2022年考研考博-考博英语-湘潭大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号10

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-湘潭大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

In1979theCatholicChurchfinallyforgivesGalileoforclaimingthattheEarthandotherplanetrevolvedaroundthesun.In1633theexaminersattheMinervaChurchinRomehadfoundGalileoguiltyofheresy,spreadingfalsebeliefs.

Galileowassixty-eightyearsoldatthetimeofhistrialandwasill.Aftertwodaysofcontinuousquestioningandthetreatoftorture,Galileo,confessedtoheresyandkneeledbeforetheexaminers,sayingforalltoherethathistheorieshadbeenwrong.ThejudgecouldhavehadGalileoburnedatthestakeforhisbeliefs,butbecausehehadconfessed,theywerelenientwiththeastronomer.Theysentencedhimtoanunlimitedterminprison,butquicklychangedthesentencetohousearrestinhisownhome,effectivelyendingGalileo’steachingcareer.

ForyearGalileohadbelievedthatearliertheorythatthestartrevolvedaroundtheEarth,wasincorrect,buthekeptoutofrespectfortheChurch.Hehadneverfinishedhisuniversitystudiesinmathematicsbecausehehadrunoutofmoney,buthisbrilliantworkasastudentallowedhimtoteach.Heprovedheuniformeffectofgravityinseriesofbrilliantcalculations,forexample,notbydroppingafeatherandacannonballfromtheLearningTowerofPisa,hishomecity,asiscommonlythought.

In1606,though,Galileolearnedoftheinventionofthetelescope:heredesignedandimprovedhisowntelescopeinoneday.Usingthetelescopetotesthismathematicalcalculations,healsodiscoveredJupiter’smoons,thefeaturesofEarth’smoon,andthestructureoftheMilkyWay.Butwhilewatchingthemovementofsunspots,hebecameconvinced,onceandforall,thattheearlierastronomer,Copernicus,wasright:theEarthandotherplanetsorbitedaroundthesun.TheEarthwanoneofmanyplanets,andnotthecenteroftheuniverse.GalileobegantopressforpermissionfromChurchtowriteabouthistheoriesoftheworldandin1642hereceivedpermission.

Hisgreatestbook,contrastingthetwosystems,waswrittenandpublishedeightyearslater.DialogueConcerningtheTwoWorldSystemswasquicklyseenasalandmarkscientificwork,bothforitsideasanditsfluewriting.ButtheChurchmeantimehaditsownproblemswiththeProtestantReformation.ChurchleadersnowconsideredGalileo’sworkdangerousandrevolutionary.A"document"wasfoundthatcontradictedthepermissionGalileothoughhehadobtainedtowriteabouthistheories.Galileowasthenarrestedandplacedbeforetheinquisition.Galileodiedin1642,blindandstillimprisonedinhisownhome.Heretainedconvincedthathehadalwaysbeenfight.

Thechurch345yearslater,finallyagreedthathehadbeencorrect.ThefindingsofthejudgesatGalileo'strialwerenotreversed,eventhoughtheirprecisefindinghadbeenthattheastronomerwas"Vehementlysuspectofheresy."Thefindingsofanyinquisition,eventheGalileocourtaswellasnotoriousSpanishInquisition―mustbeflowedtostand,atleastpartlybecausetheirfindingsoftenresultedindeathsentencesforpeopleaccusedofheresy.Butin1979,PopeJohnPauladdressedtheAugustPontificalScienceAcademyintheVaticanandofferedapologytoGalileo:"ThegreatnessofGalileo,likethatofEinstein,isknowntoall.Buttheformerhadtosuffergreatly;wecannothideit,fromChurchinstitutionsandmen."

Thepurposeofthispassageisto（

）.

Wecanconcludefromthepassagethat

（

）.

Thepassagesuggeststhat

（

）.

Theauthor’stoneis（

）.

问题1选项

A.discusswhytheCatholicChurchpersecutedGalileo

B.provideashortbiographyofGalileo

C.discussthetwotheoriesofthesolarsystem

D.showhowsciencehasprogressedoverthelastthreehundredyears

问题2选项

A.Galileowasheldprisonerinhishomefornineyears.

B.theCatholicChurchhasnotacceptedGalileo'stheoryofthesolarsystem.

C.Galileoinventedthetelescope.

D.theProtestantsconductedtheInquisition.

问题3选项

A.theCatholicChurchstillbelieverstheEarthisthecenteroftheuniverse.

