2022年考研考博-考博英语-中共中央党校考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号38

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-中共中央党校考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.问答题

However,politicalscientistsmostfrequentlyhavearguedthattheymustsetasidebothfortuneandvirtue,andinsteadfocusonimpersonalforcesasthecausesofinternationalevents.Theirreasonsfordoingsofallunderthreerubrics.First,manypoliticalscientistscontendthatindividualsultimatelydonotmatter,oratleasttheycountforlittleinthemajoreventsthatshapeinternationalpolitics.Insteadtheyarguethattheroaroftheanarchicsystem,domesticpolitics,andinstitutionaldynamicsdrownoutthesmallvoicesofindividualleaders.Second,otherpoliticalscientistspositthatalthoughindividualsmaymatterfromtimetotime,theirinfluencedoesnotlenditselftothegeneralizationsthatpoliticalscientistsseek.Simplyput,individualsaretooindividualistic.Third,severalleadinginternationalrelationstheoristshaveraisedanumberofspecificobjectionsthattheyarguerenderthestudyofindividualstheoreticallyhopeless.

Webelievethatpoliticalscientistsaresimultaneouslytoomodestandtooarrogantintheseclaims.Toomodestbecausepoliticalscientistsneednotthrowuptheirhandsandbelievethattheyhavenothingusefultosayabouttheroleofindividualsininternationalrelations.Thetheoreticalobjectionsraisedovertheyearsdonotstandupundercloserexaminationandshouldnotpreventusfromminingthisrichore.Tooarrogantbecausetoomanypoliticalscientistsimplyorassertthattheimpersonalforcesonwhichtheyfocustheirattentionexplainthevastmajorityofeventsininternationalrelations.Insodoing,theymarginalizethecrucialimpactofindividualsonwaranddiplomacyandneglecttheyextenttowhichsocialsciencecanteaseoutusefulgeneralizationsregardingtheroleplayedbyindividuals.

Itistimetorescuemenandwomen,asindividuals,fromtheobliviontowhichpoliticalscientistshaveconsignedthem.Thisarticleisnotintendedasacomprehensiveaccountoftheimportanceofindividualssuchaneffortwouldrequiretheworkofmanylifetimesbutitisintendedtoquestionscholars’currentassumptionsaboutinternationalpoliticsandshowtheplausibilityofanalyzinginternationalrelationsbyfocusingontheroleofindividuals.

Whatistheimpactofindividualsoninternationalrelations?Whataspectsofstatebehaviordotheyaffect?Underwhatconditionsaretheyinfluential?Thesearethequestionsthisarticleseekstoanswer.Wecontendthatthegoals,abilities,andfoiblesofindividualsarecrucialtotheintentions,capabilities,andstrategiesofastate.Indeedindividualsnotonlyaffecttheactionsoftheirownstatebutalsoshapethereactionsofothernations,whichmustrespondtotheaspirations,abilities,andaggressivenessofforeignleaders.Ofcourse,individualsmattermoretointernationalrelationsundercertaincircumstances.Individualpersonalitiestakeonaddedsignificancewhenpowerisconcentratedinthehandsofaleader,wheninstitutionsareinconflict,orintimesofgreatchange.Individualsalsoshapemanyofthedriversidentifiedbyothertheorists,suchasthebalanceofpower,domesticopinion,andbureaucraticpolitics.Theseparadigmssufferwhenindividualsareignored.

1.Whatisthemainideaofthefirstparagraph?

2.Whatdoestheauthormeanby“theroaroftheanarchicsystem,domesticpolitics,andinstitutionaldynamicsdrownoutthesmallvoicesofindividualleaders”inthefirstparagraph?

3.Explain“Simplyput,individualsaretooindividualistic”inyourownwords.

4.Whatdoes“thisrichore”refertointhesecondparagraph?

5.Describethemajorgoalofthearticleinyourownwords.

【答案】1.Itaimstoexplainthereasonswhypoliticalscientistsignoretheimapctofindividualsoninternationalrelations.

