2022年考研考博-考博英语-云南大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号38

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-云南大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

Theyarrangeddailyroutinethatwould（）hersenseofsecuritythoughshewasjustatrainee.

问题1选项

A.bombard

B.bolster

C.breed

D.bruise

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项bombard“轰击”；B选项bolster“支持、支撑”；C选项breed“培养”；D选项bruise“使擦伤”。本句表示“他们安排了每天的例行公事来培养她的安全感虽然只是个实习生”安全感需要培养。因此C选项符合题意。

2.单选题

Thelasthalfofthenineteenthcentury（）thesteadyimprovementinthemeansoftravel.

问题1选项

A.told

B.declared

C.viewed

D.witnessed

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项tell“告诉、讲述”；B选项declare“宣布、申明”；C选项view“观察”；D选项witness“目击、见证”，句意为：19世纪后半期见证了交通工具的不断改进。D选项符合句意。

3.单选题

Here’sthescarythingabouttheidentity-theftringthatthefedscrackedlastweek:therewasnothinganyofitsestimated40,000victimscouldhavedonetopreventitfromhappening.Thiswasaninsidejob,accordingtocourtdocuments.Alowlyhelp-deskworkeratTeledataCommunications,asoftwarefirmthathelpsbanksaccesscreditreportsonline,allegedlystolepasswordsforthosereportsandsoldthemtoagroupof20thievesat$60apop.Thatallowedthegangtocherry-pickconsumerswithgoodcreditandapplyforallkindsofaccountsintheirnames,costtothevictims:$3millionandrising.

Evenscarieristhis,thelargestidentity-theftbusttodate,isjustadropinthebitbucket.Morethan700,000Americanshavetheircredithijackedeveryyear.It’soneofcrime’sbiggestgrowthmarkets.Aname,addressandSocialSecuritynumber—whichcanoftenbefoundontheWeb—isallanybodyneedstoapplyforaboguslineofcredit.Creditcompaniesmake$1.3trillionannuallyandloselessthan2%ofthatrevenuetofraud,sothere’slittlefinancialincentiveforthemtomaketheapplicationprocessmoresecure.Asitstandsnow,it’suptoyoutoprotectyouridentity.

Thegoodnewsisthatthereareplentyofstepsyoucantake.Mostcreditthievesareopportunists,notwell-organizedgangs.AlotofthemgoDumpsterdivingforthosemillionsof“pre-approved”credit-cardmailingsthatgoouteveryday.Othersstealwalletsandreturnthem,takingonlyaSocialSecuritynumber.ShreddingyourjunkmailandleavingyourSocialSecuritycardathomecansavealotofagonylater.

Butthemosteffectivewaytokeepyouridentitycleanistocheckyourcreditreportsonceortwiceayear.Therearethreemajorcredit—reportoutfits:Equifax(atE),TransUnion()andExperian(E).Allallowyoutoorderreportsonline,whichisalotbetterthanwadingthroughvoice-mailhellontheir800lines.Ofthethree,1foundTransUnion’swebsitetobethecheapestandmostcomprehensive—layingoutstate-by-stateprices,rightsandtipsforconsumersineasy-to-readfashion.

Ifyou’reluckyenoughtoliveinColorado,Georgia,Maryland,Massachusetts,NewJerseyorVermont,youareentitledtoonefreereportayearbylaw.Otherwiseit’sgoingtocost$8to$14eachtime.Avoidservicesthatoffertomonitoryourreportsyear-roundforabout$70;that’s$10morethanthegoingrateamongthieves.Ifyouthinkyou’reavictimofidentitytheft,youcanaskforfraudalertstobeputonfileateachofthethreecredit-reportcompanies.Youcanalsodownloadatheft-reportformatwww.consumer.gor/idtheft,which,alongwithalocalpolicereport,shouldhelpwheniratecreditorscomeknocking.Justdon’texpectjustice.Thataudacioushelp-deskworkerwasoneofthefewerthan2%ofidentitythieveswhoareevercaught.

1.Whatisthetrendofcredit-theftcrime?

2.Theexpression“insidejob”mostprobablymeans（）.

3.Thecreditorscanprotecttheiridentityinthefollowingwayexcept（）.

4.Whyisiteasytohavecredit-theft?

5.Whatisthebesttitleofthepassage?

问题1选项

A.Tightlysuppressed.

