2022年考研考博-考博英语-中南大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号57

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-中南大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

Leninoncearguedthatapoliticalleaderisnotonlyresponsibleforpolicybutfortheactionofthosewho（

）it.

问题1选项

A.assault

B.mislead

C.execute

D.commend

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项assault“攻击；袭击”；B选项mislead“误导”；C选项execute“实行；执行；处死”；D选项commend“称赞；推荐；把······委托”。句意：列宁曾经说过，一个政治领袖不仅要对政策负责，还要对那些······政策的人的行为负责。能与“政策”相搭配的只有C选项“执行”。

2.单选题

Oftenbebeforecomputer,theeyeisabit（

）urticantabitbetterwiththesortofeye-drop,stimulationissmall.

问题1选项

A.ache

B.fever

C.acerbity

D.sore

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词辨析。ache疼痛；fever发烧；acerbity酸，涩；sore溃疡，痛处。句意：经常在电脑前，眼睛有点痒，有点涩，用那种眼药水比较好，刺激小。C项符合句意。

3.单选题

AlthoughthefeedingactivitiesofwhalesandwalrusesgivetheseaflooroftheBeringShelfadevastatedappearance,theseactivitiesseemtobeactually（

）tothearea,enhancingitsproductivity.

问题1选项

A.destructive

B.rehabilitative

C.beneficial

D.detrimental

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。destructive“破坏的；有害的”；rehabilitative“复原的”；beneficial“有益的；有利的”；detrimental“不利的”。句意：尽管鲸和海象的觅食活动给白令海大陆架的海底带来表面上的毁坏，但是这些活动似乎在实际上对这个区域是有益的，提高了它的生产力。由enhancingitsproductivity可知C项符合语境。

4.单选题

Despiteatendencytobeovertly（

），thepoetryoftheMiddleAgesoftensparkstheimaginationandprovideslivelyentertainment,aswellaspioussentiments.

问题1选项

A.diverting

B.didactic

C.whimsical

D.romantic

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。diverting“有趣的；令人快乐的”；didactic“说教的；教诲的”；whimsical“古怪的；异想天开的”；romantic“浪漫的；多情的；空想的”。句意：尽管中世纪的诗歌有说教的明显倾向，但是它却经常激发想象力，提供充满生气的娱乐和虔诚的心情。由thepoetryoftheMiddleAges中世纪的诗歌可知其特点，另外由despite表让步也可知前后两句句意相反，B项符合语意。

5.翻译题

ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.

What’sthebestteacher?Experience,ofcourse!It’spriceless.

Itcomesfromwhatyouyourselfhaveseen,heard,tasted,smelledandfelt—whatyouyourselfhavelivedthrough.

Takeacloserlook.Lookatourlimitations.

Nowonderexperienceissopreciousinthatwecan’tbegintogetenoughofit,evencannotexperienceagainwhatwejustlivedthrough.We’renotbornwithinstantreplay.Wecan’tactuallyreliveanymoment.And,obviously,we’relimitedtoonelifetime.

Spaceandtime!Howtheylimitus.Whohasatimemachinetocarryhimbackintohistory?Noone.It’sthesamewithspace.

Wecan’tliterallybeintwoplacesatthesametime.Rightnow,youcan’tbesittingwhereyouareandatthesametimebestrollingdownthefamedChampsElyseesinParis(巴黎香榭丽舍大道).

Andthere’ssomuchexperienceweneed.What’sitreallyliketoworkonanassemblyline?What’sitreallyliketobeasecretary?

Here’swherereadingfits.

Itcanbringus,personally,almostunlimitedadditionalexperience;tobesure,it’ssecondhandexperience.Butit’softenso,vividitseemsfirsthand,justasifwe’relivingthroughitourselves,beingmovedtotears,laughterorsuspense.Thatrichrangeofexperienceprovidestheidealsupplementtoourownlimitedexperience;bydoingso,readingbecomesoneofourmostprofoundmind-shapingactivities.

Furthermore,allthisexperienceisavailablewhenwewantit.Booksneverimposeonus.Whenwewantthem,wereachoutandpullthemofftheshellortable.Atourconvenienceweinvitethemtosharetheirunbelievablewealthwithus.

