2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国地质大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号38

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国地质大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.填空题

Oneofourarticlesisabouttobe（1）inNature.Everyoneispleasedthatit’sappearinginahigh-profileinternationaljournal,buttherewasaserious（2）inourresearchgroup（3）overwhoshouldbetheleadauthor.Someofthe（4）

ofthegrouparestillangry.

【答案】1.published

2.such

3.debate

4.members

【解析】1.语义题。句中的Nature是指一种杂志，我们的文章应该是“发表在”杂志中。

2.语义题。这里填such，suchahigh-profileinternationaljournal表示“如此引入注目的期刊”。

3.固定搭配。debateover就……进行讨论。

4.语义题。根据空格后的ofthegroup可以推断出最后一个空可以填入members表示“团队的成员”。

2.填空题

Who（1）youyourfirstChinesecharacterswhenyouwereachild?Anddidyouuseapencil,apen（2）abrushtowritethem?

【答案】1.taught

2.and

【解析】1.语义题。teachsb.sth.“教授某人”，由题干的表示时间的“whenyouwereachild”可知第一个空应填入teach的过去式taught。

2.逻辑分析。apencil,apen,abrush三者是并列关系,用and连接表示列举。

3.单选题

1.InrecentmonthsmanyaggrievedpartiesinFrancehavetakentothebarricadestoprotestreformsintendedtomakethecountry’seconomymorecompetitive;perhapsmostunlikelyofthesewerethe“notaries”.Thisspecialclassoflawyers,whooverseemostcommercialtransactionsandmaintainofficialregistersofproperty,wereobjectingtosomemodestpruningofthethicketofregulationsurroundingtheirjob.InItalytoothegovernmenthasprovokedoutragebyattemptingtotrimtherulesoftheprofession.TherowaboutevenminorchangestoahighlyprotectedbusinessshowswhystructuralreformissoslowinsomeofEurope'sbiggesteconomies.

2.InAmericathemainjobofnotariesistocertifydocuments,mundaneworkthatrequiresfewqualifications.InFranceandItaly,however,asinmuchofcontinentalEurope,valuableassets(houses,companies,sharesandsoon)cannotchangehandswithoutanotary’sapproval.Entrytotheprofessionisbyarigorousexam-Thenumberofnotariesisrestricted,asistheregioninwhichtheycanwork;someoftheirfeesarefixedtoo.

3.InFrancetherearealsorulesaboutwhocanownnotaryfirms(notaries,ofcourse)and

whoelsecanworkinthem(notlawyers,accountantsorotherprofessionals).Aptly,afirmofnotariescanonlychangehandswiththeapprovaloftheprofessionalassociationthatallnotariesbelongto.InGermany,notariesmustreadalldocumentsaloudinfrontofthepartiesconcernedbeforesigningthem,tyingthemupwithstringandsealingthemwithredwax.(Oncehome,theyapplyleechesandreadbycandlelight.)

4.Alltheseregulationsaddtocostsandshelternotariesfromcompetition,makingtheprofessionverylucrative.In2010theaverageself-employedFrenchnotaryearned€190,812($265,309).InItaly,thefigurein2013was€210,400.TheaverageprofitmarginofFrenchnotariesin2010was35%.Thesecostsarebome,naturally,bythosebuyingandsellingassets,particularlyhousing.TheOECD,aclubmostlyofrichcountriesfoundin2009thatlegalfeesadded1%tothebillforbuyingahomeinFranceand2%inItaly,comparedtojust0.25%inBritain.Between1981and2011,asFrenchpropertypricessurged,feespaidonhousingtransactions,whichaccountforhalfofnotaries’revenues,roseby68%.Thatwasdespitetheincreaseduseoftechnology,whichhashelpedtodrivedownnotaries'costs.

5.TheFrenchreformpavesthewayforanincreaseinthenumberofnotariesincertainpartsofFrance.Italsomakestheirfeesmoretransparent.Betteryet,notarieswillbeallowedtoopenpracticeswithaccountantsandlawyersinabidtoprovideaone-stop-shopforclients,whichshouldhelptolowertransactioncosts.ButthelawthatincludedthesemeasureswassocontroversialthatthegovernmentdidnotriskputtingittoavoteintheNationalAssembly;instead,itpusheditthroughbydecree.