B.Morefrightening.

C.Rapidlyincreasing.

D.Looselycontrolled.

问题2选项

A.acrimethatiscommittedbyapersonworkingforthevictim

B.acrimethatshouldbepunishedseverely

C.acrimethatdoesgreatharmtothevictim

D.acrimethatposesagreatthreattothesociety

问题3选项

A.destroyingyourjunkmail

B.leavingyourSocialSecuritycardathome

C.visitingthecredit-reportwebsiteregularly

D.obtainingthefreereportfromthegovernment

问题4选项

A.Morepeopleareusingcreditservices.

B.Theapplicationprogramisnotsafeenough.

C.Creditorsusuallydisclosetheiridentity.

D.Creditorsarenotcarefulabouttheiridentity.

问题5选项

A.Thedangerofcredit-theft

B.Thelossofthecreditors

C.Howtoprotectyourgoodname

D.Whythecreditorslosetheiridentity

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:C

【解析】1.推理判断题。定位到文章第二段“Evenscarieristhis,thelargestidentity-theftbusttodate,isjustadropinthebitbucket.Morethan700,000Americanshavetheircredithijackedeveryyear.It’soneofcrime’sbiggestgrowthmarkets”,更可怕的是，这是迄今为止最大规模的身份盗窃案，不过是沧海一粟。每年有超过70万美国人的信用被劫持。这是最大的犯罪增长市场之一。由此可知，信用盗窃犯罪率呈上升趋势。因此C选项符合题意。

2.推理判断题。由题干关键词定位到文章第一段“Alowlyhelp-deskworkeratTeledataCommunications,asoftwarefirmthathelpsbanksaccesscreditreportsonline,allegedlystolepasswordsforthosereportsandsoldthemtoagroupof20thievesat$60apop”,TeledataCommunications是一家帮助银行在线获取信用报告的软件公司，据称该公司的一名地位低下的咨询台工作人员窃取了这些报告的密码，并以每份60美元的价格将其卖给了20名盗贼。由此可知，insidejob意味着公司内部人员对受害者犯下的罪行。因此A选项符合题意。

3.细节事实题。由题干关键词定位到文章第三段“ShreddingyourjunkmailandleavingyourSocialSecuritycardathomecansavealotofagonylater”和第四段“Butthemosteffectivewaytokeepyouridentitycleanistocheckyourcreditreportsonceortwiceayear”，相对应选项A、B、C，选项D以偏概全，只适用于特定的几个州，而不是所有的，因此D选项符合题意。

4.推理判断题。由题干关键词定位到文章第二段“Aname,addressandSocialSecuritynumber—whichcanoftenbefoundontheWeb—isallanybodyneedstoapplyforaboguslineofcredit.Creditcompaniesmake$1.3trillionannuallyandloselessthan2%ofthatrevenuetofraud,sothere’slittlefinancialincentiveforthemtomaketheapplicationprocessmoresecure”,一个名字、地址和社会安全号码——这些可以在网上找到——是任何人申请虚假信用额度所需要的全部。信用公司每年赚1.3万亿美元，但因欺诈而损失的收入不到2%，所以他们没有什么经济动机来提高申请程序的安全性。由此可知，应用程序不够安全是信用卡容易遭到盗窃的原因。因此B选项符合题意。

5.主旨大意题。定位整篇文章内容，从信用盗窃讨论，主要涉及保护个人信息。因此C选项符合题意。

4.单选题

Wehavehasamarvelousholiday.Onlythelasttwodayswereslightly（）byweather.

问题1选项

A.damaged

B.enhanced

C.spoiled

D.diminished

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项damage“损害”；B选项enhance“提高、增强”；C选项spoil“破坏、掠夺”；D选项diminish“减少、缩小”，句意为：我们度过了一个美好的假期。只有最后两天因为天气有点扫兴。C选项符合句意。

5.单选题

Thisspecialcommitteewasestablishedforwell-integratedmembersofthesocietyandnotfor（

）individuals.