B.Galileo'stheoryhasbeenprovedincorrectinmodemtimes.

C.theInquisitionseldomdealtharshlywithpeoplewhocamebeforeit.

D.theCatholicChurchwasmoreconcernedwithmaintainingthestatusquointhe17thcenturythanthetruthaboutGalileo'stheory.

问题4选项

A.negative

B.objective

C.sarcastic

D.satirical

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:B

【解析】主旨大意题。文章主要讲述了伽利略为“日心说”做出的努力以及遭受的追害，所以B选项“对伽利略的人生经历进行了简要的介绍”正确;A选项“讨论天主教迫害伽利略的原因”是对文章细节的表述；C选项“对两种不同的太阳系理论进行讨论”和D选项“表明在过去的三百年中科学是怎样发展的”没有在文章中提及。

细节事实题。根据文章第一段和第二段第四句“Theysentencedhimtoanunlimitedterminprison,butquicklychangedthesentencetohousearrestinhisownhome,effectivelyendingGalileo’steachingcareer.”“他们将其判以终生监禁，但很快就改判为软禁家中，如此结束了伽利略的教学生涯”可知伽利略于1633年被软禁在家中，然后根据文章第五段的倒数第二句“Galileodiedin1642,blindandstillimprisonedinhisownhome”“伽利略于1642年在家中与世长辞，那时他仍处在软禁期间”可知伽利略被软禁在自己家中长达9年，所以A选项正确。根据文章第六段第一句“Thechurch345yearslater,finallyagreedthathehadbeencorrect.”“345年后，天主教终于承认伽利略日心说的正确性”确定B选项“天主教没有接受伽利略的日心说”表述错误；根据第四段第一句“In1606,though,Galileolearnedoftheinventionofthetelescope:heredesignedandimprovedhisowntelescopeinoneday.”确定C选项“伽利略发明了望远镜’错误；D选项“新教徒执行审讯”没有在文章中提及。

细节事实题。根据文章第六段第一句“Thechurch345yearslater,finallyagreedthathehadbeencorrect.”“345年后，天主教终于承认伽利略日心说的正确性”确定A选项“天主教仍然相信地球是宇宙的中心”错误；B选项“在现代，伽利略的理论被证明是错误的”没有在文章中体现并且根据常识也可以判断该选项是错误的；根据文章最后一段第三句“...atleastpartlybecausetheirfindingsoftenresultedindeathsentencesforpeopleaccusedofheresy”“部分原因是因为那些被指控为异端邪说的人最终都被判以死刑”确定C选项“审讯很少对被指控的人处以残酷的刑罚”表示错误；根据文章对伽利略经历的介绍可知在17世纪时天主教为了维护现状，不承认伽利略的理论，所以D选项正确。

观点态度题。作者客观地介绍了伽利略为“日心说”所付出的努力和天主教的态度和做法，所以B选项“客观的”正确。

2.单选题

YourParadiseusedtobeafinemagazine,butnowthatitthetasteofacompletelydifferentreadingpublicit（

）hasgonedowninquality.

问题1选项

A.deflectsfrom

B.flirtswith

C.catersto

D.hingeson

【答案】C

【解析】动词短语词义辨析题。A选项deflectfrom“从……偏斜”；B选项flirtwith“同…调情；不认真考虑”；C选项caterto“迎合…口味；为…服务”；D选项hingeon“取决于……；以……为转移”。根据句意‘你们的《天堂》杂志本应该是一本优秀的期刊，但是现在却来满足完全不同的公众阅读口味，从而导致明显下降的质量。’可知这里表示迎合公众阅读的口味，C选项正确。

3.单选题

TheChinese,whobegansystematicastronomicalandweatherobservationsshortlyaftertheancientEgyptians,wereassiduousrecord-keepers,andbecauseofthis,canclaimhumanity’slongestcontinuous（

）ofnaturalevents.

问题1选项

A.defiance

B.documentation

C.maintenance

D.domination

【答案】B

【解析】名词辨析。A选项“挑衅，蔑视”；B选项“文件编制，文档”；C选项“维持，保养”；D选项“支配，统治”；根据句意‘继古埃及人之后旋即展开了有系统的天文与气候观察的中国人可谓是勤勉不辍的文献记录者，并且基于这一原因，中国人可声称拥有人类历史上对自然事件最悠久连续的文献记载。’确定B选项正确。

4.单选题

Unfortunately,hisdamagingattacksontheramificationsoftheeconomicpolicyhavebeen（

）byhiswholeheartedacceptanceofthatpolicy’sunderlyingassumptions.