【答案】它（经验）来自于你自己的经历，自己看到、听到、尝到、闻到和感觉到的东西。

由于我们无法在一开始得到足够的经验，甚至不能再次经历刚经历过的事情，使得经验如此宝贵。

我们不能同时出现在两个地方。现在，你不可能坐在你现在的位置，且同时漫步在巴黎著名的香榭丽舍大街上。

它能给我们个人带来几乎无限的额外经验；当然，这是间接的经验。

丰富的经验为我们有限的经验提供了理想的补给；通过这样做，阅读成为我们最深刻的思想塑造活动之一。

6.单选题

Thespeciousargumentsusedbythe（

）werecertaintodeceivemanypeople.

问题1选项

A.candidate

B.politician

C.theologian

D.demagogue

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项candidate“候选人；应试者”；B选项politician“政客；政治家”；C选项theologian“神学者；空头理论家”；D选项demagogue“煽动者；煽动政治家”。句意：······使用的似是而非的论据肯定会欺骗许多人。句中提到“似是而非的论据”，可知正确答案为C“空头理论家”。

7.单选题

Whilemanypeopleutilizehomeopathicremediestotreathealthproblems,otherpeopledonotcountenancesuchalternativetreatments,（

）conventionalmedicaltreatmentsinstead.

问题1选项

A.relyingon

B.envisioning

C.eschewing

D.turningfrom

【答案】A

【解析】考查词组辨析。relyon依靠，依赖；envision想象，预想；eschew避免，避开；turnfrom对······感到厌恶。句意：尽管很多人利用顺势疗法治疗健康问题，另外一些人并不满意于这样的替代治疗，相反他们依赖于传统的医疗方法。由前后句关系可知，A项符合题意。

8.单选题

Heatisnothingmorethantheenergyofatomsinmotion;so,ifyoucanslowdownatoms,youarecoolingthem（

）.

问题1选项

A.ineffect

B.nextto

C.atrandom

D.inhand

【答案】A

【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项ineffect“实际上；生效”；B选项nextto“几乎，差不多；紧挨着”；C选项atrandom“胡乱地；随便地；任意地”；D选项inhand“在手头；在进行中；在控制中”。句意：热只不过是原子运动的能量；所以，如果你能使原子慢下来，你······是在给它们降温。由句意判断可知，此处“实际上你是在给它们降温”与前半句“热只不过是原子运动的能量”逻辑通顺。因此A选项正确。

9.单选题

FollowingtheguidelinesforspeakingandvotingestablishedbythebookRobert'sRulesofOrder,（

）duringthemeeting.

问题1选项

A.andavoidlargedecision-makingorganizations’proceduralcanfusion

B.largedecision-makingorganizationsavoidproceduralconfusion

C.isproceduralconfusionavoidedbylargedecision-makingorganizations

D.areavoidingproceduralconfusioninlargedecision-makingorganizations

【答案】B

【解析】考查主谓结构。题干主语为Followingtheguidelines，其后的forspeakingandvotingestablishedbythebookRobert'sRulesofOrder是后置定语。句意：遵循罗伯特的《议事规则》这本书里的指导方针，大型决策机构可以避免会议中的程序混乱。C项意思不符，D项主谓不一致，A项结构不对，故答案为B。

10.翻译题

ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.

OnefactorwhichmusthavegreatrelevancehereistheundeniablecircumstancethatthefeudalismofEuropeandChinawerefundamentallydifferent.（1）Europefeudalismwasmilitary-aristocratic:thepeasantryweregovernedbytheknightsintheirmanors,andtheyinturnweresubjecttothebaronsintheircastles,whilethekinginhispalaceruledoverall.Intimeofwarheneededthehelpofthelowerranksinthefeudalhierarchywhowereboundtorallytohimwithstatednumbersofmen-at-arms.HowdifferentwasthefeudalismofChina,longveryjustifiablydescribedasbureaucratic.（2）

ModemresearchisshowingthatthebureaucraticorganizationofChinainitsearlierstagesstronglyhelpedsciencetogrow;onlyinitslateronesdiditforciblyinhibitfurthergrowth，andinparticularpreventedabreakthroughwhichhasoccurredinEurope.Forexample,noothercountryintheworldatthebeginningoftheeighthcenturyADcouldhavesetupameridianarcsurveystretchingfromsouthtonorthsome2500miles.（3）Norcouldithavemountedanexpeditionatthattimetogoandobservethestarsofthesouthernhemispheretowithin

20°Cdegrees

ofthesouthcelestialpole;norindeedwouldithavewantedto.