问题1选项

A.marginal

B.minor

C.eccentric

D.distinctive

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。Marginal“边缘的，临界的，末端的”；minor“次要的”；eccentric“古怪的，反常的”；distinctive“独特的，与众不同的”。句意：特殊委员会是为了品行优良的社会成员建立的，而不是为那些边缘人士设立。选项A符合题意。

6.单选题

Hereisagreatironyof21st-centuryglobalpublichealth;whilemanyhundredsofmillionsofpeoplelackadequatefoodasaresultofeconomicinequities,politicalcorruption,orwarfare,manyhundredsofmillionsmoreareoverweighttothepointofincreasedriskfordiet-relatedchronicdiseases.Obesityisaworldwidephenomenon,affectingchildrenaswellasadultsandforcingallbutthepoorestcountriestodivertscarceresourcesawayfromfoodsecuritytotakecareofpeoplewithpreventableheartdiseaseanddiabetes.

Toreversetheobesityepidemic,wemustaddressfundamentalcauses.Overweightcomesfromconsumingmorefoodenergythanisexpendedinactivity.Thecauseofthisimbalancealsoisironic:improvedprosperity.Peopleuseextraincometoeatmoreandbelessactive.Marketeconomiesencouragethis.Theyturnpeoplewithexpendableincomeintoconsumersofaggressivelymarketedfoodsthatarehighinenergybutlowinnutritionalvalue,andofcars,televisionsets,andcomputersthatpromotesedentarybehavior.Gainingweightisgoodforbusiness.Foodisparticularlybigbusinessbecauseeveryoneeats.

Moreover,foodissooverproducedthatmanycountries,especiallytherichones,havefarmorethantheyneed—anotherirony.IntheUnitedStates,totakeanextremeexample,mostadults—ofallages,incomes,educationallevels,andcensuscategories—areoverweight.TheU.S.foodsupplyprovides3,800kilocaloriesperpersonperday,nearlytwiceasmuchasrequiredbymanyadults.Overabundantfoodforcescompaniestocompeteforsalesthroughadvertising,healthclaims,newproducts,largerportions,andcampaignsdirectedtowardschildren.Foodmarketingpromotesweightgain.Indeed,itisdifficulttothinkofanymajorindustrythatmightbenefitifpeopleatelessfood;certainlynottheagriculture,foodproduct,grocery,restaurant,diet,ordrugindustries.Allflourishwhenpeopleeatmore,andallemployarmiesoflobbyiststodiscouragegovernmentsfromdoinganythingtoinhibitovereating.

1.Thegreatironyof21stcenturyglobalpublichealthrefersto（）.

2.Toaddressthefundamentalcauseoftheobesityepidemic,accordingtothepassage,is（）.

3.Aswecanlearnfromthepassage,thesecondironyrefersto（）.

4.Asaresultofthethirdirony,people（）.

5.Whichofthefollowingcanbeexcludedbasedonthepassage?

问题1选项

A.thecauseofobesityanditscounteractivemeasures

B.theinsufficientandsuperfluousconsumptionoffood

C.thescarcenaturalresourceandthenegligenceoffoodsecurity

D.theconsumptionoffoodandtheincreasedriskofdiet-relateddiseases

问题2选项

A.toimprovepoliticalandeconomicmanagement

B.tocopewiththeenergyimbalanceissue

C.tocombatdiet-relatedchronicdiseases

D.toincreaseinvestmentinglobalhealth

问题3选项

A.affluenceandobesity

B.foodenergyandnutritionalvalue

C.foodbusinessandeconomicprosperity

D.diseasesofcivilizationandpathologyofinactivity

问题4选项

A.consume3800kilocaloriesonadailybasis

B.complainaboutfoodoverproduction

C.havetoraisetheirfoodexpenses

D.aredriventowardsweightgain

问题5选项

A.Theeconomicdimension.

B.Thepoliticaldimension.

C.Thehumanedimension.

D.Thedietarydimension.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:A

第4题:D

第5题:C

【解析】1.细节事实题。由题干关键词定位到文章第一段“Hereisagreatironyof21st-centuryglobalpublichealth;whilemanyhundredsofmillionsofpeoplelackadequatefoodasaresultofeconomicinequities,politicalcorruption,orwarfare,manyhundredsofmillionsmoreareoverweighttothepointofincreasedriskfordiet-relatedchronicdiseases”,这是21世纪全球公共卫生的一个巨大讽刺；虽然由于经济不平等、政治腐败或战争，数以亿计的人缺乏足够的食物，但还有数以亿计的人体重过重，已增加了患与饮食有关的慢性疾病的风险。因此D选项符合题意。