6.InItaly,successivegovernmentshavechippedawayatnotaries’privileges.Since2006,forexample,ithasbeenpossibletobuyausedcarwithoutrecoursetoone.In2012thegovernmentofthedayabolishedfixedminimumfees.This,plusaslumpintransactions,hascuttheirearnings:in2008theiraverageincomewas€440,800.Thecurrentgovernmentwantstogofurther,allowingnotariestopracticeanywhereinItalyratherthaninadesignatedregion.Italsohopestoabolishthearrangementwherebynotariespooltheirincometoensureaminimumforeveryone---asystemthatdampenstheincentivetocompete.Moredramatically,itwouldpermitmerelawyerstosignoffoncertaintransactionsthatarecurrentlytheexclusivepreserveofnotaries,suchasthesaleofnon-residentialpropertiesworthlessthan€1000,000andtheregistrationofparticulartypesofcompanies.

7.Notariesarguethatallowingtransactionstotakeplacewithouttheiroversightwillincreasetheriskoffraud.TheWorldBank,afterall,considersItaly'ssystemofpropertyregistrationsuperiortoBritain'sorGermany’s.Itisaterribleplacetoenforcecontractsincourt,however,aswouldbenecessaryiflawyerstookoverfromnotaries."Inacountryinwhichtherearesomanythingstochange,"saysElianaMarandi,anItaliannotarywhohasalsoworkedinAmerican/‘itisirrationaltostartwiththeonethingthatworks.”

8.Buttherearegoodreasonstofretabouthightransactioncosts.AnOECDstudypublishedin2011foundthathighlegalfeesonhomepurchasesactedasasignificantdisincentivetomoving.Thereportsuggestedthatevensmallreductionsinsuchcostswouldencouragegreatermobility,whichmighthelpthejoblesstofindwork.Withunemploymentat10.2%inFranceand12.6%inItaly,thatsoundslikeareformeveryoneshouldsupport.

1.Theauthorofthisarticle,commentingontherecentpoliticalactivityofFenchnotaries,（

）

2.Ifweaccepttheinformationinthearticle,thenwemustconcludethat（

）

3.Theauthor'sattitudetowardsthetraditionalrulesgoverningtheworkofEuropeannotaries（

）

4.Thedatainthearticle（

）

5.The"one-stopshop”mentionedinparagraph5（

）

6.ThearticlementionsunemploymentfiguresinFranceandItaly（

）

7.ABritishreaderofthisarticlewouldbelikelyto（

）

问题1选项

A.isnotsurprisedthattheywouldjoinotherprofessionalgroupssupporrtingeconomicreforms.

B.isnotsurprisedthattheywouldworkwithothergroupstoopposeeconomicreforms.

C.isclearlyastonishedthatsuchpeoplearerefusingtosupporttheeconomicreformsthattheauthorregardsasnecessaryforFrance.

D.seemsmildlysurprisedatfirstthattheywouldbecomeinvolvedinthissortofpublicoppositiontoeconomicreforms.

问题2选项

A.AmericanandGermannotarieshavesimilarrolesthatdistinguishthemsharplyfromFrenchandItaliannotaries.

B.notariesinallthecountriesmentionedperformthesamejobsandfulfillthesamefunctions.

C.notariesintheUShaveamuchmorelimitedrangeoffunctionsthandonotariesinofwesternEurope.

D.FrenchandItaliannotariesaremuchmoreuptodatethantheircounterpartselsewhere

问题3选项

A.isscepticalbutatthesametimeamusedorhumorous.

B.issharplycritical,evenangry

C.islargelyapproving

D.isimpartial;theauthordoesnottakesidesinthesequarrelsoverreform

问题4选项

A.indicatethattheaverageEuropeannotaryhasamodestincome,thoughsomeearnhugesums.

B.showthatFrenchandItaliannotariesmakealotofmoney,thoughlessthantheydidafewyearsago.

C.areinsufficienttoshowanythingveryclearabouttheaverageincomeofFrenchorItaliannotaries.

D.showwhynotariescontributesogreatlytothegrowthofEuropeaneconomies.

问题5选项

A.meansaplacewhereclientscanobtainalltheinformationtheyneedabouttheservicesprovidedbynotaries.

