2022年考研考博-考博英语-湘潭大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号4

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-湘潭大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

Thereare,asyet,novegetationtypesorecosystemswhosestudyhasbeen（

）totheextentthattheynolongerecologists

问题1选项

A.erest

B.perfected...hinder

C.diverted...arouse

D.vetoed...irritate

【答案】A

【解析】动词词义辨析题。exhaust“排出，耗尽，使精疲力尽，详尽论述”；interest“使感兴趣，使关心，使注意，使参与，使有利害关系”；B选项的perfect“使……完美（完善）”；hinder“阻碍，妨碍，成为阻碍”；C选项的divert“使转向，使绕道，转移（某人）的注意力，使分心”；arouse“激起，引起（感情、态度），唤醒某人，激发，行动起来“；D选项的veto“否决，禁止，反对”；irritate“刺激，使兴奋，激怒”。根据句意‘迄今为止，还没有任何植物类型或生态系统，人们对它们的研宄能达到如此详尽无遗的地步，以致它不再能够引起生态学家的兴趣’确定A选项正确。

2.单选题

ThespectacularauroralightdisplaysthatappearintheEarth'satmospherearoundthenorthandsouthmagneticpoleswereoncemysteriousphenomena.Now,scientistshavedatafromsatellitesandground-basedobservationsfromwhichweknowthattheaurorabrillianceisanimmenseelectricaldischargesimilartothatoccurringinaneonsign.

Tounderstandthecauseofauroras,firstpicturetheEarthenclosedbyitsmagnetosphere,ahugeregioncreatedbytheEarthmagneticfield.Outsidethemagnetosphere,blastingtowardtheEarthisthesolarwind,aswiftlymovingplasmaofionizedgaseswithitsownmagneticfield.Chargedparticlesinthissolarwindspeedearthwardalongthesolarwind'smagneticlinesofforcewithaspiralingmotion.TheEarth’smagnetosphereisabarriertothesolarwindandforcesthechargedparticlesofthesolarwindtoflowaroundthemagnetosphereitself.Butinthepolarregions,themagneticlinesofforceoftheEarthandofthesolarwindbunchtogether.Heremanyofthesolarwind’schargedparticlesbreakthroughthemagnetosphereandenterEarth’smagneticfield.TheythenspiralbackandforthbetweentheEarth'smagneticpolesveryrapidly.Inthepolarregions,electronsfromthesolarwindionizeandexcitetheatomsandmoleculesoftheupperatmosphere,causingthemtoemitauroraradiationofvisiblelight.

Thecolorsofanauroradependontheatomsemittingthem.Thedominantgreenishwhitelightcomesfromlowenergyexcitationofoxygenatoms.Duringhugemagneticstormsoxygenatomsalsoundergohighenergyexcitationandemitacrimsonlight.Excitednitrogenatomscontributebandsofcolorvaryingfromblueviolet.Viewedfromouterspace,aurorascanbeseenasdimlyglowingbeltswrappedaroundeachoftheEarth’smagneticpoles.Eachaurorahangslikeacurtainoflightstretchingoverthepolarregionsandintothehigherlatitudes.Whenthesolarflaresthatresultinmagneticstormsandauroraactivityareveryintense,auroradisplaysmayextendasfarasthesouthernregionsoftheUnitedStates.Studiesofaurorahavegivenphysicistsnewinformationaboutthebehaviorofplasmas,whichhashelpedtoexplainthenatureofouterspaceandisbeingappliedinattemptstoharnessenergyfromthefusionofatoms.

1.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutscientists'understandingofaurorasistrueaccordingtothepassage?

2.WhatservesastheEarth’smeansofprotectionagainstthesolarwinds?

3.Whydoaurorasshowdifferentcolors?

4.What'sthesubjectmatterofthispassage?

问题1选项

A.Scientistshavelongbeenabletoexplainthecausesofauroras'variouscolors.

B.Newknowledgeaboutthefusionofatomenabledscientiststolearnmoreaboutauroras.

C.Beforeadvancesintechnology,scientistsknewlittleaboutauroras.