2.Theauthormeansthatmanypoliticalscientistsbelievethattheanarchicsystem,domesticpoliticsandinstitutionaldynamicsmatterinthemajoreventsthatshapeinternationalpolitics.

3.Itmeanspeopletendtobeself-interestedandonlyfocusontheirownbenefitsratherthanoverallinterests.

4.Itreferstotheimpactofindividualsoninternationalrelations.

5.Themajorgoalofthispassageistodrawattentiontotheroleofindividualsininternationalrelations.

2.单选题

Theinterconnectionintheglobalfinancialsystemmeansthatifonenation（）onitssovereigndebtorentersintorecessionthatplacessomeoftheexternalprivatedebtatriskaswell,thebankingsystemofcreditornationsfacelosses.

问题1选项

A.accounts

B.defaults

C.bailouts

D.switches

【答案】B

【解析】动词词义辨析。account“认为”；default“拖欠，不履行”；bailout“紧急救助、跳伞”；switch“转换”。句意：全球金融体系的互联互通意味着如果一个国家的主权债务违约拖欠，或陷入衰退，导致部分外部私人债务也面临风险，债权国的银行体系将面临损失。选项B符合题意。

3.问答题

Nothinkerinthenineteenthcenturyhashadsodirect,deliberateandpowerfulaninfluenceuponmankindasKarlMarx.Bothduringhislifetimeandafterithehasexercisedanintellectualandmoralascendancyoverhisfollowers,thestrengthofwhichwasuniqueeveninthatgoldenageofdemocraticnationalism,anagewhichsawtheriseofgreatpopularheroesandmartyrs，romantic,almostlegendaryfigures,whoselivesandwordsdominatedtheimaginationofthemassesandcreatedanewrevolutionarytraditioninEurope.YetMarxcouldnot,atanytime,becalledapopularfigureintheordinarysense:certainlyhewasinnosenseapopularwriterororator.Hewroteextensively,buthisworkswerenot,duringhislifetime,readwidely;andwhen,inthelateeighteenseventies,theybegantoreachtheimmensepublicwhichseveralamongthemafterwardsobtained,thedesiretoreadthemwasduenotsomuchtoarecognitionoftheirintrinsicqualitiesastothegrowthofthefameandnotorietyofthemovementwithwhichhewasidentified.

Marxtotallylackedthequalitiesofagreatpopularleaderoragitator,wasnotapublicistofgeniusliketheRussiandemocratAlexanderHelen,nordidhepossessBakunin'smarvelouseloquence;thegreaterpartofhisworkinglifewasspentincomparativeobscurityinLondon,athiswriting-deskandinthereading-roomoftheBritishMuseum.Hewaslittleknowntothegeneralpublic,andwhiletowardstheendofhislifehebecametherecognizedandadmiredleaderofapowerfulinternationalmovement,nothinginhislifeorcharacterstirredtheimaginationorevokedtheboundlessdevotion,theintense,almostreligion,worship,withwhichsuchmenasKossuth,Mazzini,andevenLassalleinhislastyears,wereregardedbytheirfollowers.