B.meansthenewarrangementsinFrancethatrequirenotariesandlawyerstoworktogether.

C.referstothefactthatallofthereformsaffectingnotarieswereincludedinasinglecomprehensiveactoftheFrenchNationalAssembly.

D.referstojointoperationsbynotariesandlawyerspermittedundernewFrenchlaws.

问题6选项

A.asbackgroundinformationunderliningtheurgencyofeffortstomakeitcheaperforpeoplewithoutjobstomovetonewlocations.

B.tocriticizetheselfishnessofwell-paidlawyersandnotariesinthosecountries.

C.tosupporttheclaimthatloweringthecostofcommercialtransactionswilldamagetheeconomiesofthesetwonations.

D.toshowthatprogresshasbeenmaderecentlyinreducingthenumberofjoblesspeople.

问题7选项

A.favortheimmediateintroductionofreformsbringingBritishnotaryarrangementsintoconformitywiththoseonthecontinent.

B.feelupsetthatthelegalfeesinvolvedinbuyingahouseorflataresomuchgreaterintheUKthaninItalyorFrance.

C.approveofdecreasingthehighlegalfeesonhomepurchasesinBritainandotherEuropeancountries.

D.rejectproposalstorevisetherulesonpropertysalesalongAmericanlines.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:B

第5题:A

第6题:A

第7题:C

【解析】1.推理判断题。根据题干关键词therecentpoliticalactivityofFrenchnotaries定位至第一段:“InrecentmonthsmanyaggrievedpartiesinFrancehavetakentothebarricadestoprotestreformsintendedtomakethecountry’seconomymorecompetitive;perhapsmostunlikelyofthesewerethe“notaries”.Thisspecialclassoflawyers,whooverseemostcommercialtransactionsandmaintainofficialregistersofproperty,wereobjectingtosomemodestpruningofthethicketofregulationsurroundingtheirjob,由此可见作者本以为抗议人群中不会有公证员，可事实是，这群公证员正在其中进行反抗。故选C项:作者感到非常惊讶，因为这群公证员正在拒绝支持经济改革，而作者将此改革视为法国的必需品。

2.推理判断题。A项“美国和德国的公证员角色相似，和法国和意大利的公证员截然不同”，通过选项信息，可以定位到原文第二段中“InAmericathemainjobofnotariesistocertifydocuments,mundaneworkthatrequiresfewqualifications.InFranceandItaly,however,asinmuchofcontinentalEurope,valuableassets（houses,companies,sharesandsoon）cannotchangehandswithoutanotary’sapproval.Entrytotheprofessionisbyarigorousexam—’’大意为：美国的公证员的主要工作是开证明文件和一些寻常的工作，不需要什么资格要求。但是，和许多欧洲大陆一样，在法国和意大利，没有公证员的批准，那些有价值的资产（如房子，公司，股票等）都是不能转手的，而且需要严格的职业入门考试。以及第三段中“InGermany,notariesmustreadalldocumentsaloudinfrontofthepartiesconcernedbeforesigningthem,tyingthemupwithstringandsealingthemwithredwax.”大意为：在德国，公证员必须在签约之前，向合同双方大声阅读所有文件，而且用绳子拴好文件并用红蜡加封。因此，美国和德国的公证员的工作角色并不相似，即A项和B项“上述国家的公证员做同样的工作，完成相同的职责”都可以排除。根据上述对美国公证员的工作职责的描述，可知C项“比起欧洲国家，美国公证员的职责有更多的局限”正确。D项“相较于其他国家，法国和意大利的公证员更为新潮”，无法推测此内容，故排除。因此选C。

3.态度方向题。题干：关于管理欧洲公证员工作的传统规则，作者认为。根据文章中上下文之间的态度关系可以判断，对于欧洲公证员的工作传统规则保持消极的态度。

4.推理判断题。文章关于数据的内容集中在第四段:In2010theaverageself-employedFrenchnotaryearned€190,812($265,309).InItaly,thefigurein2013was€210,400.TheaverageprofitmarginofFrenchnotariesin2010was35%(2010年，自雇的法国公证员挣了190,812英镑。在意大利，2013年的数据是210,400英镑。2010年的法国公证员的平均利润率是35%)。