（4）Itmaywellbethatasimilarpatternwillappearinthefuturewhenthehistoryofscience,technologyandmedicine,forallthegreatclassicalliterarycultures,suchasIndiaorSriLanka,comestobewrittenandgatheredin.Europehasenteredintotheirinheritance,producinganecumenicaluniversalscienceandtechnologyvalidforeverymanandwomanonthefaceoftheearth.OnecanonlyhopethattheshortcomingsofthedistinctivelyEuropeantraditionsinothermatterswillnotdebauchthenon-Europeancivilizations.（5）

Forexample,thesciencesofChinaandofIslamneverdreamedofdivorcingsciencefromethics,butwhenatheScientificRevolutionthefinalcauseofAristotlewasdoneawaywith,andethicschasedoutofscience,thingsbecameverydifferent,andmoremenacing.Thiswasgoodinsofarasitclarifiedanddiscriminatedbetweenthegreatformsofhumanexperience,butverybadanddangerouswhenitopenedthewayforevilmentousethegreatdiscoveriesofmodemscienceandactivitiesdisastrousforhumanity.

【答案】1.欧洲的封建主义是军事贵族式的：农民由庄园里的骑士统治，他们反过来又受制于城堡里的男爵，而国王在他的宫殿里统治着一切。

2.现代研究表明，中国早期的官僚组织有力地促进了科学的发展；其后期则严重抑制了科学的进步，尤其阻碍了中国像欧洲那样的突飞猛进的发展。

3.在当时也没有哪个国家有能力组织一支远征队去南半球探险，对南极20度范围内的星星进行观察，确实也没有哪个国家想那么做。

4.很可能是类似的模式将会出现在未来的历史科学、技术和医学、伟大的古典文学文化，如印度或斯里兰卡，编写和收集。

5.例如，中国的科学和伊斯兰教的科学从来没有想过要把科学从伦理中分离出来，但是当科学革命结束了亚里士多德的最终目标，伦理被驱逐出科学时，事情变得非常不同，而且更具威胁性。

11.单选题

Thepublishingworldwouldbebadlyhitifpoliticiansdidnot（

）theirdiariesfromtimetotimeshowingjusthowtheyreactedatthetimetoparticularworldevents.

问题1选项

A.partwith

B.bringforth

C.layout

D.turnto

【答案】B

【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项partwith“与······分开；舍弃”；B选项bringforth“产生；发表”；C选项layout“展示；安排”；D选项turnto“转向；求助于；致力于”。句意：如果政客们没有不时······当时对世界大事的反应，那么出版界将受到严重打击。由句意可知，出版界的新闻来源之一与“政客对世界大事的反应”有关，“发表意见”符合语境。因此B选项正确。

12.单选题

Whengivinganygeneraloverviewofthedevelopmentanduseofmachinetranslation(MT)systemsandtranslationtools,itisimportanttodistinguishfourbasictypesoftranslationdemand.

Thefirst,andtraditionaltypeofdemandisfortranslationsofaqualitynormallyexpectedfromhumans,i.e.translationsofpublishablequality.ThisillustratestheuseofMTfordissemination.Ithasbeensatisfied,tosomeextent,bymachinetranslationsystemseversincetheywerefirstdevelopedinthe1960s.However,MTsystemproduceoutputwhichmustinvariablyberevisedor“post-edited”byhumantranslatorsifitistoreachthequalityrequired.Sometimessuchrevisionmaybesubstantial,sothatineffecttheMTsystemisproducinga“draft”translation.Asanalternative,theinputtextmayberegularized(or“controlled”invocabularyandsentencestructure)sothattheMTsystemproducesfewerrorswhichhavetobecorrected.SomeMTsystemshave,however,beendevelopedtodealwithaverynarrowrangeoftextcontentandlanguagestyle,andthesemayrequirelittleornopreparationorrevisionoftexts.

