网站毕业设计外文翻译

FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopediaAwebsiteisacollectionofrelatedwebpages,images,videosorotherdigitalassetsthatareaddressedrelativetoacommonUniformResourceLocator(URL),oftenconsistingofonlythedomainname,ortheIPaddress,andtherootpathinanInternetProtocol-basednetwork.Awebsiteishostedonatleastonewebserver,accessibleviaanetworksuchastheInternetoraprivatelocalareanetwork.Awebpageisadocument,typicallywritteninplaintextinterspersedwithformattinginstructionsofHypertextMarkupLanguage(HTML,XHTML).Awebpagemayincorporateelementsfromotherwebsiteswithsuitablemarkupanchors.WebpagesareaccessedandtransportedwiththeHypertextTransferProtocol(HTTP),whichmayoptionallyemployencryption(HTTPSecure,HTTPS)toprovidesecurityandprivacyfortheuserofthewebpagecontent.Theuser'sapplication,oftenawebbrowser,rendersthepagecontentaccordingtoitsHTMLmarkupinstructionsontoadisplayterminal.AllpubliclyaccessiblewebsitescollectivelyconstitutetheWorldWideWeb.thepagesofawebsitecanusuallybeaccessedfromasimpleUniformResourceLocatorcalledthehomepage.TheURLsofthepagesorganizethemintoahierarchy,althoughhyperlinkingbetweenthemconveysthereader'sperceivedsitestructureandguidesthereader'snavigationofthesite.Somewebsitesrequireasubscriptiontoaccesssomeoralloftheircontent.Examplesofsubscriptionsitesincludemanybusinesssites,partsofmanynewssites,academicjournalsites,gamingsites,messageboards,web-basede-mail,socialnetworkingwebsites,andsitesprovidingreal-timestockmarketdata.1.HistoryTheWorldWideWeb(WWW)wascreatedin1989byCERNphysicistTimBerners-Lee.On30April1993,CERNannouncedthattheWorldWideWebwouldbefreetouseforanyone.BeforetheintroductionofHTMLandHTTP,otherprotocolssuchasfile1transferprotocolandthegopherprotocolwereusedtoretrieveindividualfilesfromaserver.Theseprotocolsofferasimpledirectorystructurewhichtheusernavigatesandchoosesfilestodownload.Documentsweremostoftenpresentedasplaintextfileswithoutformattingorwereencodedinwordprocessorformats.2.OverviewOrganizedbyfunction,awebsitemaybe（1）apersonalwebsite（2）acommercialwebsite（3）agovernmentwebsite（4）anon-profitorganizationwebsiteItcouldbetheworkofanindividual,abusinessorotherorganization,andistypicallydedicatedtosomeparticulartopicorpurpose.Anywebsitecancontainahyperlinktoanyotherwebsite,sothedistinctionbetweenindividualsites,asperceivedbytheuser,maysometimesbeblurred.Websitesarewrittenin,ordynamicallyconvertedtoHTML(HyperTextMarkupLanguage)andareaccessedusingasoftwareinterfaceclassifiedasauseragent.Webpagescanbeviewedorotherwiseaccessedfromarangeofcomputer-basedandInternet-enableddevicesofvarioussizes,includingdesktopcomputers,laptops,PDAsandcellphones.Awebsiteishostedonacomputersystemknownasawebserver,alsocalledanHTTPserver,andthesetermscanalsorefertothesoftwarethatrunsonthesesystemsandthatretrievesanddeliversthewebpagesinresponsetorequestsfromthewebsiteusers.Apacheisthemostcommonlyusedwebserversoftware(accordingtoNetcraftstatistics)andMicrosoft'sInternetInformationServer(IIS)isalsocommonlyused.3.StaticwebsiteAstaticwebsiteisonethathaswebpagesstoredontheserverintheformatthatissenttoaclientwebbrowser.ItisprimarilycodedinHypertextMarkupLanguage(HTML).Simpleformsormarketingexamplesofwebsites,suchasclassicwebsite,afivewebsiteorabrochurewebsiteareoftenstaticwebsites,becausetheypresentpre-defined,staticinformationtotheuser.Thismayinclude2informationaboutacompanyanditsproductsandservicesviatext,photos,animations,audio/videoandinteractivemenusandnavigation.Thistypeofwebsiteusuallydisplaysthesameinformationtoallvisitors.Similartohandingoutaprintedbrochuretocustomersorclients,astaticwebsitewillgenerallyprovideconsistent,standardinformationforanextendedperiodoftime.Althoughthewebsiteownermaymakeupdatesperiodically,itisamanualprocesstoeditthetext,photosandothercontentandmayrequirebasicwebsitedesignskillsandsoftware.Insummary,visitorsarenotabletocontrolwhatinformationtheyreceiveviaastaticwebsite,andmustinsteadsettleforwhatevercontentthewebsiteownerhasdecidedtoofferatthattime.Theyareeditedusingfourbroadcategoriesofsoftware:(1)Texteditors,suchasNotepadorTextEdit,wherecontentandHTMLmarkuparemanipulateddirectlywithintheeditorprogram(2)Wysiwygofflineeditors,suchasMicrosoftFrontPageandAdobeDreamweaver(previouslyMacromediaDreamweaver),withwhichthesiteiseditedusingaGUIinterfaceandthefinalHTMLmarkupisgeneratedautomaticallybytheeditorsoftware(3)Wysiwygonlineeditorswhichcreatemediarichonlinepresentationlikewebpages,widgets,intro,blogs,andotherdocuments.(4)Template-basededitors,suchasRapidweaverandiWeb,whichallowuserstoquicklycreateanduploadwebpagestoawebserverwithoutdetailedHTMLknowledge,astheypickasuitabletemplatefromapaletteandaddpicturesandtexttoitinadesktoppublishingfashionwithoutdirectmanipulationofHTMLcode.4.DynamicwebsiteAdynamicwebsiteisonethatchangesorcustomizesitselffrequentlyandautomatically,basedoncertaincriteria.Dynamicwebsitescanhavetwotypesofdynamicactivity:CodeandContent.Dynamiccodeisinvisibleorbehindthescenesanddynamiccontentisvisibleorfullydisplayed.(1)DynamiccodeThefirsttypeisawebpagewithdynamiccode.Thecodeisconstructeddynamicallyontheflyusingactiveprogramminglanguageinsteadofplain,3staticHTML.Awebsitewithdynamiccodereferstoitsconstructionorhowitisbuilt,andmorespecificallyreferstothecodeusedtocreateasinglewebpage.Adynamicwebpageisgeneratedontheflybypiecingtogethercertainblocksofcode,proceduresorroutines.Adynamically-generatedwebpagewouldcallvariousbitsofinformationfromadatabaseandputthemtogetherinapre-definedformattopresentthereaderwithacoherentpage.Itinteractswithusersinavarietyofwaysincludingbyreadingcookiesrecognizingusers'previoushistory,sessionvariables,serversidevariablesetc.,orbyusingdirectinteraction(formelements,mouseovers,etc.).Asitecandisplaythecurrentstateofadialoguebetweenusers,monitorachangingsituation,orprovideinformationinsomewaypersonalizedtotherequirementsoftheindividualuser.