2022年考研考博-考博英语-西安建筑科技大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号51

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-西安建筑科技大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

Theheatinsummerisnoless（）hereinthismountainregion.

问题1选项

A.concentrated

B.extensive

C.intense

D.intensive

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项concentrated“集中的；浓缩的；全神贯注的”；B选项extensive“广泛的；大量的；广阔的”；C选项intense“强烈的；紧张的；非常的；热情的”；D选项intensive“加强的；集中的”。由本句主语“Theheatinsummer”（夏天的炎热）后接noless（不相上下）可知此处的意思应与强烈的对应，表示夏天的炎热程度。句意：在这片山区，夏季的酷暑同样强烈。因此C选项正确。

2.不定项选择题

Richard,KingofEnglandfrom1189to1199,withallhischaracteristicvirtuesandfaultscastinaheroicmould,isoneofthemostfascinatingmedievalfigures.Hehasbeendescribedascreatureandsymboloftheageofchivalry.Inthosedaysthelionwasmuchadmiredinheraldry,andmorethanonekingsoughttolinkhimselfwithitsfame.WhenRichard’scontemporariescalledhim“CoeurdeLion”(TheLionHeart),theypaidalastingcomplimenttothekingofbeasts.LittledidtheEnglishpeopleowehimforhisservices,andheavilydidtheypayforhisadventures.HewasinEnglandonlytwiceforafewshortmonthsinhistenyears’reign;yethismemoryhasalwaysbeeninEnglishhearts,andseemstopresentthroughoutthecenturiesthepatternofthefightingman.Inalldeedsofbraveryaswellasinlargeschemesofwar,Richardshone.Hewastallanddelicatelyshaped,stronginnerveandmuscles.Herejoicedinpersonalcombat;andborenoill-willagainsthisopponents.Helovedwar,notsomuchforthesakeofgloryorpoliticalends,butasothermenlovescienceorpoetry,fortheexcitementofthestruggleandtheglowofvictory.Bythis,hiswholetemperamentwastoned;andunitedwiththehighestqualitiesofthemilitarycommander,loveofwarcalledforthallthepowersofhismindandbody.

Althoughamanofbloodandviolence,Richardwastooimpetuoustobeeithertreacherousorhabituallycruel.Hewasasreadytoforgiveashewashastytooffend;hewasopen-handed;inwarcarefulindesignandskilfulinexecution;inpoliticsachild,lackingintacticandexperience.Hispoliticalallianceswereformeduponhislikesanddislikes;hispoliticalschemeshadneitherunitynorclearnessofpurpose.Theadvantagesgainedforhimbymilitarygeniuswereflungawaythroughdiplomaticineptitude.When,onthejourneytotheEast,MessinainSicilywaswonbyhisarms,hewaseasilypersuadedtosharewithhispolished,faithlessally,PhilipAugustus,fruitsofavictorywhichmorewiselyusedmighthavefailedtheFrenchKing’sartfulschemes.TherichandtenableacquisitionofCypruswascastawayevenmoreeasilythanitwaswon.Hislifewasonemagnificentparade,which,whenended,leftonlyanemptyplain.

In1199,whenthedifficultiesofraisingrevenuefortheendlesswarwereattheirheight,goodnewswasbroughttoKingRichard.ItwassaidtherehadbeendugupnearthecastleofChaluz,onthelandsofoneofhisFrenchvassals,atreasureofwonderfulqualify:agroupofgoldenimagesofanemperor,hiswife,sonsanddaughters,seatedroundatable,alsoofgold,hadbeenunearthed.TheKingclaimedthistreasureaslordparamount.ThelordofChaluzresistedthedemand,andtheKinglaidsiegetohissmall,weakcastle.Onthethirdday,herodedaringly,nearthewall,confidentinhishard-triedluck,aboltfromacrossbowstruckhiminleftshoulderbytheneck.Thewound,alreadydeep,wasworsenedbythenecessarycuttingoutofthearrow-head.Gangrenesetin,andCoeurdeLionknewthathemustpayasoldier’sdebt.Hepreparedfordeathwithcourageandcalmandinaccordancewiththeprincipleshehadfollowed.Hearrangedhisaffairs,hedividedhispersonalbelongingsamonghisfriendsorgavethemtocharity.HedeclaredJohntobehisheir,andmadeallpresentswearfaithfulnesstohim.Heorderedthearcherwhohadshotthefetalbolt,andwhowasnowaprisoner,tobebroughtbeforehim.Hepardonedhimandmadehimagiftofmoney.ForsevenyearshehadnotconfessedforfearofbeingcompelledtobereconciledtoPhilip,butnowhereceivedtheofficesoftheChurchwithsincereandexemplarypiety,anddiedintheforty-secondyearofhisageonApril6,1199,worthy,bytheconsentofallmen,tositwithKingArthurandRolandasanotherheroofmartialromanceatsomeEternalRoundTable,whichwetrusttheCreatoroftheUniverseinHiscomprehensionwillnothaveforgottentoprovide.