Thesecondbasicdemandisfortranslationsatasomewhatlowerlevelofquality,whichareintendedforuserswhowanttofindouttheessentialcontentofaparticulardocument—andgenerally,asquicklyaspossible.Thisdemand—theuseofMTforassimilation—hasbeenmetinthepastas,ineffect,aby-productofsystemsdesignedoriginallyforthedisseminationapplication.SinceMTsystemsdidnot(andstillcannot)producehighqualitytranslations,someusershavefoundthattheycanextractwhattheyneedtoknowfromtheuneditedoutput.Theywouldratherhavesometranslation,howeverpoor,thannotranslationatall.WiththecomingofcheaperPC-basedsystemsonthemarket,thistypeofusehasgrownrapidlyandsubstantially.

Thethirdtypeofdemand—MTforinterchange—comesfromtheneedforimmediatetranslationinordertoconveythebasiccontentofmessages.MTsystemsarefindinga“natural”role,sincetheycanoperatevirtuallyorinfactinreal-timeandon-lineandtherehasbeenlittleobjectiontotheinevitablepoorquality,andareusefulinproducingspokenlanguagetranslations,e.g.fortelephoneconversationsandbusinessnegotiations.Theproblemsofintegratingspeechrecognitionandautomatictranslationareobviouslyhardtotackle,butprogressisneverthelessbeingmade.Inthefuture—stilldistant,perhaps—wemayexpecton-lineMTsystemsforthetranslationofspeechinhighlyrestricteddomains.

Thefourthareaofapplicationisfortranslationwithinmultilingualsystemsofinformationretrieval,informationextraction,databaseaccess,etc.ThisfieldisthefocusofanumberofprojectsinEuropeatthepresenttime,whichhavetheaimofwideningaccessforallmembersoftheEuropeanUniontosourcesofdataandinformationwhateverthesourcelanguage.

1.Itcanbeinferredfromthesecondparagraphthatinrenderingpublishabletranslationsofliteraryworks,（

）.

2.MTsystemswillmakefewerrorsif

（

）.

3.Accordingtothethirdparagraph,usersofMTforassimilation

（

）.

4.ItcanbeinferredfromthefourthparagraphthatwiththeprogressivesophisticationofMTsystems,（

）.

问题1选项

A.MTsystems’performanceissatisfactorytoasubstantialdegree

B.littlecouldbedonebyMTsystemsdevelopedsofar

C.MTsystemscandomuchbetterthanhumantranslators

D.considerablerevisiononMTproducedtextsisneeded

问题2选项

A.thelanguageoftheoriginaltextisstandard

B.thelanguageoftheoriginaltextissimplified

C.thelanguageoftheoriginaltextiscontrolled

D.theoriginaltextdealswithaspecializedsubject

问题3选项

A.aregrowingfastinnumber

B.complainalotaboutitspoorquality

C.cangetlittlefromtheuneditedoutput

D.wouldratherhavenotranslationatall

问题4选项

A.onecancommunicateonthephonewithanotherwhospeaksadifferentlanguage

B.interpreterswillnolongerbeusefulininternationalnegotiationsorconferences

C.itwillbeonlynaturalthatpeoplewillfindlittleneedtolearnaforeignlanguage

D.peoplewillfindnocausetocomplainaboutthequalityoftextsturnedoutbythem

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:A

【解析】1.判断推理题。第二段说到MT系统的问题出现在“However,MTsystemproduceoutputwhichmustinvariablyberevisedor“post-edited”byhumantranslatorsifitistoreachthequalityrequired.Sometimessuchrevisionmaybesubstantial,sothatineffecttheMTsystemisproducinga“draft”translation.然而，如果要达到要求的质量，MTsystem所产生翻译必须由人工译者进行修改或“后期编辑”。有时这样的修改可能是实质性的，因此MT系统实际上是在生成一个“草稿”翻译。”说明MT系统翻译出来的成品需要人工修改，D选项“需要对MT产生的文本进行大量修订”符合题意。