因此A项(尽管总量很大，但是欧洲的公证员赚得不多)与原文不符。第四段第一句说道“makingtheprofessionverylucrative”，说明在法国,这个职业非常挣钱,因此B项“尽管，比多年前要挣得少，但是法国和意大利公证员还是挣了很多钱”正确。同时可排除C项:数据不足以非常清楚地体现法国和意大利平均收入情况。而D项“表明公证员对于欧洲经济的增长有很大贡献的原因”在原文中找不到依据,故排除。

5.推理判断题。根据题干定位至第五段:Betteryet,notarieswillbeallowedtoopenpracticeswithaccountantsandlawyersinabidtoprovideaone-stop-shopforclients,whichshouldhelptolowertransactioncosts（更好的是，为了给客户提供一站式的服务，在投标中，允许公证员与会计师、律师开展业务往来，这应该帮助客户降低交易费用）。因此“one-stop-shop”应该是帮助客户降低交易成本的，也就是避免一些无谓的费用产生。故选A:指一个地方，在这里，关于公证员所提供的服务，客户能获得他们需要的所有资料。

6.作者意图题。题干：文章谈及法国和意大利的失业数据……。最后一段:Thereportsuggestedthatevensmallreductionsinsuchcostswouldencouragegreatermobility,whichmighthelpthejoblesstofindwork.Withunemploymentat10.2%inFranceand12.6%inItaly,thatsoundslikeareformeveryoneshouldsupport(报告指出，即使交易k本有小幅的降低，它也能促使更大的流通性，这可以帮助没有工作的人找到工作。法国的失业率是10.2%,意大利是12.6%,这听起来好像每个人都应该支持这个改革)。由此看出,文章谈及两国的失业率的数据，是为了说明该项改革（成本降低）的利处一一可能帮助没有工作的人找到工作。故选A:作为背景信息，（目的是为了）强调应努力使无工作的人找到新岗位所付出更低成本的紧迫性。

7.推理判断题。题干：一位英国读者读这篇文章，可能会……。最后一段指出:AnOECDstudypublishedin2011foundthathighlegalfeesonhomepurchasesactedasasignificantdisincentivetomoving.Thereportsuggestedthatevensmallreductionsinsuchcostswouldencouragegreatermobility,whichmighthelpthejoblesstofindwork.”大意是：OECD（经济合作与发展组织）2011年发布的一项研宄发现，购房高费率成为了一个严重抑制流通的因素。报告指出，即使交易成本小幅的降低，它也能促使更大的流通性，这可以帮助没有工作的人找到工作。因此，可推断正确答案为C项:赞成在英国和其他欧洲国家降低高购房法律费用。

4.填空题

Iwenttoseeamovielastnight.ThefilmwasaBritishcomedythathadbeen（1）tomebyanumberofmyfriends.Itturned（2）tobe

justasfunnyasthey’dsaiditwouldbe.I（3）sohardthattherewere

tearsinmyeyes,especiallyattheclimaxtowardtheend.Thefilmiswithout（4）thefunniestthatI’veeverseen.Whenyougeta（5）,you

shouldseeit（6）.

句意:

昨晚我去看了一部电影。这是一部英国喜剧电影，由很多我的朋友向我推荐。它证明是如他们所说的那样有趣。我笑得那么厉害，以致我的眼泪都出来了，尤其是在接近尾声的高潮时。这部电影无疑是我曾经看过的最有趣的电影。如果你有机会的话，你也应当去看看。

【答案】1.recommended

2.out

3.laughed

4.doubt

5.chance

6.too

【解析】1.语义题。句意：由很多我的朋友推荐。

2.固定搭配。turnout证明是，原来是。

3.逻辑衔接。由后面的关键词“....thefunniestthatI’veeverseen是我曾经看过的最有趣的电影。”可推知这里指“笑得厉害到眼泪都出来了”。

4.固定搭配。withoutdoubt毫无疑问。

5.逻辑衔接。句意为：若有机会，你也应当去看看。

6.语义题。句意:若有机会，你也应当去看看。

5.填空题

AOh,ProfessorDonaldson,it’ssuch（1）honortomeetyou!I’vereadallyourbooksandasmanyofyourarticlesasIcouldgetmyhandson.