D.Littlewillbeknownaboutaurorasuntilscientistshavelearnedmoreaboutplasmaphysics.

问题2选项

A.Themagnetosphere.

B.Theplasmaofionizedgases.

C.Themagneticlinesofforceofthesolarwind.

D.ThemagneticpolesoftheEarth.

问题3选项

A.Becauseaurorascomefromexcitationsofallkindsofatomsandhanglikecurtainsoflightoverthepolarregions.

B.Becausetheoxygenandnitrogenatomsundergoloworhighenergyexcitationandgivelightsofvariouscolors.

C.Becausethemagneticstormsarenotstablewhiletheauroraactivitiesareveryintense.

D.Becausethedominantgreenishwhitelightitselfcontainslightsofsevencolors.

问题4选项

A.Themethodsofobservingaurorasfromsatellites.

B.TheformationandcolorsofaurorasabovetheEarth’spoles.

C.Thefactorsthatcausethevarietyofcolorsofauroras.

D.TheinfluenceofaurorasontheEarth.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:A

第4题:B

【解析】1.推理判断题。本题询问下列关于科学家对极光的理解哪一项是正确的。根据原文“Now,scientistshavedatafromsatellitesandground-basedobservationsfromwhichweknowthattheaurorabrillianceisanimmenseelectricaldischargesimilartothatoccurringinaneonsign.现在，科学家们从卫星和地面观测中获得数据，从中我们知道极光的光辉是一种巨大的放电现象，类似于霓虹灯中的放电现象。”因此可推知C选项‘在技术进步之前科学家对极光的了解非常少’正确。

2.细节事实题。本题询问哪一项是地球抵御太阳风的防护措施。根据原文“TheEarth'smagnetosphereisabarriertothesolarwindandforcesthechargedparticlesofthesolarwindtoflowaroundthemagnetosphereitself.地球的磁层是太阳风的屏障，迫使太阳风的带电粒子绕着磁层流动。”确定A选项‘磁气圈’正确。

3.推理判断题。本题询问极光能够发出不同的颜色的原因。根据原文“Thecolorsofanauroradependontheatomsemittingthem.极光的颜色取决于发出极光的原子。”可知A选项“因为极光来自各种不同种类原子的刺激，并且像光帘一样悬挂在极地地区”正确。

4.主旨大意题。通篇全文可知，文章第二段首先分析了极光的形成的原因，然后第三段分析了极光发出的不同颜色的原因。所以B选项“在地球的两极地带的极光的形成和颜色”正确。

3.单选题

Belyinghisearlierreputationfor（

）asanegotiator,Morganhadrecentlyassumedamore（

）stanceforwhichmanyofhiserstwhilecriticspraisedhim.

问题1选项

A.inflexibility...unreasonable

B.impropriety...oscillatory

C.intransigence...tolerant

D.success...authoritative

【答案】C

【解析】名词和形容词辨析题。A选项inflexibility“僵化”；unreasonable“不合理的”；B选项impropriety“不适当，不正确”;oscillatory“振荡的”；C选项intransigence“顽固”；tolerant“宽容的”；D选项success“成功”；authoritative“权威”。根据句意‘因为近期采取的更加宽容的态度掩饰了他之前作为顽固的谈判专家的名声，使得之前批评的人转而开始赞扬他了。’C选项正确。

4.单选题

Thereare,asyet,novegetationtypesorecosystemswhosestudyhasbeen（

）totheextentthattheynolonger（

）ecologists.

问题1选项

A.perfected;hinder

B.exhausted;interest

C.prolonged;require

D.prevented;challenge

【答案】B

【解析】动词辨析。先看第一空，perfect“使…完美（完善）”；exhaust“耗尽，排出”；prolong“延长，拖延”；prevent“阻止，妨碍”依据关键词study和表示程度的totheextent以及整个句子的意思‘迄今为止，还没有任何植物类型或生态系统，人们对它们的研宄能达到如此详尽无遗的地步，以至于它不再能够引起生态学家的兴趣’可以推断出此处应该填“exhausted”；再看第二次，hinder“阻碍，妨碍”；interest“使感兴趣，使关心”；require“要求，命令”；challenge“向…挑战”；依据句意可以推断出此处应该填interest,所以B选项正确。

5.写作题

Directions:Forthispart,youarerequiredtosummarizethemainideaofthefollowingpassageinplainlanguageinnomorethan50words.Youshouldwriteyoursummaryontheansweringsheer.