Hispublicappearanceswereneitherfrequentnornotablysuccessful.Onthefewoccasionsonwhichheaddressedbanquetsorpublicmeetings,hisspeecheswereoverloadedwithmatter,anddeliveredwithacombinationofmonotonousnessandbrusqueness,whichcommandedtherespectbutnottheenthusiasmofhisaudience.Hewasbytemperamentatheoristandanintellectual,andinstinctivelyavoideddirectcontactwiththemasses,tothestudyofwhoseinterestshisentirelifewasdevoted.TomanyofhisfollowersheappearedintheroleofadogmaticandsententiousGermanschoolmaster,preparedtorepeathisthesesindefinitely,withrisingsharpness,untiltheiressencebecameirremovablylodgedinhisdisciples'minds.Thegreaterpartofhiseconomicteachingwasgivenitsfirstexpressioninlecturestoworkingmen:hisexpositionunderthesecircumstanceswasbyallaccountsamodeloflucidityandconciseness.Buthewroteslowlyandpainfully,assometimeshappenswithrapidandfertilethinkers,scarcelyabletocopewiththespeedoftheirownideas,impatientatoncetocommunicateanewdoctrine,andtoforestalleverypossibleobjection;thepublishedversionsweregenerallyturgid,clumsy,andobscureindetail,althoughthecentraldoctrineisneverinseriousdoubt.HewasacutelycopiousofthisandoncecomparedhimselfwiththeheroofBalzac'sUnknownMasterpiece,whotriestopaintthepicturewhichhasformeditselfinhismind,touchesandretouchesthecanvasendlessly,toproduceatlastashapelessmassofcolors,whichtohiseyeseemstoexpressthevisioninhisimagination.Hebelongedtoagenerationwhichcultivatedtheemotionsmoreintentlyanddeliberatelythanitspredecessors,andwasbroughtupamongmentowhomideaswereoftenmorerealthanfacts,andpersonalrelationsmeantfarmorethantheeventsoftheexternalworld;bywhomindeedpubliclifewascommonlyunderstoodandinterpretedintermsoftherichandelaborateworldoftheirownprivateexperience.

1.WhatkindofpersonwasKarlMarxaccordingtothepassage?

2.HowcouldyoudescribetheagewhenMarxlivedaccordingtothepassage?

3.WhatdidtheauthorthinkofMarx’spopularity?

4.WhywastheaudiencenotenthusiasticaboutMarx’sspeeches?

5.ForwhatpurposewasBalzac’sUnknownMasterpiecementioned?

【答案】1.KarlMarxwasagreatthinkerwhobroughtdirect,deliberateandpowerfulinfluenceuponmankind.Buthetotallylackedthequalitiesofagreatpopularleaderoragitator.Hispublicappearanceswereneitherfrequentnornotablysuccessful.

2.Itisagoldenageofdemocraticnationalism,anagewhichsawtheriseofgreatpopularheroesandmartyrs,romantic,almostlegendaryfigures,whoselivesandwordsdominatedtheimaginationofthemassesandcreatedanewrevolutionarytraditioninEurope.

3.ThereasonofMarx’popularitywasduenotsomuchtoarecognitionofintrinsicqualitiescontainedinhisworksastothegrowthofthefameandnotorietyofthemovementwithwhichhewasidentified.

4.Becausehisspeecheswereoverloadedwithmatter,anddeliveredwithacombinationofmonotonousnessandbrusqueness.

5.KarlMarxoncecomparedhimselfwiththeheroofBalzac'sUnknownMasterpiecetoexplainhisspecialwaysofwritingandthinking.

4.问答题

Identityisabouthowwedefinewhoweare.Literally,bothidentityandtheselfmean“thesameas”.Inculturaltheoryidentityisusedtodescribetheconsciousnessofselffoundinthemodernindividual.Themodernselfisunderstoodtobeautonomousandself-critical.TheGermanphilosopherG.W.F.Hegelsawindividualism,therighttocriticismandautonomyofactionasthethreemaincharacteristicsofmodernsubjectivity.Thisself-reflexiveaspectofidentitymeansthat,inthemodernage,identityisunderstoodtobeaproject.Itisnotfixed.Theautobiographicalthinkingthatcharacterizesmodernidentitycreatesacoherentsenseofapastidentity,butthatidentityhastobesustainedinthepresentandremadeinthefuture.Theconstantremakingofidentityrevealsthatthesenseofselfistosomeextentanillusion,becausethemakingoftheselfrequiresaconstantinteractionwiththenot-selfornon-identity:theexternalworld.