BYou’renotZhangQing,areyou?

A,（2）buthowdoyouknowmyname?

BProf.LitoldmetobesuretomeetyouwhenIvisitedthecampus.Hesaidyouwereveryinterestedinourresearch.

AThat’strue,andI'vebeen（3）forwardtomeetingyoueversinceIheardyouwerecomingtoBeijing.

句意:

哦，唐纳森教授，非常荣幸见到你！我己拜读过您所有的书籍，且阅读了大量我所能接触到的你的文章。

你不是张青吗？

我就是，但您是怎么知道我的名字的？

李教授让我务必在参观校园时与你见面。他说你对我们的研宄很感兴趣。是的，自从听说您要来北京后，我就一直期盼着与你见面。

【答案】1.an

2.Yes

3.looking

【解析】1.语法题。Such跟honor之间用不定冠词，因为honor以元音发音开头，故用an。

2.语法题。当反意疑问句的前半部分是否定，后半部分是肯定时，如果事实是肯定，就用Yes，如果事实是否定就用No。

3.固定搭配。lookforwardto:盼望，希望。句中用到现在完成进行时，故用looking。

6.单选题

JustasoneneedsaJ.D.tobecomealawyerinAmerica,onemustobtainaM.D.inordertoqualifyasaphysician,thoughthedegreeisnottheonlyrequirement.

问题1选项

A.JustasoneneedsaJ.D

B.aM.D

C.qualifyasa

D.thoughthedegreeisnottheonly

E.没有问题

【答案】E

7.单选题

Excuseme,butdon’tyouthinkthatit’sratheroddtogivesuchanelaboratewelcomespeechandthenturnaroundandtreatadelegatewithagoodquestionasifhewereanuisance?

问题1选项

A.Excuseme,but

B.thinkthatit’sratherodd

C.thenturnaroundandtreat

D.asifhewereanuisance?

E.没有问题

【答案】E

8.单选题

Ihopethatwecanagreetotakeanunifiedapproachtodealingwiththeoppositiontoourprojectproposal.Weneedtocoordinateourefforts.

问题1选项

A.hopethatwecanagree

B.takeanunified

C.todealing

D.efforts

E.没有错误

【答案】B

【解析】固定搭配。B项去掉冠词an。takeunifiedapproach采取一致的手段。

9.填空题

After（1）aboutitforseveralweeks,wedecidedtodoourfieldworkinanareaofsoutheasternYunnan（2）alongtheborderwithVietnam.The（3）withourchoicewasthattheareawasclosed,sowehadtoaskforofficial（4）toworkatthesitewehadinmind.（5），theofficialswespokewithwereveryopentoourarguments,afterwe（6）ourreasonsforwantingtodofieldworkneartheborder,theyquicklyapprovedourrequest.Wefinishedourfieldworkin2005.LastmonthIwent（7）totheareaforthefirsttimeanddiscoveredthatthingshavechangedgreatly（8）then.Theareaisnowcompletelyopenandthereisabrisktradeinmanufacturedgoodsinthetownsonsidesoftheborder.

句意:

在开始工作几个星期后，我们决定去云南东南部一个沿途与越南接壤的地方进行我们的野外作业。我们选择存在的一个问题是这个地方是关闭的，所以为了去在我们所想的地方作业，我们不得不去寻求官方的许可。幸运的是，与我们谈话的官员们非常乐意接受我们的推理。在我们解释完我们选择在临近边境地方做野外工作的原因后，他们很快就同意了我们的请求。

我们在2005年完成了我们的野外工作。上个月我独自第一次去了那个地方，发现情况从那时起己发生很大变化。这个区域现在是完全开发的，边境两边城镇里的制成品生意很兴隆。