Thearcherwasskinnedalive.

1.“LittledidtheEnglishpeopleowehimforhisservice”(Paragraph1)meansthattheEnglish（）.

2.Tosaythathislifewasa“magnificentparade”(Paragraph2)impliesthatitwastosomeextent（）.

3.ThepointofthelastshortparagraphisthatRichardwas（）.

4.WhichofthefollowingphrasebestdescribesRichardasseenbytheauthor?

5.Therelationshipbetweenthefirstandsecondparagraphsisthat（）.

问题1选项

A.paidfewtaxestohim

B.gavehimlittlerespect

C.receivedlittleprotectionfromhim

D.hadnorealcausetofeelgratefultohim

问题2选项

A.spentchieflyatwar

B.impressiveandadmirable

C.livedtooprosperously

D.anemptyshow

问题3选项

A.cheatedbyhisownsuccessors

B.determinedtotakerevengeonhisenemies

C.moregeneroustohisenemiesthanhissuccessors

D.unabletoinfluencethebehaviorofhissuccessors

问题4选项

A.Anaggressiveking,toofondofwar.

B.Abravekingwithminorfaults.

C.Acompetentbutcunningsoldier.

D.Akingwithgreatpoliticalskills.

问题5选项

A.eachpresentsonesideofthepicture

B.thefirstgeneralizeswhilethesecondgivesexamples

C.thesecondisthelogicalresultofthefirst

D.bothpresentRichard’svirtuesandfaults

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:D

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:A

【解析】第1题:判断推理题。由题干定位到第一段第五句话“LittledidtheEnglishpeopleowehimforhisservices,andheavilydidtheypayforhisadventures”（英国人很少有能感激他帮助的方面，却为他的冒险付出了沉重的代价）可知英国人没有真正的理由对他表示感激，且owe具有感激的意思。A选项“很少向他交税”没有原文依据；B选项“不尊重他”、C选项“几乎没有得到他的保护”两项均说法错误，他在人们心中是一个战士的形象，所以人们是很尊重他的，也得到了其保护。因此D选项正确。

第2题:判断推理题。由题干关键词“magnificentparade”定位到第二段最后一句话“Hislifewasonemagnificentparade,which,whenended,leftonlyanemptyplain”（他的一生就像一场华丽的游行，当游行结束时，只剩下一片空旷的平原）可知这里的magnificentparade是一片空旷的平原，即D选项徒劳的表演与语义相符。A选项“主要用于战争”说法过于绝对；B选项“令人印象深刻钦佩”没有原文依据；C选项“生活得太富裕”说法错误，在后面甚至背上了债务。因此D选项正确。

第3题:判断推理题。由题干定位到本文最后一段“Thearcherwasskinnedalive”（弓箭手被活剥了皮），再结合第三段的倒数第二句话“Hepardonedhimandmadehimagiftofmoney”（他赦免了他，并给了他一笔钱）可知理查德不能影响他的继任者的行为。A选项“被自己的继任者欺骗”、B选项“他决心向他的敌人报仇”、C选项“对他的敌人比他的继任者更慷慨”在文中没有体现。因此D选项正确。

第4题:判断推理题。由题干定位到第一段的第七句话“Inalldeedsofbraveryaswellasinlargeschemesofwar,Richardshone”（在所有的英勇行为和大规模的战争计划中，理查德都很出色）可知他是很英勇的；再结合第二段的第一句话“Althoughamanofbloodandviolence,Richardwastooimpetuoustobeeithertreacherousorhabituallycruel”（虽然理查德是一个充满血腥和暴力的人，但他太冲动了，既不奸诈，也不残忍）可知理查德是一位英勇的国王，但也犯了很多错误，所以B选项与题意相符。A选项“一个好斗的国王，太喜欢战争了”说法错误，理查德不是好斗的，只是喜欢战斗，但是对对手没有恶意；C选项“一个有能力但狡猾的士兵”说法错误；D选项“具有高超政治技巧的国王”，理查德在政治上就像个孩子，缺乏策略和经验。因此B选项正确。