问题1选项

A.supplemented

B.undermined

C.diverted

D.redeemed

【答案】B

【解析】动词词义辨析。A选项的supplement“增补，补充”；B选项的undermine“渐渐破坏，授掘地基”；C选项的divert“使转向，使绕道，转移（某人）的注意力，使分心”；D选项的redeem“履行，补偿，赎回”。根据句意‘不幸的是，他对这个经济政策后果的致命攻击被破坏了，因为他完全接受了这个政策暗含的假设’确定B选项正确。

5.单选题

Althoughtheintellectualandartisticachievementsofthisancientcivilizationwere,evenbymodemstandards,extraordinarily（

）,itsleveloftechnicalandmechanical

developmentwasbynomeans（

）tothatofmodemtechnology.

问题1选项

A.primitive...superior

B.parable

C.primeval...equivalent

D.influential...subordinate

【答案】D

【解析】形容词辨析题。A选项primitive“原始的，非常的”；superior“出众的，优秀的”;B选项sophisticated“复杂的，精致的”;comparable“可比的”;C选项primeval^原始的”；equivalent

“等价的”；D选项influential“有影响力的”;subordinate“次要的，从属的”。根据句意‘虽然这个古代文明的知识和艺术成就即使按现代的标准也相当有影响力，但是它的技术和机械的发展绝不逊色于现代技术。’D选项正确。

6.单选题

Politicians,environmentalistsandbusinessmenfromallovertheworldassembledtodiscussthewayof（

）atmospherepollution.

问题1选项

A.cuttingup

B.cuttingdown

C.cuttingoff

D.cuttingout

【答案】B

【解析】动词短语辨析。根据句意‘来自世界各地的政治家、环保人士和商人们都聚集在一起来讨论减少大气污染的方法。’可知此处是指要讨论减少大气污染的方法，因此应填表示“减少”的含义，A选项cutup“切碎”;B选项cutdown“砍倒，减少”；C选项cutoff“切断，隔绝”；D选项cutout“切断，删掉”。B选项正确。

7.单选题

Somepeopleviewlifeasa(n)（

）conflictbetweentheforcesofgoodandevil.

问题1选项

A.external

B.internal

C.maternal

D.eternal

【答案】A

【解析】形容词词义辨析题。根据句意‘一些人把生活看作是正义力量与恶势力之间的一种外部冲突。’可知是将生活看作是一种外部冲突。A选项external“外部的，外部”;B选项internal“内部的”；C选项maternal“母性的”；D选项eternal“永恒的”。A选项正确。

8.单选题

Oneofthemostalarmingthingsaboutthecrisisintheglobalfinancialsystemisthatthewarningsignshavebeenoutthereforsometime,yetnooneheededthem.Exactly10yearsago,ahedgefundcalledLong-TermCapitalManagement(LTCM)failedtoconvinceinvestorsthatitcouldrepayitsdebts,therebybringingtheworldtothebrinkofasimilar“liquiditycrisis”totheonewenowsee.Disasterwasavertedthenonlybecauseregulatorsmanagedtoputtogetheramulti-billion-dollarbailoutpackage.

LTCM’scollapsewasparticularlynotablebecauseitsfoundershadsetgreatstorebytheiruseofstatisticalmodelsdesignedtokeeptabsontherisksinherentintheirinvestments.Itsfallshouldhavebeenawake-upcalltobanksandtheirregulatorysupervisorsthatthemodelswerenotworkingaswellashoped-inparticularthattheywereignoringtherisksofextremeeventsandtheconnectionsthatsendsucheventsreverberatingaroundthefinancialsystem.Instead,theycarriedonusingthem?

Nowthatdisasterhasstruckagain,somefinancialriskmodelers-the"quant’s"whohavewieldedsomuchinfluenceovermodembanking-aresayingtheyknowwherethegapsintheirknowledgeareandarepromisingtofillthem.Shouldwetrustthem?

Theirtrackrecorddoesnotinspireconfidence.Statisticalmodelshaveprovedalmostuselessatpredictingthekillerrisksforindividualbanks,andworsethanuselesswhenitcomestoriskstothefinancialsystemasawhole.Themodelsencouragedbankerstothinktheywereplayingahigh-stakescardgame,whenwhattheywereactuallydoingwasmoreakintolininguparowofdominoes.