2.事实细节题。由题干关键词fewerrors定位到文章第二段倒数第二句“Asanalternative,theinputtextmayberegularized(or‘controlled’invocabularyandsentencestructure)sothattheMTsystemproducesfewerrorswhichhavetobecorrected.作为一种替代方法，输入文本可以被正规化(或在词汇和句子结构上“受控”)，这样机器翻译系统产生的需要纠正的错误就很少。”因此条件就是“控制”输入文本的语言。C选项“原文的语言被控制”符合题意。

3.判断推理题。由题干关键词assimilation定位到文章第三段第二句“Thisdemand—theuseofMTforassimilation—hasbeenmetinthepastas,ineffect,aby-productofsystemsdesignedoriginallyforthedisseminationapplication.这一需求——使用MT进行同化——在过去已经得到满足，实际上，它是最初为传播应用而设计的系统的副产品。”最后一句补充说到“WiththecomingofcheaperPC-basedsystemsonthemarket,thistypeofusehasgrownrapidlyandsubstantially.随着市场上更便宜的基于pc的系统的出现，这种类型的使用（使用MT进行同化）已经迅速而显著地增长。”由此可知A选项“数量正迅速增长”正确。

4.判断推理题。题干中的theprogressivesophisticationofMTsystems“MT系统的逐步成熟”，说明问的是MT系统的发展势头，第四段最后一句说到“Theproblemsofintegratingspeechrecognitionandautomatictranslationareobviouslyhardtotackle,butprogressisneverthelessbeingmade.Inthefuture—stilldistant,perhaps—wemayexpecton-lineMTsystemsforthetranslationofspeechinhighlyrestricteddomains.语音识别与自动翻译的融合问题显然难以解决，但仍在不断取得进展。在未来——也许还是遥远的未来——我们可以期待在高度受限的领域中实现语音翻译的在线机器翻译系统。”由此可知未来的进展可能出现在“在线机器语音翻译”这方面，对比选项可得A选项“一个人可以通过电话与另一个说不同语言的人交流”符合文意。

13.单选题

Whenevertwoormoreunusualtraitsorsituationsarefoundinthesameplace,itistemptingtolookformorethanacoincidentalrelationshipbetweenthem.ThehighHimalayasandtheTibetanplateaucertainlyhaveextraordinaryphysicalcharacteristics,andthecultureswhicharefoundtherearealsounusual,thoughnotunique.However,thereisnointentionofadoptingMontesquieu'sviewofclimateandsoilasculturaldeterminants.Theecologyofaregionmerelyposessomeoftheproblemsfacedbytheinhabitantsoftheregion,andwhiletheproblemsfacingacultureareimportanttoitsdevelopmenttheydonotdetermineit.

TheappearanceoftheHimalayasduringthelateTertiaryPeriodandtheaccompanyingfurtherraisingofthepreviouslyestablishedrangeshadamarkedeffectontheclimateoftheregion.Primarily,ofcourse,itblockedtheIndianmonsoonfromreachingCentralAsiaatall.Secondarily,airandmoisturefromotherdirectionswerealsoreduced.

PriortotheraisingoftheHimalayas,thelandnowformingtheTibetanuplandshadadrycontinentalclimatewithvegetationandanimallifesimilartothatofmuchoftherestoftheregiononthesameparallel,butsomewhatdifferentthanthatoftheareasfarthernorth,whichwerealreadydrier.WiththecomingoftheHimalayasandtherelativelysuddendryingoutoftheregion,therewasaseverethinningoutoftheanimalandplantpopulations.TheensuingincompletePleistoceneglaciationhadafurtherthinningeffect,butsignificantlydidnotwipeoutlifeinthearea.Thus,aftertheendoftheglaciationtherewereonlyafewvarietiesoflifeextantfromtheoriginalcontinentalspecies.IsolatedbytheKunlunrangefromtheTarimbasinandTurfandepression,specieswhichhadalreadyadaptedtothedrysteppeclimate,andwouldotherwisehavebeenexpectedtoflourishinTibet,theremainingnativefaunaandfloramultiplied.ArmanddescribestheTibetanfaunaasnothavinggreatvariety,butbeing“striking”intheabundanceoftheparticularspeciesthatarepresent.Theplantlifeissimilarlylimitedinvariety,withsomeobserversfindingnomorethanseventyvarietiesofplantsineventherelativelyfertileEasternTibetanvalleys,withfewerthantenfoodcrops.Tibetan“tea”isamajorstaple,perhapsreplacingtheunavailablevegetables.