第5题:判断推理题。由题干定位到第二段的第一句话“Althoughamanofbloodandviolence,Richardwastooimpetuoustobeeithertreacherousorhabituallycruel.”（虽然理查德是一个充满血腥和暴力的人，但他太冲动了，既不奸诈，也不残忍）可知第一段描述了理查德喜欢战争，第二段便写到他不是天生就是血腥和暴力的，由此推测一、二两段分别描述了理查德的不同方面。B选项“第一个是概括，第二个是举例”说法错误，两者是并列的，只是介绍了理查德的不同方面；C选项“后者是前者的逻辑结果”、D选项“两者都展示了理查的优点和缺点”均说法错误，这两段是并列的关系，不是因果关系，且没有都介绍了其优点与缺点。因此A选项正确。

3.不定项选择题

MostAmericansbelievethatoursocietyofconsumption-happy,fun-living,jet-travelingpeoplecreatesthegreatesthappinessforthegreatestnumber.Contrarytothisview,Ibelievethatourpresentwayoflifeleadstoincreasinganxiety,helplessnessand,eventually,tothedisintegrationofourculture.Irefusetoidentifyfunwithpleasure,excitementwithjoy,businesswithhappiness,orthefaceless,buck-passing“organizationman”withanindependentindividual.

Fromthiscriticalviewourratesofalcoholism,suicideanddivorce,aswellasjuveniledelinquency,gangrule,actsofviolenceandindifferencetolife,arecharacteristicsymptomsofour“pathologyofnormalcy”.Itmaybearguedthatallthesepathologicalphenomenaexistbecausewehavenotyetreachedouraim,thatofanaffluentsociety.Itistrue,wearestillfarfrombeinganaffluentsociety.Butthematerialprogressmadeinthelastdecadesallowsustohopethatoursystemmighteventuallyproduceamateriallyaffluentsociety.Yetwillwebehappierthen?TheexampleofSweden,oneofthemostprosperous,democraticandpeacefulEuropeancountries,isnotveryencouraging:Sweden,asisoftenpointedout,inspiteofallitsmaterialsecurityhasamongthehighestalcoholismandsuicideratesinEurope,whileamuchpoorercountrylikeIrelandranksamongthelowestintheserespects.Coulditbethatourdreamthatmaterialwelfareperseleadstohappinessisjustapipedream?

Certainlythehumanistthinkersoftheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturies,whoareourideologicalancestors,thoughtthatthegoaloflifewasthefullunfoldingofaperson’spotentialities,whatmatteredtothemwasthepersonwhoismuch,nottheonewhohasmuchorusesmuch.Forthemeconomicproductionwasameanstotheunfoldingofman,notanend.Itseemsthattodaythemeanshavebecomeends,thatnotonly“Godisdead”asNietzschesaidinthenineteenthcentury,butalsomanisdead;thatwhatisalivearetheorganizations,themachines;andthatmanhasbecometheirslaveratherthanbeingtheirmaster.

Eachsocietycreatesitsowntypeofpersonalitybyitswayofbringingupchildreninthefamily,byitssystemofeducation,byitseffectivevalues(thatisthosevaluesthatarerewardedratherthanonlypreached).Everysocietycreatesthetypeof“socialcharacter”whichisneededforitsproperfunctioning.Itformsmenwhowanttodowhattheyhavetodo.Whatkindofmendoesourlarge-scale,bureaucratizedindustrialismneed?

Itneedsmenwhocooperatesmoothlyinlargegroups,whowanttoconsumemoreandmore,andwhosetastesarestandardizedandcanbeeasilyinfluencedandanticipated.Itneedsmenwhofeelfreeandindependent,yetwhoarewillingtobecommanded,todowhatisexpected,tofitintothesocialmachinewithoutfriction;menwhocanbeguidedwithoutforce,ledwithoutleaders,promptedwithoutanaimexcepttheaimtobeonthemove,tofunction,togoahead.

1.TheauthorusestheexampleofSwedeninthesecondparagraphtoshowthat（）.

2.Comparedwiththinkersofthe18thand19thcenturies,peopletoday（）.

3.Itcanbeinferredfromthe3rdparagraphthat（）.

4.Accordingtotheauthor,whichtypeofindividualmightbemostwelcomeintoday’ssociety?