2.推理判断题。由题干关键词定位到文章第二段“Thecauseofthisimbalancealsoisironic:improvedprosperity”,这种失衡的原因同样具有讽刺意味：繁荣程度的提高，最后一段“Allflourishwhenpeopleeatmore,andallemployarmiesoflobbyiststodiscouragegovernmentsfromdoinganythingtoinhibitovereating”，当人们吃得更多的时候，所有国家都繁荣昌盛，所有国家都雇佣成群的说客来阻止政府采取任何措施抑制过度饮食。由此可知，要解决肥胖的流行，要从经济和政治方面进行管理。因此A选项符合题意。

3.细节事实题。由题干关键词定位到文章第二段“Thecauseofthisimbalancealsoisironic:improvedprosperity.Peopleuseextraincometoeatmoreandbelessactive”,这种失衡的原因同样具有讽刺意味：繁荣程度的提高。人们用额外的收入吃得更多，少做运动。由此可知，人们在变得富裕的同时，却也有了肥胖症同样也是一种讽刺。因此A选项符合题意。

4.细节事实题。由题干关键词定位到文章最后一段“Overabundantfoodforcescompaniestocompeteforsalesthroughadvertising,healthclaims,newproducts,largerportions,andcampaignsdirectedtowardschildren.Foodmarketingpromotesweightgain.”，过多的食物迫使公司通过广告、健康宣传、新产品、更大的份量和针对儿童的活动来竞争销售。食品营销促进体重增加。由此可知，人们在这种食品过剩的大环境中，被迫摄入过多的热量，最后体重增加。因此D选项符合题意。

5.细节事实题。文中并未涉及到人文维度。因此C选项符合题意。

7.单选题

Basketball,（

）1891byCanadianJamesNaismith,wasneverintendedtobeanythingmorethananinterestingstyleofhandsoccerforuniversitystudents.

问题1选项

A.whenitwasinventedin

B.whichinvented

C.wasinventedin

D.whichitwasinventedin

【答案】A

【解析】语法（从句）题目。分析题干结构可知空格后一句是真正的主句，所以空格所在句是一个从句，所以排除C选项；从句是修饰Basketball，是被动关系，排除B选项，which在引导定语从句时，需在从句中充当成分，所以排除D选项;所以正确答案是A选项，是一个表示时间的状语从句。

8.单选题

I（）havewrittentohimbecausehephonedmeshortlyafterwards.

问题1选项

A.needn’t

B.oughtn’tto

C.wouldn’t

D.shouldn’t

【答案】A

【解析】考查虚拟语气。needn’thavedone“本来不必做”，隐含实际上已经做了，从下文“此后不久他就给我打了电话”可知用needn’thavewrittentohim。句意为：我本不必写信给他，因为他后来不久就给我打了电话。A选项正确。

9.写作题

Directions:Chooseoneofthetwotopicstodevelopanessayofabout300words.

1.“Allyouneedinthislifeisignoranceandconfidence;thensuccessissure.”Howdoyouunderstandthisstatement?Youcangiveexamplestoillustrateyourpointandthenexplainhowtocultivateconfidenceandachievesuccess.

2.Itisgenerallybelievedthatreadingiscrucialtothinkingindependently.Doyouagreeordisagree?Illustrateyourpointsofviewontherelationshipbetweenreadingandthinking.

【答案】略

10.单选题

I’d（）hisreputationwithotherfarmersandbusinesspeopleinthecommunity,andthenmakeadecisionaboutwhetherornottoapprovealoan.

问题1选项

A.takeintoaccount

B.accountfor

C.makeupfor

D.makeout

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项takeintoaccount“考虑、顾及”；B选项accountfor“说明、解释”；C选项makeupfor“补偿、填补”；D选项makeout“理解、辨认”，句意为：我想知道他在当地其他农民和商人中的声望，然后决定是否批准贷款。D选项符合句意，因此选D。

11.单选题

Withherwarmvoiceandinformalmanner,PearBailyattainedsuccessin（

）.

问题1选项

A.everyentertainmentmediumvirtually

B.everyvirtuallyentertainmentmedium

C.virtuallyentertainmenteverymedium

D.virtuallyeveryentertainmentmedium

【答案】D

【解析】语法题。Every为限定词，修饰entertainmentmedium，virtually为副词，修饰形容词every，句意：凭借她温暖的嗓音和不拘礼节的举止，PearBaily几乎在所有的娱乐媒体中都取得了成功。选项D符合题意。

12.单选题

Theimportanceof（）canneverbeneglectedwhenitcomestofulfillingone’smilitarymissions.