Whetherwelikeitornot,theworldweliveinhaschangedagreatdealinthelasthundredyears,anditislikelytochangeevenmoreinthenexthundred.Somepeoplewouldliketostopthesechangesandgobacktowhattheyseeasapurerandsimplerage.Butashistoryshows,thepastwasnotthatwonderful.Itwasnotsobadforaprivilegedminority,thougheventheyhadtodowithoutmodemmedicine,andchildbirthwashighlyriskyforwomen.Butforthevastmajorityofthepopulation,lifewasnasty,brutish,andshort.

Ifweacceptthatwecannotpreventscienceandtechnologyfromchangingourworld,wecanatleasttrytoensurethatthechangestheymakeareintherightdirections.Inademocraticsociety,thismeansthatthepublicneedstohaveabasicunderstandingofscience.Sothatitcanmakeinformeddecisionsandnotleavetheminthehandsofexperts.Atthemoment,thepublicisintwomindsaboutscience.Ithascometoexpectthesteadyincreaseinthestandardoflivingthatnewdevelopmentsinscienceandtechnologyhavebroughttocontinue,butitalsodistrustssciencebecauseitdoesn’tunderstandit.ThisdistrustisevidentinthecartoonfigureofthemadscientistworkinginhislaboratorytoproduceaFrankenstein.ItisalsoanimportantelementbehindsupportfortheGreenparties.Butthepublicalsohasagreatinterestinscience,particularlyastronomy,asisshownbythelargeaudiencesfortelevisionseriessuchasTheSkyatNightandforsciencefiction.

Whatcanbedonetoharnessthisinterestandgivethepublicthescientificbackgrounditneedstomakeinformeddecisionsonsubjectslikeacidrain,thegreenhouseeffect,nuclearweapons,andgeneticengineering?Clearly,thebasismustlieinwhatistaughtinschools.Butinschoolsscienceisoftenpresentedinadryanduninterestingmanner.Childrenlearnitbyrotetopassexaminations,andtheydon'tseeitsrelevancetotheworldaroundthem.Moreover,scienceisoftentaughtintermsofequations.Althoughequationsareabriefandaccuratewayofdescribingmathematicalideas,theyfrightenmostpeople.WhenIwroteapopularbookrecently,IwasadvisedthateachequationIincludedwouldhalvethesales.Iincludedoneequation,Einstein’sfamousequation,E=mc2.MaybeIwouldhavesoldtwiceasmanycopieswithoutit.

Scientistsandengineerstendtoexpresstheirideasintheformofequationsbecausetheyneedtoknowtheprecisevaluesofquantities.Butfortherestofus,aqualitativegraspofscientificconceptsissufficient,andthiscanbeconveyedbywordsanddiagrams,withouttheuseofequations.

Thesciencepeoplelearninschoolcanprovidethebasicframework.Buttherateofscientificprogressisnowsorapidthattherearealwaysnewdevelopmentsthathaveoccurredsinceonewasatschooloruniversity.Ineverlearnedaboutmolecularbiologyortransistorsatschool,butgeneticengineeringaridcomputersaretwoofthedevelopmentsmostlikelytochangethewayweliveinthefuture.Popularbooksandmagazinearticlesaboutsciencecanhelptoputacrossnewdevelopments.Buteventhemostsuccessfulpopularbookisreadbyonlyasmallproportionofthepopulation.Onlytelevisioncanreachatrulymassaudience.TherearesomeverygoodscienceprogrammersonTV,butotherspresentscientificwonderssimplyasmagic,withoutexplainingthemorshowinghowtheyfitintotheframeworkofscientificideas.Producersoftelevisionscienceprogrammersshouldrealizethattheyhavearesponsibilitytoeducatethepublic,notjustentertainit.