5.Theauthorwritesthisarticleto（）.

问题1选项

A.anaffluentsocietywillbefreefromthosepathologicalphenomena

B.SwedenisabettersocietythananyotherinEurope

C.aprosperouscountrywillhavehigheralcoholismandsuicideratesthanapoorcountry

D.happinesshasnothingtodowithmaterialwelfare

问题2选项

A.aremoreconcernedabouthowtobringintofullplaypeople’spotentials

B.carelessaboutthematerialthingsoflifethanaboutthespiritualthings

C.regardmaterialthingsthemostimportantinlife

D.haveabsolutecontroloftheworld

问题3选项

A.theauthorstronglyopposeseconomicproduction

B.theauthorisinfavoroftheideologyofthethinkersofthe18thand19thcenturies

C.theauthorisfollowerofNietzsche

D.theauthorthinksthatprioritiesshouldbegiventoeconomicproduction

问题4选项

A.Peoplewhoarerebellious.

B.Peoplewhohavetheorganizingability.

C.Peoplewhoareconformists.

D.Peoplewhocanoperatemachinesproperly.

问题5选项

A.describe

B.inform

C.narrate

D.comment

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:C

第5题:D

【解析】第1题:推理判断题。由题干定位到文章第二段第六句“TheexampleofSweden,oneofthemostprosperous,democraticandpeacefulEuropeancountries,isnotveryencouraging…瑞典是欧洲最繁荣、民主、和平的国家之一，它的例子并不令人鼓舞……”可知D项“幸福与物质享受无关”与原文相符。A项“一个富裕的社会将不会有这些病态现象”，原文并没有相关表达；B项“瑞典是一个比欧洲其他任何国家都更好的社会”，原文并没有相关表达；C项“一个繁荣的国家会比一个贫穷的国家有更高的酗酒率和自杀率”，原文并没有相关表达。因此D选项正确。

第2题:细节事实题。由题干定位到文章第三段第三句“Itseemsthattodaythemeanshavebecomeends...如今，这个手段似乎已经变成了目的……”可知C项“视物质为生命中最重要的东西”与原文相符。A项“更关心如何充分发挥人的潜力”，原文并没有相关表达；B项“更关心精神上的事，而不是物质上的事”，原文并没有相关表达；D项“绝对控制世界”，原文并没有相关表达。因此C选项正确。

第3题:推理判断题。由题干定位到文章第三段第三句“Itseemsthattodaythemeanshavebecomeends...thatwhatisalivearetheorganizations,themachines;andthatmanhasbecometheirslaveratherthanbeingtheirmaster.如今，这个手段似乎已经变成了目的……似乎活着的是组织机构和机器；似乎人类已变成了它们的奴隶，而不是主人。”可知B项“作者赞成18、19世纪思想家的思想”与原文相符。A项“作者强烈反对经济生产”，原文并没有相关表达；C项“作者是尼采的追随者”，原文并没有相关表达；D项“作者认为应该优先考虑经济生产”，原文并没有相关表达。因此B选项正确。

第4题:细节事实题。由题干定位到文章最后一段第二句“Itneedsmenwhofeelfreeandindependent,yetwhoarewillingtobecommanded,todowhatisexpected...它需要感觉自由和独立的人，但他们愿意被命令，去做所期望的事……”可知C项“墨守成规的人”正确。A项“叛逆的人”；B项“有组织能力的人”；D项“能够正确操作机械的人”，均不符合题意。因此C选项正确。

第5题:推理判断题。由题干定位到文章第一段第二句“Contrarytothisview,Ibelievethatourpresentwayoflifeleadstoincreasinganxiety,helplessnessand,eventually,tothedisintegrationofourculture.与这种观点相反，我认为我们目前的生活方式导致越来越多的焦虑和无助，并最终导致我们文化的解体。”以及最后一段中“Itneedsmenwhofeelfreeandindependent,yetwhoarewillingtobecommanded,todowhatisexpected…它需要感觉自由和独立的人，但他们愿意被命令，去做所期望的事……”可知这篇文章属于评论文章，由此知D项“发表评论”正确。A项“描述”；B项“告知”；C项“叙述”，均不符合题意。因此D选项正确。

4.单选题

Providingfirst-classserviceisoneofthetacticstheairlineadoptstoattractpassengers.