Thedifficultiesoflivinginanenvironmentatoncedryandcold,andpopulatedwithspeciesmoreusuallyfoundinmorehospitableclimes,aregreat.Thesedifficultiesmaywellhaveinfluencedtheunusualpolyandroussocietiestypicaloftheregion.Lattimoreseesthemaintenanceofmultiple-husbandhouseholdsasbeingpreservedfromearlierformsbytheharshconditionsoftheTibetanuplands,whichpermittednoexperimentationand“froze”thecultureswhichcamethere.Kawakita,ontheotherhand,seesthepolyandryasawayofeasilypermittingthebesthouseholdertobecometheheadhusbandregardlessofage.HisdetailedstudiesoftheBhoteavillageofTsumjedoseemtosupportthisideaofpolyandryasamethodoftalentmobilityinasituationwhereeventhebesttalentisbarelyenoughforsurvival.

1.WhatwasthesignificanceofthefactthatthePleistoceneglaciationdidnotwipeoutlifeentirelyinthearea?

2.WhichofthefollowingmostlikelybestdescribesTibetan“tea”？

3.Theauthor'sknowledgeofTibetisprobably（

）.

4.Accordingtothepassage:whichofthefollowingwouldprobablybethemostagreeabletoMontesquieu?

5.ThespeciesoffaunaandfloraremaininginTibetafterthePleistoceneglaciationcanproperlybecalledcontinentalbecausethey（

）.

问题1选项

A.Withoutlife,mancouldnotflourisheither.

B.Thedryingoutwastoosuddenformostplantstoadapttotheclimate.

C.Iftheregionhadbeendevoidoflife,someoftheotherspeciesfromnearby,aridareasmightpossiblyhavetakenoverthearea.

D.ThevarietyofTibetanlifewasdecreased.

问题2选项

A.agreentinteddrinksimilartoChinesebasket-friedgreentea

B.anutritiousmixtureoftealeavesandrancidyakbutter

C.adarkbrownteadrink,carefullystrained

D.ahighcaffeinedrink

问题3选项

A.basedonfirsthandexperience

B.theresultofLifelongstudy

C.limitedtogeologicalhistory

D.derivedonlyfrombooks

问题4选项

A.Theplantsofacountry,bybeingthefoodofitspeople,causethepeopletohavesimilarviewstooneanother.

B.Someregionswithsimilarclimateswillhavesimilarcultures.

C.Culturesinthesamearea,sharingsoilandclimate,willbeessentiallyidentical.

D.Europeanculturesareliberatedtosomedegreefromdeterminism.

问题5选项

A.areoriginallyfoundincontinentalclimates

B.aretheonlylifeformsinTibet,whichisasbigasacontinent

C.havebeenfoundinotherpartsoftheAsiancontinent

D.arefoundinalandmassthatusedtobeaseparatecontinent

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:C

第5题:A

【解析】1.判断推理题。定位到第三段：“WiththecomingoftheHimalayasandtherelativelysuddendryingoutoftheregion,therewasaseverethinningoutoftheanimalandplantpopulations.TheensuingincompletePleistoceneglaciationhadafurtherthinningeffect.随着喜马拉雅山脉的形成和该地区相对突然的干旱，动物和植物的数量急剧减少。随后发生的不完全更新世冰川作用使冰川进一步变薄。”可知D项“藏族生活的多样性减少”正确。

2.判断推理题。由第三段：Tibetan“tea”isamajorstaple,perhapsreplacingtheunavailablevegetables.藏茶是主要的食品，可以替代难以吃到的蔬菜。由此可以推知：藏茶是主食之一，由于蔬菜品种很少，所以用藏茶来补充因蔬菜摄入不足所缺乏的营养。B项“茶叶与发酵牦牛酥的营养混合物”；A项“—种绿茶，类似于汉族的篮炒绿茶”。C项“经过细致过滤的深棕色茶品”。D项含高咖啡因的饮品。既然是要补充蔬菜摄入不足导致的营养缺乏，自然要用有营养的物质来替代。故B项正确。