InmodemWesternsocieties,certainidentitieshavebeenprivilegedoverothers.Menhavebeenprivilegedoverwomen.WhiteEuropeanshavebeenprivilegedovernon-whites.Certainmodesofsexualbehaviorhavedefinednormalagainstdeviantsexualidentities.“Identitypolitics”isthetermusedtodescribetheemergenceintothepoliticalarenaofidentitiesotherthanthoseofwhite,European,heterosexualmen.TheassertionofalternativeidentitieshasfollowedanumberofdifferentstrategieswhichJonathanDollimoredividesintofourtypesof“reversediscourses”:(1)theassertionofapositiveidentityasnormalandnaturalasthedominant“norm”;(2)theassertionofanegativeidentity,whichisabnormal,butcanbeexplainedandassimilatedbyrecoursetolegitimating(forexample,medicalorscientific)discourses;(3)theassertionofadifferentidentityasmorenaturalandnormalthanthedominantnorm;(4)thestrategyoftransgression,wheretheverycategoriesthatdefinewhatisnormalandabnormalaresubverted.Thefirstofthesefourcanbedescribedasessentialiststrategies.Theyassertoppositionalidentityasessentiallyunchangeable.Anexamplewouldbetheculturalmovementknownas“negritude”whichemergedattheendoftheFrenchEmpire.Oneofitsleadingproponents,LeopoldSenghorarguedthatAfricancultureis“moresensitivetotheexternalworld,tothematerialaspectofbeingsandthings”.However,theresultofsuchstrategiesisoftenanti-essentialist.AnassertiveAfricanculturewillinfactchangethenatureofbothAfricanandEuropeanidentities.Thefourthreversediscourseisexplicitlyanti-essentialist.Identityisunderstoodtobeperformative,notbasedonanyessentialcharacteristics,butratherisaperformancebasedonculturalexpectations.Dollimore’sexampleofananti-essentialistidentityisOscarWilde,whofamouslyarguedfortheprimacyofcultureinhisstatementthat“lifeimitatesart”.

Oneofthemostinterestingdevelopmentsinidentitypoliticsemergingfromthisinsighthasbeenqueerpolitics.Thishasdevelopedfromlesbianandgaypolitics;butqueerpoliticsresiststhedivisionofsexualityintoabinaryoppositionofessentialisthomosexualorheterosexualidentities.Instead,JudithButlerarguesthatidentitiesaretheproductsofthediscoursesthatdefinesexuality.Weperformmasculinityorfemininity,homosexualityorheterosexualityaccordingtoascriptalreadywrittenastheculturalconventionsofoursociety.Inthisview,identitiesareculturalconstructionsratherthanpre-set.

1.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?

2.Whydoestheauthorsaythat“inthemodernage,identityisunderstoodtobeaproject”inParagraph1?

3.Inwhoseinterestsistheterm“identitypolitics”putforwardinParagraph2?

4.WhydoestheauthormentiontheexampleofOscarWildeinParagraph2?

5.Whatistheauthorlikelytotalkaboutinthefollowingparagraph?

【答案】1.Thepassageisabout(thedefinitionof)identity.

2.Becausethepastidentityhastobesustainedinthepresentandremadeinthefuture.

3.PeoplewhoarenotprivilegedinmodernWesternsociety.

4.Becausehearguedfortheprimacyofcultureinhisstatement,whichsubvertedtheverycategoriesthatdefinewhatisnormalandabnormal.

5.Thefollowingparagraphwilldiscusstheinfluencesonidentitiesthatsocialculturebrings.

5.单选题

Maskedgunmen（）intheofficesofaFrenchsatiricalnewspaperonWednesday,thepolicesaid,withinitialreportssayingthatasmanyas11peoplehadbeenkilledand10wounded.

问题1选项

A.openedfire

B.wereopeningfire

C.openedfires

D.wasopeningafire

【答案】A

【解析】语法题。根据thepolicesaid可判断，这个句子的时态为一般过去时态，所以动词要用过去式，再有固定搭配“openfire”，意为“开火”。句意：警方称，蒙面枪手周三在一家法国讽刺新闻的办公室里开火了，最初报道称多达11人被杀，10人受伤。选项A符合题意。

6.单选题

Thatthematerialintheadsmaynotbepertinenttotherealissuesthecandidatewillbeaddressingonceinofficeorwhattheymightdoontherealissuestheymightfaceis（）.