问题1选项

A.methods

B.attitudes

C.thoughts

D.solutions

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词辨析。tactic“策略，手段”；A选项method“方法；手段”；B选项attitude“态度；意见”；C选项thought“思想；想法；关心”；D选项solution“解决方案；溶液；溶解”。句意：提供一流的服务是航空公司吸引乘客的策略之一。根据句中“toattractpassengers为吸引乘客”可知tactic在这里的意思为“手段”，因此A选项正确。

5.不定项选择题

Scientistsarehopingtoeliminatemalaria（疟疾）bydevelopingageneticallymodifiedmosquitothatcannottransmitthedisease.MalariahaslongtroubledthepopulationsofSouthAmerica,Africa,andAsia,wheremosquitobitesinfectupto500millionpeopleayearwiththisseriousandsometimesfatalparasiticblooddisease.Forgenerations,scientistshavebeentryingtoeliminatemalariabydevelopingnewdrugsandusingpesticide（杀虫剂）towipeoutlocalmosquitopopulations.Butthesemeasuresaren’tworking—andsomescientist,likeGregLanzaro,saythatbecauseofdrugresistanceandpopulationchanges,malariaisactuallymoreprevalentnowthanitwas20yearsago.Lanzarosayshehasabetterwaytostopthespreadofmalaria:geneticallymodifyingmosquitoessotheyareunabletocarrythedisease.

Lanzaroandhiscolleaguesareplanningamulti-yearprojecttoproducemalaria-resistantmosquitoesandhethinkstheycandoitwithinfiveyears.“Wecangetforeignintomosquitoesandtheygowherethey’resupposedtogo,”Lanzarosays,pointingoutthatscientistshavealreadysucceededingeneticallyengineeringmosquitoesthatcannottransmitmalariatobirdsandmice.Andhesays,scientistsarequicklymakingprogressongenesthatblocktransmissionofthediseasetohumansaswell.

Themostdifficultpartscientifically,Lanzarosays,isfiguringouthowtogetthelab-engineeredmosquitoestospreadtheirgenesintonaturalpopulations.Afterall,hepointsout;it’suselesstoengineermosquitoesinthelabthatcan’ttransmitmalariawhentherearemillionsoutinthewildthatcan.Tosolvethisproblem,LanzarowantstoloadupamobilepieceofDMAwiththemalaria-resistantgene,andtheninsertitintoagroupofmosquitoembryos.Themalaria-resistantgenewouldbeintegrateddirectlyintothemosquitoes’DNA,makingitimpossibleforthosemosquitoestotransmittheparasitethatcausesmalaria.Inthiswayasmallgroupoflab-raisedmosquitoescouldbereleasedintothewild,andbyinterbreedingwithwildmosquitoes,eventuallytransmitthebeneficialgenetotheentirepopulation.

61.Onereasonformalariatobemorewidespreadnowisthat（）.

A.morepeoplehavemovedtomalaria-infectedareas

B.mosquitoeshavebecomeresistanttopesticides

C.geneticallymodifiedmosquitoesstilltransmitthedisease

D.mosquitoesbiteasmanyas500millionpeopleayear

62.Lanzaroishopefulthatinafewyearmancan（）.

A.starttoeliminatemalaria

B.cureparasiticblooddiseases

C.preventmicefromtransmittingparasites

D.acquireimmunityagainstmalaria

63.Lanzaroisconfidentthatscientistcanblockthetransmissionsofmalariatohumansbecause（）.

A.naturalmosquitopopulationsdonotchange

B.scientistshavesucceededwithbirdsandmice

C.foreigngenesalwaysgowheretheyarerequired

D.lab-raisedmosquitoeswillnotberesistanttodrugs

64.WhatisthemostdifficultpartofLanzaro’sproject?

A.Spreadingmalaria-resistantgenesintonaturalmosquitopopulations.

B.Raisingmalaria-resistantmosquitoes.

C.Makinggenesthatblockthetransmissionofmalaria.

D.Identifyingmalaria-resistantgenes.

65.Accordingtothepassage,afundamentalwaytowipeoutmalariaisto（）.

A.developnewmalaria-resistantdrugs

B.produceeffectivepesticidestokillmosquitoes

C.changethegeneticmakeupofmosquitoes

D.removepeoplefrommalaria-infectedareas

问题1选项

A.morepeoplehavemovedtomalaria-infectedareas

B.mosquitoeshavebecomeresistanttopesticides

C.geneticallymodifiedmosquitoesstilltransmitthedisease

D.mosquitoesbiteasmanyas500millionpeopleayear

问题2选项

A.starttoeliminatemalaria

B.cureparasiticblooddiseases

C.preventmicefromtransmittingparasites

D.acquireimmunityagainstmalaria

问题3选项

A.naturalmosquitopopulationsdonotchange

B.scientistshavesucceededwithbirdsandmice

C.foreigngenesalwaysgowheretheyarerequired

D.lab-raisedmosquitoeswillnotberesistanttodrugs

问题4选项

A.Spreadingmalaria-resistantgenesintonaturalmosquitopopulations.