问题1选项

A.popularity

B.peculiarity

C.punctuality

D.potentiality

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项popularity“受欢迎的、名气”；B选项peculiarity“特质、特性”；C选项punctuality“准时、守时”；D选项potentiality“潜能、潜力”，句意为：在完成军事任务时，守时的重要性是不可忽视的。punctuality“准时、守时”符合题意，选项C正确。

13.单选题

Thisleadsrecordcompaniestotreatmusiciansascontractedartistswhoarenotpaidafixedsumfortheirlabor-time,butinsteadreceiveroyaltiesin（

）totheirsuccess.

问题1选项

A.addition

B.relation

C.percentage

D.proportion

【答案】D

【解析】考查固定搭配。句意：这导致唱片公司把音乐家当成签约艺术家，他们无法获得固定的工资，但是当他们成功后可以获得一定比例的版税。inproportionto“与某事物成比例”，因此选项D符合题意。

14.单选题

Whenthepartyfinishedat11o’clock,theballoonsmyunclehad（）atourdinnertablehadmostofthemexploded.

问题1选项

A.blownup

B.blownover

C.blownout

D.blownin

【答案】A

【解析】考查固定搭配。blowup“吹胀”，本句意为“……叔叔吹胀放在餐桌上的气球，大部分都爆了”，想要的表达的意思是吹胀的气球爆了。选项A正确。

15.单选题

ItishardtoimaginehowManhattan,boughtfromaNativeAmericantribeforsolittle,（

）vibrantfinancialcommunityinAmerica.

问题1选项

A.couldbecomethemost

B.becomesthemost

C.tobecome

D.oneofthemostassuming

【答案】A

【解析】固定搭配题。固定句型Itishardtoimaginehowsb./sth.coulddosth.表示“很难想象某人/某物是怎么做到……”，A选项正确。

16.单选题

Beforethe1980s,theideaofhealthinsurancewasquite（

）tothoselivinginthemainlandofChina.

问题1选项

A.overseas

B.abroad

C.foreign

D.offshore

【答案】C

【解析】形容词词义辨析。A选项overseas“海外的，国外的”；B选项abroad“在国外”；C选项foreign“外国的，陌生的”;D选项offshore“近海的’；句意是‘主语theideaofhealthinsurance医疗保险’这个概念在20世纪80年代之前对居民来说是…，C选项符合句意，正确。

17.单选题

ThosewhogotangryandcrazysetfiretocarsandshopsintheParissuburbofClichy-sous-Bois,thentheproblem（

）.

问题1选项

A.evolved

B.evaporated

C.escalated

D.exalted

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。evolve“发展”；evaporate“使……蒸发”；escalate“逐步增强”；exalt“提升，提拔”。句意：那些愤怒和疯狂的人放烧了巴黎郊区克里希所思的汽车和酒店，然后这个问题更严重了。选项C符合题意。

18.单选题

Heavyfightinghasbeengoingonaftertheguerrillashad（）theiroffensiveattackonlocalforce.

问题1选项

A.undertaken

B.launched

C.begun

D.embarked

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。undertake“承担”；launch“发射”；begin“开始”；embark“出发”。本句意为“游击队开始对当地军队发动进攻后，激烈的战斗一直在进行”。begin符合句意，表达进攻从开始就一直进行着。因此选项C正确。

19.单选题

Alcoholismanddrugaddictionhasalreadyreachedepidemicproportionsinthe21stCentury.Oneofthebiggestmisconceptionsaboutaddictionisthatitonlyaffectscertaingroupswithinsociety:forexamplethatpoorpeoplefrompoorneighborhoodsandethnicminoritiesaremorelikelytobeaddictedtoalcoholanddrugs.Thetruthishoweverthataddictionisblindtorace,colorandsocio-economicbackground.Anotherfactisthatdrugandalcoholrelatedcrimesareincreasingallovertheworld.

Therearemanyreasonswhyapersonmightfirsttrydrugs.Someofthesemightincludepeerpressurefromfriends,stressandpersonalitycharacteristics.Peopletakedrugsandalcoholbecauseoftheelevatingorrelaxingeffectstheyhaveonthebodyotherwisepeoplewouldn’ttaketheminthefirstplace.