Howcouldsomanysmartpeoplehavegottenitsowrong?Onereasonisthattheirfaithintheirmodel’spredictivepowerledthemtoignorewhatwashappeningintherealworld.Financeoffersenormousscopefordissembling:almostanyfailurecanbeexplainedawaybyajudiciouschoiceoflanguageanddata.Wheninvestorsdonotbehaveliketheself-interestedhomoeconomicsthateconomistssupposethemtobe,theyaredescribedasbeing"irrationallyexuberant"orblindedbypanic.Analternativeview-thatinvestorsarereactinglogicallyinthefaceofuncertainty-israrelyconsidered.Similarly,extremeeventsaredescribedashappeningonly"onceinacentury"-eventhoughthereisinsufficientdataonwhichtobasesuchanassessment.

Thequant’s'modelsmightsuccessfullypredictthemovementofmarketsmostofthetime,butthebankerswhorelyonthemhavefailedtorealizethattheoccasionsonwhichthemarketsdeviatefromnormalityaremuchmoreimportantthanthosewhentheycomply.Theeventsofthepastyearhavedriventhishomeinaspectacularfashion:bysomeestimates,thebankingindustryhaslostmoremoneyinthecurrentcrisisthanithasmadeinitsentirehistory.

1.Whathappenedadecadeagointhefinancialworld（

）.

2.ThestatisticalmodelsusedbyLTCM

（

）.

3.Whatdoestheauthorthinkisthemajorcauseofthecurrentfinancialcrisis?

4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatriskcontrolofthefinancialmarket（

）.

问题1选项

A.wasapredictoroftoday’ssituation

B.has,asamatteroffact,repeateditself

C.resultedfrominvestors'ignoranceofpotentialdanger

D.showedthenecessityofgovernmentintervention

问题2选项

A.hadaninfluenceontheentirefinancialsector

B.onlydealtwithriskswithinthescopeofthefund

C.wereappliedtodifferentfinancialoperations

D.hadinherentflawsknowntotheirusers

问题3选项

A.Thedecision-makerswerenotawareoftheriskofextremeevents.

B.Designersofthemechanismstopreventfinancialdisasterswereself-absorbed.

C.Relyingonthestatisticalmodels,bankerswereboldintheirbusinessoperations.

D.Riskmanagersfailedtoseetheweaknessinthesystemintime.

问题4选项

A.shouldbefocusedonunexpectedchanges

B.hasbeensupervisedbythosewhoareoptimistic

C.becomeseffectiveonlywithbank'scompliancewithgeneralmarketrules

D.isinadequateifitisonlydesignedforwhatmayhappeninahundredyears

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:C

【解析】1.推理判断题。题目提问‘十年前在金融界发生的事情怎样？’根据第一段第一句“Oneofthemostalarmingthingsaboutthecrisisintheglobalfinancialsystemisthatthewarningsignshavebeenoutthereforsometime,yetnooneheededthem.全球金融体系危机最令人担忧的事情之一是，警告信号已经出现了一段时间，但没有人注意到它们。”和第三段第一句“Nowthatdisasterhasstruckagain现在灾难又来了”。确定A选项“是今天情况的预兆”正确。

2.细节事实题。题目提问‘LTCM使用的数据模型怎么了？’根据第二段中“LTCM’scollapsewasparticularlynotablebecauseitsfoundershadsetgreatstorebytheiruseofstatisticalmodelsdesignedtokeeptabsontherisksinherentintheirinvestments.LTCM的倒闭尤其引人注目，因为它的创始人非常重视使用统计模型来跟踪他们投资中所固有的风险。”可知他们注重于自己的投资中固有的风险，所以B选项“只处理基金范围内的风险”正确。

3.细节事实题。题目提问‘作者认为导致当前经济危机的主要原因是什么？’根据倒数第二段第二句“Onereasonisthattheirfaithintheirmodel'spredictivepowerledthemtoignorewhatwashappeningintherealworld.原因之一是，他们对模型预测能力的信心导致他们忽视了现实世界中发生的事情。”可知他们过于信赖这个模型导致这一后果，所以C选项“因为依赖统计模型，银行家在他们的商业运作中很大胆”正确。

4.推理判断题。题目提问‘从文章中可以推断出，金融市场的风险控制怎样？’根据文章最后一段中“Thequant’s'modelsmightsuccessfullypredictthemovementofmarketsmostofthetime,butthebankerswhorelyonthemhavefailedtorealizethattheoccasionsonwhichthemarketsdeviatefromnormalityaremuchmoreimportantthanthosewhentheycomply.定量分析师的模型可能在大多数情况下都能成功预测市场的走势，但依赖模型的银行家们却没有意识到，市场偏离常态的情况要比市场顺应常态的情况重要得多。”确定C选项“只有在银行服从一般市场规则的情况下才有效”正确。

9.单选题

Givethepreviouslyexpressedinterestandtheambitioustoneofherrecentspeeches,thesenator’sattempttoconvincethepublicthatsheisnotinterestedinrunningforasecondtermis（

）.