B.Raisingmalaria-resistantmosquitoes.

C.Makinggenesthatblockthetransmissionofmalaria.

D.Identifyingmalaria-resistantgenes.

问题5选项

A.developnewmalaria-resistantdrugs

B.produceeffectivepesticidestokillmosquitoes

C.changethegeneticmakeupofmosquitoes

D.removepeoplefrommalaria-infectedareas

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:B

第4题:A

第5题:C

【解析】第1题:事实细节题。由malariatobemorewidespread定位到文章第一段倒数第二句“…becauseofdrugresistanceandpopulationchanges,malariaisactuallymoreprevalentnowthanitwas20yearsago”，由于耐药性和人口变化，疟疾现在实际上比20年前更流行。由此可知，疟疾的流行与其耐药性有关。A选项“morepeoplehavemovedtomalaria-infectedareas”，意为“更多的人搬到疟疾感染地区”，这是疟疾变得更流行后的结果，它导致了更多的人住在疟疾感染地区；B选项“mosquitoeshavebecomeresistanttopesticides”意为“蚊子已对杀虫剂产生了抗药性”，蚊子就是疟疾的传播者，蚊子对杀虫剂产生耐药性，所以疟疾传播得更广；C选项“geneticallymodifiedmosquitoesstilltransmitthedisease”意为“转基因蚊子仍然传播这种疾病”，原文中科学家们试图通过转基因的蚊子来消灭疟疾，这些转基因蚊子是不能传播疾病的；D选项“mosquitoesbiteasmanyas500millionpeopleayear”意为“蚊子每年叮咬多达5亿人”，这是现状不是导致的原因。因此B选项符合题意。

第2题:判断推理题。由Lanzaro定位到文章第二段第一句“Lanzaroandhiscolleaguesareplanningamulti-yearprojecttoproducemalaria-resistantmosquitoesandhethinkstheycandoitwithinfiveyears”，兰萨罗和他的同事们正在计划一个长期的项目来制造抗疟疾的蚊子，他认为他们可以在5年内做到。由此可知，兰萨罗正计划消灭疟疾。A选项“starttoeliminatemalaria”，意为“开始消灭疟疾”，与原文相符；B选项“cureparasiticblooddiseases”意为“治疗寄生虫性血液病”，与原文不符，兰萨罗不是治疗疾病而是寻找消灭疟疾的办法；C选项“preventmicefromtransmittingparasites”意为“防止老鼠传播寄生虫”，与原文不符，原文中是蚊子不会传播寄生虫给老鼠；D选项“acquireimmunityagainstmalaria”意为“获得抗疟疾免疫力”，原文并未提及抗疟疾免疫力。因此A选项符合题意。

第3题:判断推理题。由Lanzaro定位到文章第二段第二句“…pointingoutthatscientistshavealreadysucceededingeneticallyengineeringmosquitoesthatcannottransmitmalariatobirdsandmice”，他指出，科学家已经成功地对蚊子进行了基因改造，使它们不会将疟疾传播给鸟类和老鼠。由此可知，科学家在鸟类和老鼠身上已经取得了成功，蚊子不会传播寄生虫到它们身上。A选项“naturalmosquitopopulationsdonotchange”，意为“蚊子的自然数量不会改变”，原文未提及蚊子数量的变化；B选项“scientistshavesucceededwithbirdsandmice”意为“科学家已经在鸟类和老鼠身上取得了成功”，与原文相符；C选项“foreigngenesalwaysgowheretheyarerequired”意为“外来基因总是去需要它们的地方”，与原文不符，原文是让外来基因进入蚊子体内；D选项“lab-raisedmosquitoeswillnotberesistanttodrugs”意为“实验室饲养的蚊子不会对药物产生抗药性”，原文并未提及实验室蚊子的抗药性。因此B选项符合题意。