问题1选项

A.atallpoints

B.besidethepoint

C.uptoapoint

D.tothepoint

【答案】B

【解析】固定搭配。atallpoints“在各方面”；besidethepoint“不中肯，离题”；uptoapoint“在一定程度上”；tothepoint“中肯”。句意：广告中的内容可能与候选人在正式会议上要讨论的真正问题无关，或者与在他们可能面临的真正问题所处理的事情也不相关。选项B符合题意。

7.单选题

Whendiscussingculturalperspectives,weneedtorecognizethattherearetwokinds:emicandetic.Emicperspectivesare（1）articulatedbymembersoftheculturetoexplainthemselvesandtheirculture,whileeticperspectivesarethoseofoutsiderstotheculturewhousetheirowncriteriatoexplain（2）culture.

Eticperspectivesincludethoseofvisitorstotheculture,thecriteriatheyusetodescribeandexplainwhattheyencounter,（3）categoriesforcross-culturaldescriptionandanalysisestablishedbyanthropologistsandotherculturalresearchers（4）manycultures.（5）thecontinuum,eticperspectivesconsistofsimpleexplanationsfromone'sownculturalbackground.Thisisacommonreactiontoculturalphenomena—explainingthem（6）perceivedsimilaritiesordifferencestoone'sownculture,better（7）ethnocentrism.Attheotherendofthespectrum,eticperspectivesconsistofcategoriesthatcanbeusedtodescribe（8）cultures.Someofthesecategoriesaredrawnfromnotionsofculturaluniversalsand（9）thetableofcontentsofintroductoryculturalanthropologytextbooks.Theyreflectculturalpracticesandproducts:institutionslikefamily,kinship,economy,leisure,music,orgovernment.Othereticclassificationscomefromtheoriesofculturalperspectives:valueorientationssuchasindividualism/collectivism,low-context/high-context,polychromic/monochromic,and（10）.Eticperspectives,（11）,provideframeworkstodescribe,analyze,andexplainaculturefromthe（12）.Eacheticcategorycarriesassumptionsaboutthenatureofculture,anditisimportantto（13）theseassumptions.

Emicexplanationsareperspectivesthatmembersofthecultureusetodescribeorexplaintheirownwayoflife.Theseperspectivesdonotnecessarilycorrespondtoeticcategories,（14）thatthemembersusefortheirexplanations.（15）,membersmayeasilyexpressthereasonsforculturalproductsandpractice.Or,giventhatmanyfundamentalculturalperspectivesareoutsideawareness,likethesubmergedbulkoftheculturaliceberg,membersmayhavedifficultyfindingwordstofullyexplainthem;（16）IhadnoexplanationonAmericantoilettrainingpractices.

Itisadauntingtasktoidentifytheperspectivesofaculture.Fortunatelyforlanguageteachers,anthropologists,interculturalists,andothershavedevisedframeworksforexplainingcultures.Theseframeworks,becausetheyapplytoallcultures,areexamplesofthe（17）perspectives.

Anumberofmodelsofeticperspectivesare（18）inthefield.（19）,thesemodelspresumethatthereisafinitesetofrealitiesthatallculturesmustaddress.Theserealitiesarepartofthehumancondition.Differentculturesperceivetheserealitiesindistinctways.Thesedistinctperceptions,（20）,leadtodifferentbeliefs,values,attitudes,andpractices—inaword,todifferentworldviews.

问题1选项

A.what

B.which

C.these

D.those22.