问题1选项

A.laudable

B.sincere

C.authentic

D.futile

【答案】D

【解析】形容词辨析题。A选项laudable“值得赞赏的”；B选项sincere“真诚的，真挚的”；C选项authentic“真正的，真实的”；D选项futile“无用的，无效的”。根据句意‘她在先前的演讲中已经表现出兴趣和勃勃雄心，这位参议员试图说服公众相信她对竞选连任不感兴趣的做法是毫无用处的。’D选项正确。

10.单选题

Extraordinarycreativeactivityhasbeencharacterizedasrevolutionary,flyinginthefaceofwhatisestablishedandproducingnotwhatisacceptablebutwhatwillbecomeaccepted.Accordingtothisformulation,highlycreativeactivitytranscendsthelimitsofanexistingformandestablishesanewprincipleoforganization.However,theideathatextraordinarycreativitytranscendsestablishedlimitsismisleadingwhenitisappliedtothearts,eventhoughitmaybevalidforthescience.Differencesbetweenhighlycreativeartandhighlycreativescienceariseinpartfromadifferenceintheirgoals.Forthesciences,anewtheoryisthegoalandendresultofthecreativeactInnovativescienceproducesnewpropositionsintermsofwhichdiversephenomenacanberelatedtooneanotherinmorecoherentways.Suchphenomenaasabrilliantdiamondoranestingbirdarerelegatedtotheroleofdata,servingasthemeansforformulatingortestinganewtheory.Thegoalofhighlycreativeartisdifferent:thephenomenonitselfbecomesthedirectproductofthecreativeact.Shakespeare'sHamletisnotatractaboutthebehaviorofindecisiveprincesortheusesofpoliticalpower,norisPicasso'spaintingGuernicaprimarilyapropositionalstatementabouttheSpanishCivilWarortheevilsoffascism.Whathighlycreativeactivityproducesisnotanewgeneralizationthattranscendsestablishedlimits,butratheranaestheticparticular.Aestheticparticularsproducedbythehighlycreativeartistextendorexploitratherthantranscendthatform.

Thisisnottodenythatahighlycreativeartistsometimesestablishesanewprincipleoforganizationinthehistoryofanartisticfield;thecomposerMonteverdi,whocreatedmusicofthehighestaestheticvalue,comestomind.Moregenerally,however,whetherornotacompositionestablishesanewprincipleinthehistoryofmusichasnobearingonitsaestheticworth.Becausetheyembodyanewprincipleoforganization,somemusicalworks,suchastheoperasoftheFlorentineCamerata,areofsignalhistoricalimportance,butfewlistenersormusicologistswouldincludetheseamongthegreatworksofmusic.Ontheotherhand,Mozart’sTheMarriageofFigaroissurelyamongthemasterpiecesofmusiceventhoughitsmodestinnovationsareconfinedtoextendingexistingmeans.IthasbeensaidofBeethoventhathetoppledtherulesandfreedmusicfromthestiflingconfinesofconvention.ButaclosestudyofhiscompositionrevealsthatBeethovenoverturnednofundamentalrules.Rather,hewasanincomparablestrategistwhoexploitedlimits—therules,forms,andconventionsthatheinheritedfrompredecessorssuchasHaydnandMozart,HandelandBachinstrikingoriginalways.

1.Accordingtotheauthor,distinctionsbetweenthoseengagedinthecreativeartsandinnaturalsciencescaninpartbeexplainedby(

).

2.WhyisBeethovenratedamonghighlycreativeartists,fromtheauthor’spointofview?

3.Thepassageimpliesthatanoriginalcontributioninscienceisonethat(

).

4.Whichofthefollowingwouldmostlikelyfollowthefinalsentenceofthepassage?