【答案】1.setting

2.all

3.problem

4.approval

5.Fortunately

6.explained

7.alone

8.from

【解析】1.固定搭配。Setaboutdoingsth.开始着手做某事。

2.固定搭配。Allalong沿途,一路。

3.由后面的theareawasclosed“这个地方被关闭了”可推知“我的选择有问题”,根据“was”推测此处应用单数形式problem。

4.语义题。句意:在这个地方工作需要寻求官方的许可。

5.逻辑衔接。本来以为官方人员不好打交道，幸运的是他们比较开明。

6.逻辑衔接。说明施工原因。

7.逻辑关系。由关键词“I我”知这里可用副词alone独自”来修饰went（动词go“去”的过去式）。

8.由空格前的“havechanged己发生变化”为现在完成时态及“then那时”知可填一个表示“从……起”的介词，故可填from来构成from…then从那时起”。

both空格后面为复数形式sides,这里填入both表示边境的两边。

10.填空题

“Dida”is（1）peopleusuallycallthisuniversity.（

2）itisacomprehensiveuniversity,theearthsciencesarestillitsmainresearchfocus.Thereis（3）universityassociatedwithit,inWuhan.

【答案】1.what

2.Although

3.another

【解析】1.语法题。what在此处引导表语从句,在从句中充当宾语。

2.逻辑分析。由后句的still(仍然)推测前后句为让步关系。

3.语义题。句意:武汉还有一所与之相关的大学。

11.填空题

A:Ihaveaballetticketforthisevening.

B:（1）

dowe!Why（2）weallgotogether?

A:That’sagood（3）.Thatwaywecansharea（4）andsaveabitofmoney.

B:When（5）wemeet?

A:Let’ssayat6:30in（6）ofBuilding5.

B:Fine.I’llseeyouthereat6:30.

【答案】1.so

2.don’t

3.idea

4.taxi

4.shall

6.front

【解析】1.语法题。考查倒装。这里表示“我们也有”。

2.语法题。考查否定疑问。这里是否定疑问句表示肯定。

3.固定搭配。Agoodidea好主意。

4.语义题。由后面的saveabitofmoney推测这里表示“我们可以一起打的”。

5.语义题。句意:我们什么时候见面？

6.固定搭配。infrontof在…前面。

12.填空题

（1）tothelaw,（2）driversmusthavealicence.

Anyonewhodriveswithoutalicenceis（3）thelaw.

【答案】1.According

2.all

3.breaking

【解析】1.固定搭配。Accordingto根据，按照。

2.语义题。句意:所有司机都必须有驾照。

3.固定搭配。breakthelaw违法。根据句意此处需要用现在进行时。

13.填空题

Chongqing（1）tobepartofSichuan,butitwas（2）fromtheprovincein1997andmade（3）self-governingmunicipality.Thenewpoliticalunithasapopulation（4）about33millionpeople,butonly7.5millionofthemliveintheurbanarea.The（5）ofthemliveinthenearbydistrictsthatarepartofthemunicipality.

【答案】1.used

2.separated

3.a

4.of

5.rest

【解析】1.固定搭配。usedtobe曾经是。

2.固定搭配。beseparatedfrom与……分离

3.语法分析。此处填不定冠词a,表示“一个”。

4.语义题。Hasapopulationof后面接具体人数表示“有…人”。

5.语义题。Rest其余的。

14.单选题

9.Ifthereisanyendeavourwhosefruitsshouldbefreelyavailable,thatendeavourissurelypubliclyfinancedscience.Morally,taxpayerswhowishtoshouldbeabletoreadaboutitwithoutfurtherexpense.Andscienceadvancesthroughcross-fertilizationbetweenprojects.Barrierstothatexchangeslowitdown.

10.Thereisawidespreadfeelingthatthejournalpublisherswhohavemediatedthisexchangeforthepastcenturyormorearebecominganimpedimenttoit.OneofthelatestconvertsistheBritishgovernment.OnJuly16itannouncedthat,from2013,theresultsoftaxpayer-financedresearchwouldbeavailable,freeandonline,foranyonetoreadandredistribute.

11.Britain’sgovernmentisnotalone.OnJuly17theEuropeanUnionfollowedsuit.Itproposesmakingresearchpaidforbyitsnextscientific-spendinground-whichrunsfrom2014to2020,andwillhandoutabout€80billion,or$100billion,ingrants-similarlyeasytogetholdof.InAmerica,theNationalInstitutesofHealth(NIH,thesinglebiggestsourceofcivilianresearchfundsintheworld)hasrequiredopen-accesspublishingsince2008.AndtheWellcomeTrust,aBritishfoundationthatistheworld'ssecond-biggestcharitablesourceofscientificmoney,aftertheBillandMelindaGatesFoundation,alsoinsiststhatthosewhoreceiveitssupportmaketheirworkavailablefree.