3.判断推理题。本文中没有涉及作者的研究和经历，第三段引用了Armand的描述，第四段中讲到了Lattimore和Kawakita的看法。A项“基于第一手经验”；B项“终身学习的结果”；C项“限于地质历史”；D项“仅从书本中获得”故D项正确。

4.细节事实题。由“However,thereisnointentionofadoptingMontesquieu'sviewofclimateandsoilasculturaldeterminants.Theecologyofaregionmerelyposessomeoftheproblemsfacedbytheinhabitantsoftheregion,andwhiletheproblemsfacingacultureareimportanttoitsdevelopmenttheydonotdetermineit.但是，并没有打算采用孟德斯鸠关于气候和土壤是文化决定因素的观点。一个区域的生态只造成该区域居民所面临的一些问题，虽然一种文化所面临的问题对其发展很重要，但这些问题并没有决定它的发展。”可知C项“Culturesinthesamearea,sharingsoilandclimate,willbeessentiallyidentical.同一地区的文化，共享土壤和气候，本质上是相同的。”正好与孟德斯鸠的观点相符。

5.细节事实题。由第三段中：“Thus,aftertheendoftheglaciationtherewereonlyafewvarietiesoflifeextantfromtheoriginalcontinentalspecies.因此，在冰期结束后，现存的来自原始大陆物种的生命种类只有几个。”可知A项“原产于大陆气候”正确。

14.单选题

Wecan’thopetocompetewithotherbigcompanies（

）wehaveinferiorequipmentinourinstallationlinesandtrainingofourworkforce.

问题1选项

A.nevertheless

B.unless

C.if

D.oncondition

【答案】C

【解析】考查连词词义和词组辨析。nevertheless然而；不过；unless除非，如果不；if如果；即使；oncondition只要。根据前后句意推断C项符合题意，答案C。句意：如果我们在安装线上的设备和职工培训方面是较差的，那么我们就不能指望去与其他大公司竞争。

15.单选题

Oftencriticismmaybemoreeffectivelymadeby（

）thanbydirectcensure.

问题1选项

A.deception

B.innuendo

C.malignity

D.collusion

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。deception欺骗，欺瞒；innuendo讽刺，挖苦；malignity恶意；collusion共谋，勾结。句意：通常情况下，讽刺口吻似的批评比直接指责更有效。由directcensure“直接严厉斥责”可知空格处所填单词应与其相反，故B项最符合句意。

16.单选题

Nooneis（

）aboutStephens;heinspireseitheruncriticaladulationorprofoundantipathyinthosewhoworkforhim.

问题1选项

A.neutral

B.infuriated

C.anxiety

D.consternation

【答案】A

【解析】考查词义辨析。A选项neutral“中立的”；B选项infuriated“激怒的；狂怒的”；C选项anxiety“焦虑；挂念”；D选项consternation“惊恐；惊慌失措”。句意：没有人······斯蒂芬斯;在为他工作的人中间，他要么受到不加批判的奉承，要么引起深深的反感。“奉承”和“反感”可认为是两个极端，因此从情感色彩上来说，没有人对斯蒂芬持有“中立”的态度，A选项正确。

17.单选题

Inmostdevelopedcountries,menhavehighersalaries,onaverage,thanwomen.Muchofthesalarydifferentialresultsfromthetendencyofwomentobeinlower-payingoccupations.Thequestionofwhetherthisoccupationalemploymentpatterncanbeattributedtosexdiscriminationisacomplexone.Infact,wagedifferentialsamongoccupationsarethenormratherthantheexception.SuccessfulathletescommonlyearnmorethanNoblePrize-winningacademics;giftedartistsoftencannotearnenoughtosurvive,whilemediocreinvestmentbankersprosper.Givensuchdifferences,thequestionnaturallyarises:talentandabilitybeingequal,whydoesanyone—manorwoman—enteralow-payingoccupation?Oneobviousanswerispersonalchoice.Anindividualmayprefer,forexample,toteachmathatamodestsalaryratherthantobecomeamorehighlypaidelectricalengineer.