【答案】Theworldpeopleliveinhaschangedgrratly,andpeopleshouldensurethatthedirectionofchangeisright.Thus,peopleneedtohaveagoodknowledgeofbasicscience.Schoolandtelevisionscienceprogramsshouldshouldertheresponsibilityofeducatingthepublic.

6.翻译题

刺绣(Embroidery),又称丝绣，是中国优秀的民族传统工艺之一，有3000年以上的历史。中国是世界上发现与使用蚕丝最早的国家，其刺绣工艺几乎遍及全国。由于刺绣主题和产地的不同，刺绣工艺品作为一种商品形成了各自的特色。苏州的苏绣、湖南的湘绣、四川的蜀绣和广东的粵绣被誉为中国的四大名绣。这些刺绣既是很好的家居实用品，也是漂亮的装饰品。

【答案】Embroidery,alsocalledsilkembroidery,isoneofthebestnationaltraditionalcraftsinChina.Ithasahistoryofover3000years.Chinaistheearliestcountryintheworldwhichdiscoverandmakeuseofsilk,anditsembroiderycraftsalmostspreadalloverthecountry.Becauseofthedifferentembroiderythemesandplacesofproduction,embroideryhandicrafts,asacommodity,formtheirownfeatures.SuEmbroideryinSuzhou,XiangEmbroideryinHu’nan,ShuEmbroideryinSichuanandYueEmbroideryinGuangdongareknownasfourbigfamousembroideriesinChina.Theseembroideriesarebothgoodhouseholdobjectsandbeautifuldecorations.

7.单选题

TheChinese,whobegansystematicastronomicalandweatherobservationsshortlyaftertheancientEgyptians,wereassiduousrecord-keepers,andbecauseofthis,canclaimhumanity’slongestcontinuous（

）ofnaturalevents.

问题1选项

A.defiance

B.documentation

C.maintenance

D.domination

【答案】B

【解析】名词辨析。A选项“挑衅，蔑视”；B选项“文件编制，文档”；C选项“维持，保养”；D选项“支配，统治”；根据句意‘继古埃及人之后旋即展开了有系统的天文与气候观察的中国人可谓是勤勉不辍的文献记录者，并且基于这一原因，中国人可声称拥有人类历史上对自然事件最悠久连续的文献记载。’确定B选项正确。

8.单选题

InmostearthquakestheEarth'scrustcrackslikeporcelain.Stressbuildsupuntilafractureformsatadepthofafewkilometersandthecrustslipstorelievethestress.Someearthquakes,however,takeplacehundredsofkilometersdownintheEarth'smantle,wherehighpressuremakesrocksoductilethatitflowsinsteadofcracking,evenunderstresssevereenoughtodeformitlikeputty.Howcantherebeearthquakesatsuchdepths?

Thatsuchdeepeventsdooccurhasbeenacceptedonlysince1927,whentheseismologistKiyooWadaticonvincinglydemonstratedtheirexistence.Insteadofcomparingthearrivaltimesofseismicwavesatdifferentlocations,asearlierresearchershaddone,Wadatireliedonatimedifferencebetweenthearrivalofprimary(P)wavesandtheslowersecondary(S)waves.BecausePandSwavestravelatdifferentbutfairlyconstantspeeds,theintervalbetweentheirarrivalsincreasesinproportiontothedistancefromtheearthquakefocus,orrupturepoint.