问题1选项

A.thedifferentobjectivesofthoseinvolvedintheserespectivepursuits

B.thedifferentmethodstheyemployincollectingdatatosupporttheirtheories

C.thedifferentwaysinwhichtheyattempttoextendacceptedconventionalforms

D.thedifferentprinciplesoforganizationthattheyutilizeinordertocreatenewworks

问题2选项

A.Becausehesoughttobecometheonlycomposerofhistimetochallengeacceptedmusicalconventions.

B.Becauseheadoptedanewprincipleoforganizationinhisworkbyutilizinginnovativestrategies.

C.Becausehecreativelymanipulatedtheacceptedrulesandformsgoverningmusicalcomposition.

D.Becausehesynthesizedatranslationbetweentheolderstylisticconventionandthenewermusicalform.

问题3选项

A.isoftenquotedintheworkofotherscientists

B.iscarefulnottomakeavaluejudgmentabouttheuseofdata

C.isapplaudedbyalldistinguishedexperimentalists

D.generatesanovelandwell-foundedgeneralization

问题4选项

A.Inthesimilarmanner,severalmodecomposerssuccessfullyestablishedmusicalconventions.

B.Similarly,thesucceedinggenerationofcomposersmanipulatedacceptedmusicalforms.

C.IncontrasttoBeethoven,however,evengreatmodemcomposerslikeBelaBartokdidnotattempttoalteracceptedmusicalconventions.

D.Musicologistsarecontinuingtostudythecompositionalstylesofcomposersinordertodeterminewhethertheircontributionshavebeeninnovative.

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:D

第3题:D

第4题:A

【解析】1.细节事实题。本题询问在从事艺术创作和自然科学之间的差别。根据原文“Differencesbetweenhighlycreativeartandhighlycreativescienceariseinpartfromadifferenceintheirgoals.Forthesciences,anewtheoryisthegoalandendresultofthecreativeact.极富创意的艺术和极具创意的科学之间的差异来自于自己的目标的差异。对于科学，新理论是创造性行为的目的和归宿。”可知两者之间的差异是在它们的目的不同，A选项正确。

2.细节事实题。根据最后一段内容"IthasbeensaidofBeethoventhathetoppledtherulesandfreedmusicfromthestiflingconfinesofconvention.ButaclosestudyofhiscompositionrevealsthatBeethovenoverturnednofundamentalrules.Rather,hewasanincomparablestrategistwhoexploitedlimits—therules,forms,andconventionsthatheinheritedfrompredecessorssuchasHaydnandMozart,HandelandBach—instrikingoriginalways.有关贝多芬，人们称他推翻了种种规则，将音乐从传统的令人窒息的范围中解放出来。然而，对他音乐作品一番细致的研究会揭示出贝多芬根本没有推翻任何规则。实质上，他是一个无以伦比的谋略家。善于以令人瞩目的独特方式利用各种局限从诸如海顿和莫扎特、亨德尔和巴赫这些前辈那里继承而来的各种规则、形式和传统。可知D选项‘他综合了新旧音乐形式之间的转换’正确。

3.细节事实题。根据原文第一段最后一句“Whathighlycreativeactivityproducesisnotanewgeneralizationthattranscendsestablishedlimits,butratheranaestheticparticular.Aestheticparticularsproducedbythehighlycreativeartistextendorexploitratherthantranscendthatform.高度创造的艺术活动所创造的，不是一种全新的、超越既已确立之局限的普遍性原则，而是一种美学上的独特之物。由高度创造性的艺术家所创造的美学上的独特事物，以一种富予创新的方式，拓宽或利用既存形式的局限，而不是超越那种形式本身。”可知，这种科学方面的原始贡献是具有创新性的东西，所以D选项“生成一种新颖的、有根据的概括”符合题意。

4.推理判断题。根据最后一段的内容“ButaclosestudyofhiscompositionrevealsthatBeethovenoverturnednofundamentalrules.Rather,hewasanincomparablestrategistwhoexploitedlimits—therules,forms,andconventionsthatheinheritedfrompredecessorssuchasHaydnandMozart,HandelandBach—instrikingoriginalways.”“然而，对他音乐作品一番细致的研究会揭示出贝多芬根本没有推翻任何规则。实质上，他是一个无以伦比的谋略家。善于以令人瞩目的独特方式利用各种局限——即他从诸如海顿和莫扎特、亨德尔和巴赫这些前辈那里继承而来的各种规则、形式和传统。以及本段中的论点：从另一方面来说，莫扎特的《费加罗的婚礼》无疑属于音乐的典范之作，虽然其朴素的创新仅限于将既存的创作手法予以拓展而已。”可知最后一句提到了从这些前辈继承而来的各种规则和传统，因此A选项“通过同样的方法，这些模板作曲家成功地建立了音乐的规则”符合题意。

11.单选题

Exposuretolow-intensitygammaradiationslowstherateofgrowthofthespoilageofmicro-organismsinfoodinmuchthesamewaythatthelowheatusedinpasteurization（

）thespoilageactionofthemicro-organismsinmilk.