(2)DynamiccontentThesecondtypeisawebsitewithdynamiccontentdisplayedinplainview.Variablecontentisdisplayeddynamicallyontheflybasedoncertaincriteria,usuallybyretrievingcontentstoredinadatabase.Awebsitewithdynamiccontentreferstohowitsmessages,text,imagesandotherinformationaredisplayedonthewebpageandmorespecificallyhowitscontentchangesatanygivenmoment.Thewebpagecontentvariesbasedoncertaincriteria,eitherpre-definedrulesorvariableuserinput.Forexample,awebsitewithadatabaseofnewsarticlescanuseapre-definedrulewhichtellsittodisplayallnewsarticlesfortoday'sdate.Thistypeofdynamicwebsitewillautomaticallyshowthemostcurrentnewsarticlesonanygivendate.AnotherexampleofdynamiccontentiswhenaretailwebsitewithadatabaseofmediaproductsallowsausertoinputasearchrequestforthekeywordBeatles.Inresponse,thecontentofthewebpagewillspontaneouslychangethewayitlookedbefore,andwillthendisplayalistofBeatlesproductslikeCD's,DVD'sandbooks.5.SoftwaresystemsThereisawiderangeofsoftwaresystems,suchasJavaServerPages(JSP),thePHPandPerlprogramminglanguages,ActiveServerPages(ASP),YumaandColdFusion(CFML)thatareavailabletogeneratedynamicwebsystemsanddynamicsites.Sitesmayalsoincludecontentthatisretrieved4fromoneormoredatabasesorbyusingXML-basedtechnologiessuchasRSS.Staticcontentmayalsobedynamicallygeneratedeitherperiodically,orifcertainconditionsforregenerationoccur(cached)inordertoavoidtheperformancelossofinitiatingthedynamicengineonaper-userorper-connectionbasis.Pluginsareavailabletoexpandthefeaturesandabilitiesofwebbrowsers,whichusethemtoshowactivecontent,suchasMicrosoftSilverlight,AdobeFlash,AdobeShockwaveorappletswritteninJava.DynamicHTMLalsoprovidesforuserinteractivityandrealtimeelementupdatingwithinwebpages(iepagesdon'thavetobeloadedorreloadedtoeffectanychanges),mainlyusingtheDocumentObjectModel(DOM)andJavaScript,supportwhichisbuilt-intomostmodernwebbrowsers.Turningawebsiteintoanincomesourceisacommonpracticeforwebdevelopersandwebsiteowners.Thereareseveralmethodsforcreatingawebsitebusinesswhichfallintotwobroadcategories,asdefinedbelow.(1)Content-basedsiteSomewebsitesderiverevenuebysellingadvertisingspaceonthesite(seeContextualadvertising).(2)Product-orservice-basedsitesSomewebsitesderiverevenuebyofferingproductsorservicesforsale.Inthecaseofe-commercewebsites,theproductsorservicesmaybepurchasedatthewebsiteitself,byenteringcreditcardorotherpaymentinformationintoapaymentformonthesite.Whilemostbusinesswebsitesserveasashopwindowforexistingbrickandmortarbusinesses,itisincreasinglythecasethatsomewebsitesarebusinessesintheirownright;thatis,theproductstheyofferareonlyavailableforpurchaseontheweb.Websitesoccasionallyderiveincomefromacombinationofthesetwopractices.Forexample,awebsitesuchasanonlineauctionswebsitemaychargetheusersofitsauctionservicetolistanauction,butalsodisplaythird-partyadvertisementsonthesite,fromwhichitderivesfurtherincome.5文章来自维基百科，自由的百科全书IP地址在以网络Web过互联网或私人局域网等网络进入网站。和安全，HTTPS）来为用户的网页内容提供安全性和隐私性。用户的应用程序，往往是一个网络浏览器，把它和自己的HTML标记指令相一致的网页内容显示到一个显示终端。URL的超链接传达着读者感知到的网站结构和引导读者的网站导航。的电子邮件服务，社交网站和提供实时股市数据的网站。1．网站的历史1989年由欧洲核子研究中心的物理学家蒂姆伯纳斯李创立的。在1993年4月30日，欧洲核子研究中心宣布任何人可以自由使用万维网。在引进HTML和HTTP之前，其他的协议比如文件传输协议和gopher协议通常被的文字处理格式。2．概况按照功能，一个网站可能分类为：（1）个人网站（2）商业网站（3）政府网站6（4）一个非营利性组织的网站它可以是个人，企业或其他组织的工作，通常是专注于某些特定的主题或用途。用户感觉到的，有时会变得模糊。网站是被写入，或者动态地转变为被分类为用户代理的软件界面访问网站。通过一系列的计算机（其中包括台式电脑，问网页。网站托管在以