Butasthepersondevelopsahabit,thechemistryofthebrainstartstochangeandadapt,demandingmoreandmoreofthedrugasitresiststhediscomfortofwithdrawal.Thepersonbecomesanaddictandtheinitialmasonsfortakingthedrugsoonpaleinsignificanceastheneedfordrugsandoralcoholbeginstodominateeveryaspectoftheaddict’slife.Addictionsarelifelongillnessesthatareveryhardtotreat.Thedisturbingfactisthat1/3rdofpatientswhodoreceivetreatmentusuallyrelapsewithinoneyear.

Manyscientistsbelievethataddictionisrelatedtoourmostbasicinstinct,survival.Sincethebeginningoftimeourbrainhasevolvedtoensurethesurvivalofourspecies.Thebraincontrolsbehaviorbyrewardingactionsthatwillensuresurvivalofthespecies.Forexample,theintakeofnutrientssuchassugarsandfatsactivatetastereceptorsthatinturnactivatebrainrewardmechanisms.Theactivationofthesemechanismsproducescertainchangesintheindividualrangingfrombeinginamuchbettermoodtointensepleasureandeuphoria.Wearefarmorelikelytocontinuetoseekoutandeatthesenutrientsbecausethebrainrewardsusfortakingthenutrientsintothebodybyreleasingchemicalsthatmakeusfeelgood.

Theproblemliesinthefactthattheserewardsystemsdonotonlyrewardtheintakeofharmlesssubstancessuchassugarsandfats.Somechemicalsactivatebrainrewardsystemsdirectly,bypassingthesensoryreceptorsmediatingnaturalrewards.Caffeine,alcoholandnicotineallactivatebrainrewardmechanismsdirectly.

Butotherfarmoreharmfuldrugssuchasheroine,crackandcocainearebetteratactivatingbrainrewardsystems,producingafarmorepowerfuleffectcomparedtoafeelingofcalmnessorrelaxationaftereatingagoodnutritiousmeal.Theactivationismuchmoreintensecausingtheindividualtocravethedrugandtofocustheiractivitiesaroundtakingthedrug.Theabilityofaddictivedrugstostronglyactivatebrainrewardmechanismsandtheirabilitytochemicallyalterthenormalfunctioningofthesesystemscanproduceanaddiction.Howeversomepeoplebecomeaddictedwhileothersdonot.

Manypeopledrinkalcoholorsmokecannabisorevencocaineandotherillegaldrugsbutthisdoesnotnecessarilymakethemaddictsandnotalladdictshavethesameintensityofaddiction.Ithasbeenestimatedthatapproximately10%ofanypopulationofanycountrywilltendtohaveanaddictivenatureandbecomeaddictsofsomekind.Itistruethatthoughthatsomeraces,notablyNativeAmericanIndiansandEskimos,dotendtohavehigherratesofaddictionthanothersforreasonsthatarenotfullyunderstood.Itisalsotruethatpeoplewhobecomeaddictsmaybehighlyintelligentandbeextremelymotivatedbutareunabletocontroltheiraddiction.Addictionisbynomeansdependentonintelligence.Someofthemostskilledandintelligentpeoplemightbecomeaddictseventhoughtheyarefullyawareofthedetrimentalnatureofcontinuingtotakedrugsoralcohol.

Thefactisthatstillwedonotknowwhysomepeoplebecomeaddictsandothersdonotalthoughtherearemanytheoriesthatreasonthatsomepeoplesimplyhavean“addictivepersonalitytype”—beingfarmoresusceptibletotherewardmechanismthatproducesaddiction—whileothersstillbelievethatitistheaddicts’lackofwillpowertorefrainfromtakingdrugsoralcohol.Thebiggestkillerthoughisaperson’sdenialofhisorhercondition,thattheybelievethattheydonothaveaproblem,donotseekhelpbutinsteadcontinuetheabuseuntiltheyhaveeitherlosteverythingordieasthebodycannotcopeandeventuallyshutsdown.

1.Inparagraph1,thewordmisconceptionsisclosestinmeaningto（）.

2.Accordingtothepassage,whoismostlikelytobecomeaddictedtodrugsand/oralcohol?

3.Accordingtotheauthor,mostpeoplefirsttrydrugs,andalcoholbecause（）.