问题1选项

A.facilitates

B.initiates

C.inhibits

D.purifies

【答案】C

【解析】动词辨析题。A选项facilitates“促进，帮助，使容易”；B选项initiates“开始，创始，发起，倡议”；C选项inhibits“抑制，约束”；D选项purifies“净化，使纯净”。根据句意‘暴露于低强度的伽马电磁辐射下可以放缓食物中腐败微生物的生长速度，正如以极为相同的方式，在巴氏灭菌法中，低热会遏制住牛奶中微生物的腐败作用。’C选项正确。

12.翻译题

Despitetheweb,wewatchmoretelevisionthanever.

Inthechaosoftoday’smediaandtechnologybrawl-iPodvs.Zune,Googlevs.Yahoo,Windowsvs.Linux,Intelvs.AMD-wecandeclareoneunlikelywinner.Standingtallinafieldofnewtechwonders,it’sageezertechnologythatareinventedinthe1920sandcommercializedinthe1940s,andit’sstillmorepowerfulthananythingcreatedsince.

Asyoutrytofigureoutwhereconsumerinfo-techisgoing,andwhatitmeansforsociety,rememberthisbig,centralreality:Peoplejustwantmoretelevision.

Ifyoudoubtit,lookattoday’sbiggestnewsintech.Itcontinuallycentersonnewwaystobringconsumersthethingtheycraveaboveallelse.SonyfloodedtherecentConsumerElectronicsShowwithproductsthatputinternetvideoonyourTVset,asdidalmosteveryotherconsumerelectronicscompany.AtthesimultaneousMacworldExpo,ApplechiefSteveJobsintroducedAppleTV,whichdoesthesamething.VerizonsaiditwillsoonofferliveTVoncellphonescreens.Itwillalsosellfull-lengthprogramsforviewingwheneveryouwant.Putitalltogether,andwehaveachievedanirvanathatdidn’texistevenayearago:unlimitedtelevisionavailable24/7oneveryscreenyouown.

It’snosurprise,ofcourse.

Eversincethebasicfactsofsteadilymultiplyingprocessorpowerandbandwidthbecameapparent,seershaveconfidentlypredictedthisday.Theyjustasconfidentlypredictedwhatitwouldmean:traditionaltelevision’sdemise.OncetheWorldWideWebappearedinthemid-1990s,thefuturelookedveryclear.BoringoldTV,thescheduledprogramsthatcometoyouthroughacoaxialcableorsatellitedishorantenna,wouldfadeaway.

Whichisexactlytheoppositeofwhathashappened.DespitemanyNetAgealternatives,weAmericanstodaywatchmoreboringoldTVthanever,whichissayingsomething.Howcanthatbe?MytheoryistheTwo-LiterCokePrinciple.TheCoca-ColacompanydiscoveredlongagothatifitcouldgetpeopletobringhomebiggerbottlesofCoke,thosepeoplewoulddrinkmorethantheyusedto.JustgettingmoreCokeinfrontofthemincreasedtheirconsumption.ItseemstobethesamewithTV.Putmoreofitinfrontofpeople—over100channelsinmanyhomes—andpeoplewillwatchmore.

Seenfromthisperspective,thelatestannouncementsofnewTV-relatedtechnologylooksimplylikeadditionalwaystoputmoreTVinfrontofAmericanconsumer.ThesupposedthreatfromtheInternetwasthatwe’dcutbackonTVaswespentmoretimeonMySpaceorinSecondLife.WemaywellspendmoretimeonsuchnewNetattractions,butwe’reunlikelytotakethattimeawayfromvideoviewing.We’remorelikelytocutbackonthingsweconsiderlessimportant,likesleep.

NoonehasevaluatedTVbetterthanthegreatNewYorkeressayistE.BWhite,whoin1938wrote,“Weshallstandorfallbytelevision,ofthatIamsure.”Westilldon’tknowwhichitwillbe,buthisassessmentlookstruerthanever.