问题2选项

A.another's

B.theother's

C.theothers'

D.others'

问题3选项

A.except

B.aswellas

C.beside

D.besides

问题4选项

A.todescribe

B.describing

C.described

D.describe

问题5选项

A.Atanendof

B.Attheendof

C.Atoneendof

D.Atendof

问题6选项

A.intermof

B.intermsof

C.ontermof

D.ontermsof

问题7选项

A.beenknownas

B.beenknownfor

C.knownas

D.knownfor

问题8选项

A.anyandall

B.allother

C.someother

D.oneanother

问题9选项

A.readfrom

B.readin

C.readlike

D.readas

问题10选项

A.thelike

B.thelikes

C.alike

D.likes

问题11选项

A.nevertheless

B.moreover

C.therefore

D.however

问题12选项

A.inside

B.outside

C.visitors

D.nature

问题13选项

A.bringabout

B.bringin

C.bringoff

D.bringout

问题14选项

A.notheterminologydoes

B.nodoestheterminology

C.northeterminologydoes

D.nordoestheterminology

问题15选项

A.Whenbeenasked

B.Whenasked

C.Whenasking

D.Whenhavingasked

问题16选项

A.because

B.justas

C.though

D.since

问题17选项

A.anthropological

B.intercultural

C.etic

D.emic

问题18选项

A.prevalent

B.prevalence

C.prevail

D.prevailed

问题19选项

A.Oftheessence

B.Intheessence

C.Ofessence

D.Inessence

问题20选项

A.outofturn

B.ontheturn

C.byturn

D.inturn

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:A

第5题:C

第6题:B

第7题:C

第8题:C

第9题:A

第10题:A

第11题:C

第12题:B

第13题:D

第14题:D

第15题:B

第16题:B

第17题:C

第18题:A

第19题:D

第20题:D

【解析】（1）语法题。根据句子结构，可知空格中填入代词充当表语成分，可用those指代perspectives，并且后面的-ed分词作后置定语。句意：主位观点是由文化成员表达的，用来解释他们自己和他们的文化。选项D符合题意。

（2）语法题。another为形容词，其后接名词单数，不需要再用名词所有格，选项A排除。Theother表示两者中的另外一个，theothers表示特定范围内剩下的所有，others泛指其他的，常和some搭配使用，句意：非母语视角是文化的局外人，他们用自己的标准来解释他人的文化。选项C符合题意。

（3）语法题。except“除此之外”；aswellas“和”；beside“在……旁边”；besides“除了……还有”。根据句子意思，可知这里criteria和categories构成并列关系，选项B符合题意。

（4）语法题。根据句子结构，可知空格中应该填入动词不定式作目的状语。句意：由人类学家和其他文化研究者建立的跨文化描述和分析的类别目的是描述许多文化。选项A符合题意。

（5）词组辨析。没有atanendof搭配，选项A可排除。Attheendof“在……末尾”；atoneendof“在……一端，在一方面”，可下文的attheotherendof搭配使用；没有atendof搭配，选项D可排除。选项C符合题意。

（6）固定短语。intermsof“依照，按照，就……而言”。没有A、C和D项的搭配，可排除。选项B符合题意。

（7）语法题。beknownas“作为…..被熟知”；beknownfor“因为……而被熟知”，根据句子结构，空格为过去分词作状语，省掉be动词。选项A和B可排除。句意：被大家熟知为民族优越感。选项C符合题意。

（8）固定搭配。Anyandall“任何”；allother“所有其他”；someother“另外的”；oneanother“互相”。句意：在谱系的另一端，非本位观点包含了可以用来描述其他文化的类别。选项C符合题意。

（9）固定搭配。根据连词and可知，空格内容和上文的aredrawnfrom构成并列关系。bedrawnfrom“来自……，从……得到”，所以空格可填入bereadfrom“从……读到”。选项A符合题意。

（10）固定短语。andthelike“等等”，用于举例子。没有B、C和D项的表达可排除。句意：比如个人主义/集体主义、低语境/高语境、多色/单色等等。选项A符合题意。