第4题:事实细节题。由mostdifficultpart定位到文章第三段第一句“Themostdifficultpartscientifically,Lanzarosays,isfiguringouthowtogetthelab-engineeredmosquitoestospreadtheirgenesintonaturalpopulations”，兰萨罗说，科学上最困难的部分是弄清楚如何让实验室改造的蚊子将它们的基因传播到自然种群中。由此可知，将抗疟疾基因传播到蚊子的自然种群中是兰萨罗面对的难题。A选项“Spreadingmalaria-resistantgenesintonaturalmosquitopopulations”，意为“将抗疟疾基因传播到天然蚊子种群中”，与原文相符；B选项“Raisingmalaria-resistantmosquitoes”意为“培育抗疟疾的蚊子”，原文中实验室已经培育出抗疟疾的蚊子；C选项“Makinggenesthatblockthetransmissionofmalaria”意为“制造阻止疟疾传播的基因”，与原文不符，原文中实验室已经能制造抗疟疾的基因；D选项“Identifyingmalaria-resistantgenes”意为“识别抗疟疾基因”，原文中实验室可以将抗疟疾基因插入蚊子胚胎，说明识别抗疟疾基因不是难题。因此A选项符合题意。

第5题:判断推理题。由afundamentalwaytowipeoutmalaria定位到文章第一段最后一句“Lanzarosayshehasabetterwaytostopthespreadofmalaria:geneticallymodifyingmosquitoessotheyareunabletocarrythedisease”，兰萨罗说，他有一个更好的方法来阻止疟疾的传播：对蚊子进行基因改造，使它们无法携带这种疾病。由此可知，改变蚊子的基因，使它们携带抗疟疾基因是阻止疟疾传播的有效办法。C选项“changethegeneticmakeupofmosquitoes”意为“改变蚊子的基因组成”与原文相符。A选项“developnewmalaria-resistantdrugs”，意为“开发新的抗疟疾药物”，B选项“produceeffectivepesticidestokillmosquitoes”意为“生产有效的杀虫剂杀死蚊子”和D选项“removepeoplefrommalaria-infectedareas”意为“将人移出疟疾感染地区”，这三种办法原文均没有提及。因此C选项符合题意。

6.不定项选择题

ThementalhealthmovementintheUnitedStatesbeganwithaperiodofconsiderableenlightenment.DorotheaDixwasshockedtofindthementallyillinjailsandalmshousesandcrusadedfortheestablishmentofasylumsinwhichpeoplecouldreceivehumanecareandtreatmentwhichmighthelprestorethemtosanity.Bythemid-1800s,20stateshadestablishedasylums,butduringthelate1800sandearly1900s,inthefaceofeconomicdepression,legislatureswereunabletoappropriatesufficientfundsfordecentcare.Asylumsbecameovercrowdedandprison-like.Additionally,patientsweremoreresistanttotreatmentthanthepioneersinthementalhealthfieldhadanticipated,andsecurityandrestraintwereneededtoprotectpatientsandothers.Mentalinstitutionsbecamefrighteninganddepressingplacesinwhichtherightsofpatientswereallbutforgotten.

TheseconditionscontinueduntilafterWorldWarII.Atthattime,newtreatmentswerediscoveredforsomemajormentalillnessesheretoforeconsidereduntreatable(penicillinforsyphilisofthebrainandinsulintreatmentforschizophreniaanddepressions),andasuccessionofbooks,motionpictures,andnewspaperexposescalledattentiontotheplightofthementallyill.ImprovementsweremadeandDr.DavidVail’sHumanePracticesProgramisabeaconfortoday.Butchangeswereslowincominguntiltheearly1910s.Atthattime,theCivilRightsmovementledlawyerstoinvestigateAmerica’sprisons,whichweredisproportionatelypopulatedbyblacks,andtheyinturnfollowedprisonersintotheonlyinstitutionsthatwereworsethantheprisons—thehospitalsforthecriminallyinsane.Theprisonswerefilledwithangryyoungmenwho,encouragedbylegalsupport,werequicktodemandtheirrights.Thehospitalsforthecriminallyinsane,bycontrast,werepopulatedwithpeoplewhowereconsidered“crazy”andwhowereoftenkeptobedientlyintheirplacethroughtheuseofseverebodilyrestraintsandlargedosesofmajortranquilizers.Theyoungcadreofpublicinterestlawyerslikedtheirroleinthementalhospitals.Thelawyersfoundapopulationthatwasbothpassiveandeasytochampion.Thesewere,afterall,peoplewho,unlikecriminals,haddonenothingwrong.Andinmanystates,theywerebeingkeptinhorrendousinstitutions,aninjustice,whichonceexposed,wasboundtoshockthepublicand,particularly,thejudicialconscience.Patient’sfightsgroupssuccessfullyencouragedreformbylobbyinginstatelegislatures.