【答案】当你试图弄清楚消费者信息技术的发展方向，以及它对社会的意义时，请记住一个重要的中心事实:人们只是想看更多的电视节目。

索尼在最近的消费电子展上推出了大量可以在电视机上播放互联网视频的产品，几乎所有其他消费电子产品公司都是如此。

自从处理器功率和带宽稳步增长的基本事实变得明显以来，预言家们就自信地预测到了这一天。

而事实恰恰相反。尽管有许多网络时代的替代品，但是我们美国人今天比以往任何时候都看更多无聊的老电视，这说明了一些问题。

没有人比伟大的纽约客散文家E，B怀特更好地评估了电视，他在1938年写到“我确信我们的成败将系于电视”。

13.单选题

Somepeopleviewlifeasa(n)（

）conflictbetweentheframesofgoodandevil.

问题1选项

A.external

B.eternal

C.central

D.internal

【答案】B

【解析】形容词辨析。A选项“外部的；表面上的；（药物）外用的”；B选项“不朽的，永恒的，无休止的”；C选项“中心的；主要的；中枢的”；D选项“内部的，内在的”；根据句意‘一些人将生活看作善恶势力之间永恒的冲突’确定B选项正确。

14.单选题

Natural’senergyefficiencyoften（

）humantechnology:despitetheintensityofthelightfirefliesproduce,theamountofheatisnegligible;onlyrecentlyhavehumansdevelopedchemicallight-producingsystemswhoseefficiency（

）thefirefly’ssystem.

问题1选项

A.engenders;manipulates

B.reflects;simulates

C.outstrips;rivals

D.inhibits;matches

【答案】C

【解析】动词辨析。首先看第一个空，engender“产生，引起（某种感觉或情况）”；reflect“反映，反射（声、光、热等）”；outstrip“超过，胜过”；inhibit“禁止，抑制”，根据句意第一个空应该填“outstrip”；再看第二个空，manipulate“（暗中）控制，（熟练地）操作”；reflect“表明，显示”；rival“堪比某人/某物竞争，比得上某人/某物”；match“相配，与……不相上下”；根据句意‘自然界的能量效率常常超过人类的技术：尽管莹火虫所发出的光亮极为强烈，但其热量却微乎其微。人类也是在近期才研制出能量效率能与萤火虫的发光体系相媲美的化学发光系统。’最适合填入第二个空的是“rival”，C选项正确。

15.单选题

Thesaleusuallytakesplaceoutsidethehouse,withtheaudience（

）onbenches,chairsorboxes.

问题1选项

A.havingseated

B.seated

C.seating

D.havingbeenseated

【答案】B

【解析】考查非谓语动词的用法。现在分词通常强调动作的主动语态，而过去分词强调状态，强调被动语态或已经发生过的，根据句意‘促销通常在户外进行，人们坐在长凳、椅子或盒子上’确定B选项的seated表示坐的状态，正确。

16.单选题

TheChinese,whobegansystematicastronomicalandweatherobservationshortlyaftertheancientEgyptians,wereassiduousrecord-keepersandbecauseofthiscanclaimhumanity'slongestcontinuous（

）ofnaturalevents.

问题1选项

A.defiance

B.documentation

C.maintenance

D.domination

【答案】B

【解析】名词词义辨析。A选项的defiance“挑战，挑衅，蔑视”；B选项的documentation“文件”；C选项的maintenance“维持，维修，保养”；D选项的domination“支配，统治”。根据句意‘中国人继古埃及人之后旋即展开了有系统的天文与气候观察，可谓是勤勉不辍的文献记录者，基于这一原因，中国人可声称拥有人类历史上对自然事件最漫长悠久、持之以恒的文献记载’确定B选项正确。

17.翻译题

TranslatethefollowingpassageintoEnglish.

研究表明，与20年前相比，尽管社交媒体越来越受人们欢迎，但是青少年的朋友却日益减少。一份历时12年、涵盖20万高中生的研究发现，虽然年轻人的朋友越来越少，但是他们更多交友的意向并无增多。该研究认为，经济变化在促使个人主义增长的同时，可能导致人们交友兴趣减弱，使人们更多转向自立、增强自尊、减少孤独感。

【答案】Despitethegrowingpopularityofsocialmedia,teenagershavefewerfriendsthantheydid20yearsago.Asurvey,carriedoutfor12years,ofmorethan200,000UShighschoolstudentsfoundthatyoungpeoplehadfewerfriends,butlessdesireformakingmorefriends.Thestudyhasshownthateconomicchangesleadtoincreasedindividuality,whichcouldl