4.Accordingtothepassage,whymighttherebeaprobleminthebrain’snaturalrewardsystem?

5.Inparagraph7,thewordintensityisclosestinmeaningto（）.

问题1选项

A.unprovedstatistics

B.wrongideas

C.truth

D.apprehension

问题2选项

A.Onlypeoplewhohavethefinancialmeanstobuydrugsandalcohol.

B.Usuallyonlycriminals.

C.Addictiondoesnothaveapreference.

D.Anyonewhotriesdrugsandalcoholisimmediatelyaddicted.

问题3选项

A.thereisnorealreason,itjusthappens

B.theyneedtoforgetaboutstress

C.everyonedoesit

D.peoplehavedifferentreasons

问题4选项

A.Becausecaffeineisdangerousandstimulatesourmetabolism.

B.Peoplewillbecomeinstantlyaddictedtonicotine.

C.Someharmfulsubstancescanfoolthebrainintothinkingtheyaregood.

D.Somepeoplearenaturallymoreaddictivetodrugsalcoholthanothers.

问题5选项

A.euphoria

B.level

C.result

D.desire

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:C

第5题:B

【解析】1.语义推测题。定位到文章第一段，Oneofthebiggestmisconceptionsaboutaddictionisthatitonlyaffectscertaingroupswithinsociety（关于成瘾最大的误解之一是，它只影响社会中的某些群体），wrongideas（错误的想法）与misconception（误解）意思最为接近，unprovedstatistics未经证实的统计，真相事实，apprehension赞赏，因此选项B正确。

2.判断推理题。定位到文章第一段Thetruthishoweverthataddictionisblindtorace,colorandsocio-economicbackground（然而，事实是，上瘾是无视种族，肤色和社会经济背景的），意思就是上瘾和经济、犯罪等是没有直接关系的，而Addictiondoesnothaveapreference（上瘾是没有偏好的）与原文表达意义相近，因此C选项符合题意。

3.判断推理题。定位到文章第二段，Someofthesemightincludepeerpressurefromfriends,stressandpersonalitycharacteristics.（其中一些可能包括来自朋友的同辈压力，压力和个性特征）表明每个人都是有不同原因的，因此选项D符合题意。

4.判断推理题。定位到文章第五段，Theproblemliesinthefactthattheserewardsystemsdonotonlyrewardtheintakeofharmlesssubstancessuchassugarsandfats.Somechemicalsactivatebrainrewardsystemsdirectly,bypassingthesensoryreceptorsmediatingnaturalrewards.Caffeine,alcoholandnicotineallactivatebrainrewardmechanismsdirectly.（问题在于，这些奖励系统不仅奖励摄入无害的物质，如糖和脂肪。一些化学物质直接激活大脑的奖励系统，绕过调节自然奖励的感觉感受器。咖啡因，酒精和尼古丁都能直接激活大脑的奖励机制）表明人类的大脑奖励系统不能够准确地识别摄入物质是否有害，因此选项C符合题意。

5.定位到文章第七段，…havethesameintensityofaddiction…有相同上瘾的程度，intensity意为程度，与level意义最为相近，因此选项B符合题意。

20.翻译题

ReadthefollowingpassageandthentranslatetheunderlinedpartsintoChinese.

Specializationcanbeseenasaresponsetotheproblemofanincreasingaccumulationofscientificknowledge.Bysplittingupthesubjectmatterintosmallerunits,onemancouldcontinuetohandletheinformationanduseitasthebasisforfurtherresearch.Butspecializationwasonlyoneofaseriesofrelateddevelopmentsinscienceaffectingtheprocessofcommunication.

Anotherwasthegrowingprofessionalizationofscientificactivity.

Noclearcutdistinctioncanbedrawnbetweenprofessionalsandamateursscience:exceptionscanbefoundtoanyrule.(Nevertheless,theword'amateur’doescarryaconnotationthatthepersonconcernedisnotfullyintegratedintothescientificcommunity,andinparticular,maynotfullyshareitsvalues.

Theurowthofspecializationinthenineteenthcentury,withitsconsequentrequirementofalonger,morecomplextrainingimpliedgreaterproblemsforamateurparticipationinscience.Thetrendwasnaturallymostobviousinthoseareasofsciencebasedespeciallyonamathematicalorlaboratorytraining,andcanbeillustratedintermsofthedevelopmentofgeologyintheUnitedKingdom.