12.Criticismofjournalpublishersusuallyboilsdowntotwothings,Oneisthattheirprocessestakemonths,whentheinternetcouldallowthemtotakedays,Theotheristhatbecauseeachpaperislikeamini-monopoly,whichworkersinthefieldhavetoreadiftheyaretoadvancetheirownresearch,thereisnoincentivetokeepthepricedown.Thepublishersthushavescientists•or,moreaccurately,theiruniversities,whichpaythesubscriptions-inanarmlock.That,combinedwiththefactthattherawmaterial(manuscriptsofpapers)isfree,leadstogenerousreturns.In2011Elsevier,alargeDutchpublisher,madeaprofitof£768monrevenuesof£2.06billion-amarginof37%.Indeed,Elsevier'sprofitsarethoughtsoegregiousbymanypeoplethat12,000researchershavesigneduptoboycottthecompany’sjournals.

13.Publishersdoprovideaservice.Theyorganizepeerreview,inwhichpapersarecriticizedanonymouslybyexperts(thoughthoseexperts,liketheauthorsofpapers,areseldompaidforwhattheydo).Theyalsosortthescientificsheepfromthegoats,bydecidingwhatgetspublished,andwhere.Thatgivesthepublishershugepower.Sinceresearchers,administratorsandgrant-awardingbodiesalltakenoteofwhichworkhasgotthroughthisfilteringmechanism,thecompetitiontopublishinthebestjournalsisintense,andthesystembecomesself-reinforcing,increasingthevalueofthosejournalsstillfurther.

14.Butnot,perhaps,formuchlonger.Supporthasbeenswellingforopen-accessscientificpublishing:doingitonline,inawaythatallowsanyonetoreadpapersfreeofcharge.Themovementstartedamongscientiststhemselves,butgovernmentsarenow,asBritain'sannouncementmakesclear,payingattentionandaskingwhethertheytoomightbenefitfromthechange.

15.TheBritishannouncementfollowedthepublicationofareportbyDameJanetFinch,asociologistattheUniversityofManchester,whichrecommendsencouragingabusinessmodeladoptedbyoneofthepioneersofopen-accesspublishing,thePublicLibraryofScience.Thisorganization,acharitybasedinSanFrancisco,chargesauthorsafee(between$1,350and$2,900,thoughitiswaivedincasesofhardship)andthenmakestheirpapersavailableovertheinternetfornothing.ForPLoS,asthecharityiswidelyknown,thisworkswell.Ithaslaunchedsevenwidelyrespectedelectronicjournalssinceitsfoundationin2000.Forreasonslostinhistory,thisisknownasthegoldmodel.

16.TheNIH’sapproachisdifferent.Itletsresearcherspublishintraditionaljournals,butonconditionthat,withinayear,theyposttheirpapersonafree"repository"websitecalledPubMed.Journalshavetoagreetothis,orbeexcludedfromtheprocess.Thisisknownasthegreenmodel.

17.Bothgoldandgreenmodelsinvolvepre-publicationpeerreview.Butathirddoesawaywitheventhat.Manyscientists,physicistsinparticular,nowuploaddraftsoftheirpapersintopublicarchivespaidforbynetworksofuniversitiesforthegeneralgood.(Themostpopularisknownas"arXivn,themiddleletterbeingaGreekchi.)Here,manuscriptsaresubjecttoaruthlessprocessofopenpeerreview,ratherthanthesecretsorttraditionalpublishersemploy.AnarXivedpapermayendupinatraditionaljournal,butthatismerelytoprovideapublicmarkofapprovalfortheresearchteamwhowroteit.Itsactualpublicationanditsvaluetootherscientistsdatefromitsoriginalarrivalonline.

