imaging（成像）machinesandpresses,toitsfinaldestination-thereaders.

After3:30a.m.,fewpeopleremainatanewspaperplant.Alltheotherdivisionshavegonehome.Thepresseshavefallensilent,perhapsundergoingmaintenancefortheremainderofthenight.Thesuddensilencewillnotlastlong.Inlessthanfourhours,thenewspaper,asitmustdo365daysayear,willrousefromitsshortsleepandstartalloveragain.

1.Whatcanbestdescribethequalitiesofnewspapersnow?

2.WhatqualitiesshouldNewspaperspossessinordertosurviveinthecompetitionagainstothermedia?

3.Today’snewspaperspaymoreattentiontothefollowingaspectsEXCEPT（）.

4.WhyAmericannewspapersconsiderthemselves“thewatchdogbranch”?

5.Whatwillandwillnotappearinthenextday’spaperisdecidedby（）.

6.Whatmustbepublishedonnewspapers’editorialpages?

7.Newspapersmakeroomforletterstotheeditorandopposite-editorialarticlesasimportantdevotionto（）.

问题1选项

A.Theyareoriginalandhand-printed.

B.Theyarethecheapestandmostefficient.

C.Theyareuniversalandeverlasting.

D.Theyarethewholeworld’sdominantmassmedium.

问题2选项

A.Convenienceandadaptability.

B.Convenienceandgooddesign.

C.Colorphotographyandadaptability.

D.Gooddesignandcolorphotography.

问题3选项

A.gooddesign

B.detailedstories

C.colorphotography

D.lowcostandhighincome

问题4选项

A.Becausetheyreportandinterpretcurrentevents.

B.Becausetheyuncoverlegislative,executiveandjudicialmisbehavior.

C.Becausetheyreporthumanfolly,mechanicalfailuresandnaturaldisasters.

D.Becausetheygatherstoriessuchasaccidents,civiceventsandhuman-intereststories.

问题5选项

A.thecopyeditor

B.theexecutiveeditor

C.themanagingeditor

D.thecityormetroeditor

问题6选项

A.Thecriticismofpublicofficialssuchasthemayorandthepolicechief.

B.Theopinionsthatreadersexpressaboutthedetailedstories.

C.Newspapers’commentsoncurrentevents.

D.Thegooddeedpublicofficialshavedonefortheirciviccontributions.

问题7选项

A.currentevents

B.publicreports

C.privatestories

D.civicdialogue

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:D

第6题:C

第7题:D

【解析】1.【试题解析】细节事实题。第一段指出：Andbecauseanewspaper’s“software”consistsofacommonlanguage,itpossessesauniversalandtimelessquality.（因为报纸的“软件”是由一种共同的语言组成的，所以它具有普遍和无时间限制的特质）。因此C项“它们普遍而永恒”正确。

2.【试题解析】判断推理题。第三段讲了报纸是如何求生存：Newspapersareaportableconvenientmedium（报纸是一种方便携带的媒介），以及：And,newspapersareprovingsurprisinglyadeptatreinventingthemselvesfortoday’sreadersbyemphasizinggooddesign,colorphotographyanddetailedstoriesthatreportandinterpretcurrentevents.（惊人的是，报纸善于打造自身以适应现今的读者，通过注重好的设计，彩色摄影和报告和解释时事的详细报道）。由此可知，报纸为了在竞争中生存应该具备方便和适应性的特点，故选A。

3.【试题解析】判断推理题。第三段指出：And,newspapersareprovingsurprisinglyadeptatreinventingthemselvesfortoday’sreadersbyemphasizinggooddesign,colorphotographyanddetailedstoriesthatreportandinterpretcurrentevents.（惊人的是，报纸善于打造自身以适应现今的读者，通过注重好的设计，彩色摄影和报告和解释时事的详细报道）。四个选项中，只有D项“低成本，高收入”未被提及，因此答案选D。

4.【试题解析】细节事实题。第四段指出：Americannewspapersproudlyconsiderthemselvesthefourthbranchofgovernment—thewatchdogbranch—thatexposeslegislative,executiveandjudicialmisbehavior.（美国报纸骄傲的自称为政府第四个分支——监察机构——这暴露了立法、行政和司法方面的不当行为）。由此可知B项正确。

5.【试题解析】细节事实题。第七段指出：Theseeditorsarecalledgatekeepers,becausetheycontrolmuchofwhatwillandwillnotappearinthenextday’spaper.（这些编辑被称作守门人，因为他们控制着第二天报纸上将出现的大多数内容）。由此可知D项正确。

6.【试题解析】细节事实题。第九段指出：Anewspaperpublishesitsviewsoncurrentevents-bothlocalandnational-onitseditorialpages.（报纸将其关于当地或国内最近事件的观点发表于社论版面里）。由此可知，社论版发表对最近事件的看法。故选C。

7.【试题解析】细节事实题。第十段指出：Newspapersmakespaceforletterstotheeditorandop-edarticlesfreelyavailableaspartoftheircontributiontocivicdialogue.（报纸为读者来信和反对意见的文章腾出地方，是它们为市民对话做出贡献的一部分）。因此，D项“公民对话”正确。

15.单选题

Atransformationisoccurringthatshouldgreatly（1）livingstandardsinthedevelopingworld.Placesthat（2）recentlyweredeafanddumbarerapidlyacquiringup-to-datetelecommu