AcomparisonofBritishgeologicalpublicationsoverthelastcenturyandahalfrevealsnotsimplyanincreasingemphasisontheprimacyofresearch,butalsoachangingdefinitionofwhatconstitutesanacceptableresearchpaper.Thus,inthenineteenthcentury,localgeologicalstudiesrepresentedworthwhileresearchintheirownright;but,inthetwentiethcentury,localstudieshaveincreasinglybecomeacceptabletoprofessionalsonlyiftheyincorporate,andreflecton,thewidergeologicalpicture.Amateurs,ontheotherhand,havecontinuedtopursuelocalstudiesintheoldway.Theoverallresulthasbeentomakeentrancetoprofessionalgeologicaljournalsharderforamateurs,aresultthathasbeenreinforcedbythewidespreadintroductionofrefereeing,firstbynationaljournalsinthenineteenthcenturyandthenbyseverallocalgeologicaljournalsinthetwentiethcentury.

Asalogicalconsequenceofthisdevelopment,separatejournalshavenowappearedaimedmainlytowardseitherprofessionaloramateurreadership.Arathersimilarprocessofdifferentiationhasledtoprofessionalgeologistscomingtogethernationallywithinoneortwospecificsocieties,whereastheamateurshavetendedeithertoremaininlocalsocietiesortocometogethernationallyinadifferentway.

AlthoughtheprocessofprofessionalizationandspecializationwasalreadywellunderwayinBritishgeologyduringthenineteenthcentury,itsfullconsequenceswerethusdelayeduntilthetwentiethcentury.Insciencegenerally,however,thenineteenthcenturymustbereckonedasthecrucialperiodforthischangeinthestructureofscience.

【答案】另一结果是科研活动的日益专业化。

然而，“业余”这个词的确包含这样一个内涵，即所提到的人无法完全融入科学界，尤其是，他们可能无法完全认同这个群体的价值观。

十九世纪，由于长期而复杂的专业训练，专业化的发展给从事科研的业余人员带来了更大的问题。

作为这一发展的合理结果，不同的期刊面向不同的读者，专业的或者业余的。

尽管职业化和专业化进程在19世纪的英国地质界进行得非常深入，但是它所产生的影响到20世纪才体现出来。

21.单选题

Thespontaneousmovementofwateracrossamembrane,（

）gradientofwaterconcentrationiscalledosmosis.

问题1选项

A.drivesa

B.drivenbya

C.hasdriven

D.drove

【答案】B

【解析】语法（分词短语做后置定语）题。首先固定搭配‘agradientof’，所以排除C和D选项，其次，Thespontaneousmovement与空格后的gradientofwaterconcentration是被动关系，所以B选项的过去分词短语做主语的后置定语正确。整句话的句意是‘在水的浓度梯度驱使下，水分子通过半透膜的自主运动叫做渗透作用’。

22.单选题

Whenthegovernoroftheprovincearrivedinthetownhallhewasimmediatelysurroundedbylocalofficialswhotriedeverywaytoingratiatethemselves（

）thegovernor.

问题1选项

A.with

B.of

C.into

D.under

【答案】A

【解析】考查固定搭配。ingratiateoneselfwithsb.“奉承某人，讨好某人”。当省长到达大厅时，他立刻被当地官员那些想讨好他的官员团团围住了。选项A符合题意。

23.单选题

Shesaidthatshehad（

）couragetofight（

）brutalmanbecauseshehad（

）supportfrom（

）Lord.

问题1选项

A.the....a...the.../

B./...a...the..../

C.a...a...the...the

D.the...a...the....the

【答案】D

【解析】考查冠词的用法。courage是不可数名词，用the修饰;man是可数名词，且上文没有提及过，用不定冠词修饰;support指从Lord那里得到的支持，特指，用the修饰；Lord是专有名词，且独一无二，用the修饰。因此，选项D符合题意。

24.单选题

Eveninthe1700s,duringtheearlyUSsettlements,（

）religiousgroupswhoopposedslavery,andlaterformedthebackboneoftheAbolitionistMovement.

问题1选项

A.therehave

B.thereare

C.therewere

D.havetherebeen

【答案】D

【解析】语法（倒装）题目。空格前一句“Eveninthe1700s,duringtheearlyUSsettlements”是整个句子的时