Somepeoplearguethatpersonalchoicealsoexplainssex-relatedwagedifferentials.Accordingtothisexplanation,manywomen,becausetheyplaceahighpriorityonparentingandperforminghouseholdservices,choosecertaincareersinwhichtheyarefreetoenterandleavetheworkforcewithminimumpenalty.Theymaychoosetoacquireskills,suchastypingandsalesclerking,thatdonotdepreciaterapidlywithtemporaryabsencesfromtheworkforce.Theymayavoidoccupationalspecialtiesthatrequireextensivetrainingperiods,longandunpredictablehours,andwillingnesstorelocate,allofwhichmakespecializationindomesticactivitiesproblematic.Bychoosingtoinvestlessindevelopingtheircareerpotentialandtoexpendlesseffortoutsidethehome,womenmust,accordingtothisexplanation,payapriceintheformoflowersalaries.Butwomencannotbeconsideredthevictimsofdiscriminationbecausetheypreferthelower-payingoccupationstohigher-payingones.

Analternativeexplanationforsex-relatedwagedifferentialsisthatwomendonotvoluntarilychooselower-payingoccupationsbutareforcedintothembyemployersandsocialprejudices.Accordingtoproponentsofthisview,employerswhodiscriminatemayrefusetohirequalifiedwomenforrelativelyhigh-payingoccupations.Moregenerally,subtlesociety-wideprejudicesmayinducewomentoavoidcertainoccupationsinfavorofothersthatareconsideredmoresuitable.Indeed,the“choice”ofwomentospecializeinparentingandperforminghouseholdservicesmayitselfresultfromthesesubtleprejudices.Whetherthediscriminationisbyemployersinaparticularoccupationorbysocietyasawholeisirrelevant;theeffectwillbethesame.Further,ifsuchdiscriminationdoesoccur,womenexcludedfromcertainoccupationswillfloodothers,andthisincreaseinsupplywillhaveadepressingeffectonwagesinoccupationsdominatedbywomen.

1.Instatingthat“successfulathletescommonlyearnmorethanNobelPrize-winningacademics”,theauthor’sprimarypurposeisto（

）.

2.Whichoneofthefollowingcasesisleastlikelytoinvolvesexdiscrimination,asitisdescribedinthepassage?

3.Whichoneofthefollowingstatementsisthebestcompletionofthelastparagraphofthepassage?

4.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsexdiscriminationasanexplanationforwagedifferentialscanbestbecharacterizedas（

）.

5.Whichoneofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthepassage?

问题1选项

A.Demonstratethateducationhaslittletodowithmakingmoney

B.Suggestthatpeoplewithtalentandabilityshouldnotenterlow-payingoccupations

C.Showthathighlypaidoccupationsgenerallyrequirelonghoursandextensivetraining

D.Giveanexampleofhowcertainoccupationsarebetterpaidthanothersregardlessofinherentworthortalentrequired

问题2选项

A.Anemployerhiresamanratherthananequallyqualifiedwoman.

B.Awomanchoosestoenterahigh-payingoccupationthatuseshertalentandability.

C.Awomanchoosesanoccupationthatisalreadydominatedbywomen.

D.Awomanchoosesalow-payingjobthatallowshertodevotemoretimetoherfamily.

问题3选项

A.Wagedifferentialswillbecomemoreexaggeratedandeconomicparitybetweenmenandwomenlessandlesspossible.

B.Unlesssocietychangesitsviews,womenmayneverescapetheconfinesofthefewoccupationsdesignated“ForWomenOnly”.

C.Thequestionis:howlongwillwomenallowthemselvestobeexcludedfrommale-dominatedoccupations?

D.Inthelastanalysis,womenmayneedtoaskthemselvesiftheycanreallyaffordtoallowsexdiscriminationtocontinue.

问题4选项

A.skepticalthatdiscriminationisafactor

B.criticalofsociety’sacceptanceofdiscrimination

C.convincedthattheproblemwillgetworse

D.neutralwithrespecttoitsvalidity

问题5选项

A.WageDifferentialsBetweenMenandWomen

B.WomeninLow-PayingOccupations:DoTheyHaveaChoice?

C.Homevs.Office:HowDoestheModemWomenChoose?

D.TheRoleofSocialPrejudiceinWomen’sCareers

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:D

第5题:B

【解析】1.细节事实题。“Infact,wagedifferentialsamongoccupationsarethenormratherthantheexception.事