（11）语法题。根据文章第二段，主要对eticperspective非本位观点进行了讨论和阐述，所以在本段末尾进行总结，用连词therefore“因此”，表示上下文存在因果关系，可用于下结论和总结。选项C符合题意。

（12）名词词义辨析。Inside“内部”；outside“外部”；visitors“游客”；nature“自然”。句意：因此，非本位观点提供了从外部描述、分析和解释一种文化的框架。选项B符合题意。

（13）短语辨析。bringabout“引起，使掉头”；bringin“引进”；bringoff“完成，救出”；bringout“呈现”。句意：每一个非本位类别都带有关于文化本质的假设，使这些假设呈现出来是很重要的。选项D符合题意。

（14）语法题。本题考查nor引导的倒装句，运用部分倒装语序，表示“……也不”。选项A和B可排除。C项为陈述语序，可排除。句意：人们用来解释的术语也一样不对应。选项D符合题意。

（15）语法题。根据句子结构，可知句子的主语为members，谓语为mayexpress，所以主句部分完整，空格中只能用非谓语动词。member和ask之间存在被动关系，所以用-ed分词表被动。选项B符合题意。

（16）连词词义辨析。because“因为”；justas“正如，表示举例子”；though“尽管”；since“因为，由于”。句意：就像我对美国的如厕训练没有任何解释一样。选项B符合题意。

（17）上下文语义理解题。根据第二段作者阐述的非本位观点的特点，以及becausetheyapplytoallcultures，他们适用于所有文化的特点，可知这里提到的是eticperspective。上下文相互照应。选项C符合题意。

（18）形容词词义辨析。根据空格前的are，可知空格填入形容词构成系表结构。prevalent“流行的，普遍的”；D项prevailed为动词的过去分词，和are构成被动语态，可排除。B项为名词，可排除。C项prevail为动词原形，可排除。句意：大量非本位观点的模型在这个领域是普遍流行的。选项A符合题意。

（19）固定搭配。Inessence“本质上，大体上”，没有选项A、B和C项的搭配，可排除。句意：本质上来说，这些模型假定，所有文化都必须处理有限的一系列现实。选项D符合题意。

（20）短语辨析。outofturn“不合时宜地”；ontheturn“在转变中”；没有byturn搭配，选项C可排除。inturn“反过来，轮流地，依次”。句意：这些不同的观念，反过来，导致不同的信仰，价值观，态度和实践，总的来说，带来了不同的世界观。选项D符合题意。

8.单选题

Forsomeleadersintheteapartymovement,theongoingskirmishoverwhetherpresidentialcontenderMittRomneyshouldspeakataTeaPartyExpressrallyinNewHampshireonMondayis（）butan（）quarrel.

问题1选项

A.anythinginternecine

B.somethinginteresting

C.anythingintermediary

D.somethinginteragency

【答案】A

【解析】固定搭配和形容词词义辨析。根据固定搭配“anythingbut”，选项B和D可排除。

internecine“两败俱伤的”；interagency“跨部门的”。句意：关于总统候选人MittRomney周一是否应该在新罕布什尔州的茶党集会上发表讲话的争论，绝对不是一场两败俱伤的争吵。选项A符合题意。

9.单选题

Theterm“evaluation”,sometimescalled“institutional”inhighereducation,hasadifferentconnotationfrom“measurement”and“assessment”asdefinedhere.Theprocessofdate-gatheringandscoring,codingorratingselectedconstructsistypicallyfollowedbymorecomplexactivitiesofaddingsomeinterpretivevalueandjudgmentstotheinformationthatisgenerated.Thislatterprocessofaddingjudgmentsofworthormerittotheresultsofmeasurement/assessmentinapplieddecision-makingcontextsistermed“evaluation”.Forexample,ifanindividual’sexaminationscoreis76,isitworthan“A”ora“B”grade?Shouldtheindividualbepromotedtothenextlevelofanundergraduatedegreeprogram?Theprocessbywhichstandardsandcriteriaareappliedtomakesuchdecisionsiscalledevaluation.Evaluations,thus,aremotivatedbyandcloselytiedtostakeholderneedsforinformationthatspeaktoparticulareducationalpracticeorpolicyconcerns.