Judicialinterventionshavehadsomedefinitepositiveeffects,butthereisgrowingawarenessthatcourtscannotprovidethestandardsandthereviewmechanismsthatassuregoodpatientcare.Thedetailsofprovidingdaytodaycaresimplycannotbemandatedbyacourt,soitistimetotakefromthecourtstheresponsibilityfordeliveryofmentalhealthcareandassuranceofpatientrightsandreturnittothestatementalhealthadministratorstowhomthemandatewasoriginallygiven.Thoughitisadifficulttask,administratorsmustundertaketowriterulesandstandardsandtoprovidethetrainingandsurveillancetoassurethattreatmentisgivenandpatientrightsarerespected.

1.Whichofthefollowinghappenedinmentalinstitutionsaftereconomicdepression?

2.Itcanbeinferredthat,hadtheCivilRightsmovementnotpromptedaninvestigationofprisonconditions,（）.

3.Accordingtothepassage,mentalhospitalconditionswereradicallychangedbecauseof（）.

4.Accordingtothepassage,whoisresponsibleforsurveillanceofgoodpatientcare?

5.Themainpurposeofthepassageisto（）.

问题1选项

A.Patientsbecameinflexibleandinsensitive.

B.Fewerpatientsledtoshortageoffundsandinhumanecare.

C.Morepatientswerereluctanttogethelpfromphysicians.

D.Patientsweredisappointedtoliveinasylums.

问题2选项

A.stateswouldneverhaveestablishedasylumsforthementallyill

B.newtreatmentsformajormentalillnesswouldhavelikelyremaineduntested

C.theCivilRightsmovementinAmericawouldhavebeenpoliticallyineffective

D.conditionsinmentalhospitalsmighthaveescapedjudicialscrutiny

问题3选项

A.agroupofyoungangrymeninthe1900s

B.activeyounglawyersinthe1910s

C.innocentinsanepatient’sprotest

D.powerfulcourtinterventions

问题4选项

A.Thestatecourts.

B.Thepublicinterestlawyers.

C.Thestatementalhealthadministrators.

D.Thehospitals.

问题5选项

A.provideanhistoricalperspectiveonproblemsofmentalhealthcare

B.increasepublicawarenessoftheplightofthementallyill

C.shockthereaderwithvividdescriptionsofasylums

D.describetheinventionofnewtreatmentsformentalillness

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:D

第3题:B

第4题:C

第5题:A

【解析】第1题:推理判断题。由题干定位到文章第一段中“Asylumsbecameovercrowdedandprison-like.精神病院变得人满为患，像监狱一样。”和“Mentalinstitutionsbecamefrighteninganddepressingplacesinwhichtherightsofpatientswereallbutforgotten.精神病院成了令人恐惧和沮丧的地方，病人的权利几乎被遗忘。”可知D项与原文相符。A项“病人变得僵硬和麻木”，与原文不符；B项“病人减少导致资金短缺和不人道的护理”，与原文不符；C项“更多的病人不愿意得到医生的帮助”，与原文不符；D项“病人住在精神病院里很失望”，因此D选项正确。

第2题:推理判断题。由题干定位到文章第二段中“Atthattime,theCivilRightsmovementledlawyerstoinvestigateAmerica’sprisons,whichweredisproportionatelypopulatedbyblacks,andtheyinturnfollowedprisonersintotheonlyinstitutionsthatwereworsethantheprisons—thehospitalsforthecriminallyinsane.当时，民权运动促使律师们调查美国的监狱，那里的黑人比例不成比例，他们转而跟踪囚犯进入唯一比监狱更糟糕的机构——精神病罪犯医院。”可知D项与原文相符。A项“国家将永远不会为精神病人建立精神病院”，与原文不符；B项“针对主要精神病的新治疗将可能仍然未被检验”，与原文不符；C项“美国的民权运动在政治上是无效的，与原文不符；D项“精神病院的条件可能逃脱了司法审查”，因此D选项正确。

第3题:推理判断题。由题干定位到文章第二段中“Atthattime,theCivilRightsmovementledlawyerstoinvestigateAmerica’sprisons,whichweredisproportionatelypopulatedbyblacks,andtheyinturnfollowedprisonersinto