18.ThesuccessofPLoS,andthepoliticalshifttowardsopenaccess,isencouragingothernewventurestoo.Seeingthewritingonthewall,severalcommercialpublishersareexperimentingwithgold-modelpublishing.Meanwhile,laterthisyearacoalitionoftheWellcomeTrust,theMaxPlanckInstitute(whichrunsmanyofGermany'sleadinglaboratories)andtheHowardHughesMedicalInstitutewillpublishthefirsteditionofeLife,anopen-accessjournalwithambitionstorivalthemostfamousjournalofthelot,Nature.Thedeeppocketsoftheseorganizationsmeanthat,forthefirstfewyearsatleast,thisjournalwillnotevenrequireapublicationfee.

19.Muchremainstobeworkedout.Somefearthelossofthetraditionaljournals*curationandverificationofresearch.EvenSirMarkWalport,thedirectoroftheWellcomeTrustandafierceadvocateofopen-accesspublication,worriesthatasystembasedonthegreenmodelcouldbecomefragmented.ThatmighthappenifthenewlyliberatedpapersendedupindifferentplacesratherthanbeingconsolidatedinthewaytheNIHinsistson.ButresearchjustpublishedinBMCMedicine(anopen-accessjournalfromSpringer)suggestspapersinopen-accessjournalsareaswidelycitedasthoseintraditionalpublications.

20.Arevolution,then,hasbegun.Technologypermitsit;researchersandpoliticianswantit.

Ifscientificpublishersarenottremblingintheirboots,theyshouldbe.

1.TheopeningparagraphsoftextBseemtoindicatethat（

）

2.AccordingtotextB,theBillandMelindaGatesFoundation（

）.

3.TextBstatesthatpeoplewhoareunhappywithpublishersofscientificjournals（

）.

4.Whenscientificpaperspassthroughpeerreview,（

）.

5.Thewordegregiousinparagraph12means（

）.

6.InthepublicationmodelsdescribedintextB,peerreviewoccurs（

）.

7.Paragraph18（

）.

8.TowardstheendoftextB,theauthormentionstheconcernsofSirMarkWalport,who（

）.

9.IfonecomparestextAandtextB,onecanseethat（

）.

问题1选项

A.scientistsareangeredbythepublicationpracticesthattheyconfrontintheirwork.

B.commercialpublishersareincreasinglyseenasanegativefactorinscience.

C.commercialpublishersareneededmorethaneverinordertoseparategoodresearchfrompoorresearch.

D.lessgoodresearchisappearingasaresultofthecontrolexercisedbyjournalpublishers.

问题2选项

A.isaveryimportantprovideroffundingforscientificresearch.

B.requiresthatresearcherssupportedbytheFoundationmaketheirfindingsfreelyavailabletothepublic.

C.followstheexamplesetbytheNIHinAmerica.

D.hasamonopolyonanyresearchresultsproducedbyscientistsitsupports.

问题3选项

A.objecttotheirslownessandthehighcostofthejournals.

B.thinkthatsuchjournalsshouldbeabolishedasanobstacletofreespeech.

C.criticizeabovealltheunfairnessofchoosingsomearticlesforpublicationandnotothers.

D.blamethemfortheslowpaceofscientificprogressinrecentyears.

问题4选项

A.theyarebeinggradedandassignedtodifferentlevelsofpublication.

B.governmentofficialsdecidewhatresearchisworthyofpublication.

C.researchersarebeingpaidtocriticizetheworkoffellowresearchers.

D.scientistsareevaluatingtheworkofotherscientistsintheirfield

问题5选项

A.somewhatunfavorable

B.quiteunnecessary

C.strikinglyunreasonable

D.clearlybizarre

问题6选项

A.beforepublicationinthefirsttwo,afterpublicationinthethird

B.insecretandwithoutthenameofthereviewersbeingknown

C.forpapersinsomescientificfieldsbutnotinothers

D.inexactlythesameway.Peerreviewisnotanissue

问题7选项

A.seemstoindicatethatmostjournalpublishersareresistinganychange.

B.makesitclearthatthepresentpublishingarrangementsaredoomed

C.providessupportforthestrongassertionsinthefinalparagraphofthetext.

D.ineffectpredictsthatthecommercialpublisherswillwininthestrugglewithfreeopen-accesspublication.

问题8选项

A.fearsthatthequalityofscientificpublishingiscurrentlyindecline.

B.stronglysupportsthegreenmodelovercurrentarrangementsandotherpublishingmodels.

C.believesthattheweaknessesofthegreenmodelcaneasilyberemediedby