Evaluativedecisionscanbeoftwotypes,dependingonhowtheassessment/measurementinformationisused:formativeorsummative.Formativeevaluationeffortsaredesignedforcontinuousqualityimprovementofparticularinstitutionalunits,suchasadepartment,school,program,orindividualstaff/facultyandstudents.Summativeevaluationsininstitutions,ontheotherhand,aredesignedformakingsomefinaljudgmentsofmerit,worthorimpact.SummativeevaluationsintheU.S.arefrequentlystimulatedfromtheoutsidebygovernmentagencies,states,upperlevelcollege/universityadministrators,andaccreditingbodiesthatareinterestedinmakingjudgmentsonwhetheracollegeoruniversitysystemiseffective.

Formativeevaluationsimplyfeedbackloops;resultsmustbesharedwithrelevantstakeholdersandprogrampersonnelsothatchanges,refinementsandimprovementstotheunitscanoccurusingtheinformation.Anassumptionisthatallunitsinanorganizationstriveforexcellence,andthatongoingdatagenerationwillinformthedevelopmentandprogressofvariousunitsandtheinstitutionasawhole.Forexample,individualfacultyandprogramsmaywishtouseresultsofstudentoutcomesassessmentformativelytoimproveteachingmethodsorprovideaddedlearningsupportstounder-preparedstudents.

Forassessmentinformationtobeusefulinaformativeway,evaluationresearchers/usershavetobeabletoexplainthecausalmechanismsandchainofevents/actionsthatledtotheresults:IfwefailedtogetoutcomeYinthisprogram,whatshouldhavehappenedthatfailedtohappen?Fordiagnosticutilityintheinformation,therehastobeafocusonmeasuringnotjustoutcomes,butalsotheprecedingactivities(processes)andexpectedresources(inputs).

Attheinstitutionallevel,summativeevaluationsandassociateddecisionsofteninvolveaccountabilityactions,resourceallocationsorwithdrawalofresources,impositionofsanctions,institutionalaccreditation,orrecognition/rewardsforindividuals,programsortheinstitution.Forindividualstudents,summativeevaluationscaninvolveplacementoradmissionintoselectiveprogramsbasedonadmissionstesting,suchasbasedonscoredoftheSAT(previouslytheScholasticAssessmentTest).Forfaculty,theycaninvolvegrantingoftenure,meritrecognitions,andrelatedpayraisesorpromotions.

1.Howcan“data-gatheringandscoring,codingorratingselectedconstructs”inthefirstparagraphbeprocessed?

2.SummativeevaluationsintheU.S.arefrequentlystimulatedbythefollowingelementsEXCEPT（）.

3.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaboutevaluation?

4.Thehighlightedword“they”inthelastparagraphrefersto（）.

5.Whichofthefollowingisthemostappropriatetitleforthewholepassage?

问题1选项

A.Viaparticulareducationalpracticeorpolicyconcerns.

B.Viaappropriatemeasuringorassessmenttools.

C.Viaobjectiveassumptions.

D.Viainterpretationandjudgments.

问题2选项

A.individualstaff/facultyandstudents

B.accreditingbodiesthatareinterestedinmakingjudgmentsonwhetheracollegeoruniversitysystemiseffective.

C.governmentagencies.

D.upperlevelcollege/universityadministrators

问题3选项

A.Theprocessofaddingjudgmentsofworthormerittotheresultsofmeasurementinapplieddecision-makingcontextsistermed“evaluation”.

B.Summativeevaluationsininstitutions,ontheotherhand,aredesignedformakingsomefinaljudgmentsofmerit,worthorimpact.

C.Forformativeevaluations,resultsmustbesharedwithrelevantstakeholdersandprogrampersonnelsothatchanges,reflectionsandimprovementstotheunitscan