Formostearthquakes,Wadatidiscovered,theintervalwasquiteshortneartheepicenter,thepointonthesurfacewhereshakingisstrongest.Forafewevents,however,thedelaywaslongevenattheepicenterWadatisawasimilarpatternwhenheanalyzeddataontheintensityofshaking.Mostearthquakeshadasmallareaofintenseshaking,whichweakenedrapidlywithincreasingdistancefromtheepicenter,butotherswerecharacterizedbyalowerpeakintensity,feltoverabroaderarea.BoththeP-Sintervalsandtheintensitypatternssuggestedtwokindsofearthquakes:themorecommonshallowevents,inwhichthefocuslayjustundertheepicenter,anddeepevents,withafocusseveralhundredkilometersdown

Thequestionremained:howcansuchquakesoccur,giventhatmantlerockatadepthofmorethan50kilometersistooductiletostoreenoughstresstofracture?Wadati'sworksuggestedthatdeepeventsoccurinareas(nowcalledWadati-Benioffzones)whereonecrustalplateisforcedunderanotheranddescendsintothemantle.Thedescendingrockissubstantiallycoolerthanthesurroundingmantleandhenceislessductileandmuchmoreliabletofracture.

1.Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith（

）.

2.Informationpresentedinthepassagesuggeststhat,comparedwithseismicactivityattheepicenterofashallowevent,seismicactivityattheepicenterofadeepeventischaracterizedby

（

）.

3.ThemethodusedbyWadatitodeterminethedepthsofearthquakesismostlikewhichofthefollowing?

4.Thepassagesupportswhichofthefollowingstatementsabouttherelationshipbetweentheepicenterandthefocusofanearthquake?

问题1选项

A.demonstratingwhythemethodsofearlyseismologistswereflawed

B.arguingthatdeepeventsarepoorlyunderstoodanddeservefurtherstudy

C.defendingarevolutionarytheoryaboutthecausesofearthquakesandmethodsofpredictingthem

D.discussingtheevidencefortheexistenceofdeepeventsandtheconditionsthatallowthemtooccur

问题2选项

A.shorterP-Sintervalsandhigherpeakintensity

B.shorterP-Sintervalsandlowerpeakintensity

C.longerP-Sintervalsandlowerpeakintensity

D.longerP-Sintervalsandhigherpeakintensity

问题3选项

A.Determiningthedistancefromathunderstormbythingtheintervalbetweentheflashofalightningboltandthunderitproduces

B.Determiningtheheightofamountainbymeasuringtheshadowitcastsatdifferenttimesoftheday.

C.Determiningthedepthofawellbydroppingstonesintowellandtiminghowlongtheytaketoreachthebottom.

D.Determiningthedistancebetweentwopointsbycountingthenumberofpacesiftakestocoverthedistanceandmeasuringasinglepace.

问题4选项

A.PwavesoriginateatthefocusandSwavesoriginateattheepicenter

B.Indeepeventstheepicenterandthefocusarereversed.

C.Inshalloweventstheepicenterandthefocuscoincide.

D.Inbothdeepandshalloweventsthefocusliesbeneaththeepicenter

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:D

【解析】1.主旨大意题。题目是问文章主要是关于什么的。通过文章内容可知，文章主要是向读者介绍deepevents的知识。Wadati通过对Pwaves与Swaves的研究发现deepevents的存在。不同类型的地震其P-Sintervals是不同的，因此有了shallowevents与deepevents的区别。文章也告诉了读者deepevents是如何发生的。所以D选项‘讨论深层事件存在的证据以及允许它们发生的条件’正确。

2.细节事实题。根据文章第二段最后一句“BecausePandSwavestravelatdifferentbutfairlyconstantspeeds,theintervalbetweentheirarrivalsincreasesinproportiontothedistancefromtheearthquakefocus,orrupturepoint.由于P波和S波以不同但相当恒定的速度传播，它们到达的间隔与震源或破裂点的距离成正比。”以及第三段最后一句“BoththeP-Sintervalsandtheintensitypatternssuggestedtwokindsofearthquakes:themorecommonshallowevents,inwhichthefocuslayjustundertheepicenter,anddeepevents,withafocusseveralhundredkilometersdown.P-S间隔和强度模式都表明有两种地震：一种是更常见的浅层地震，震源就在震中下方;另一种是震源在几百公里以下的深层地震”可知与地震活动在一个浅的中心事件,地震活动的中心事件的特点是‘通过更接的纵横间隔波和更高的峰值强度表现的’，D选项正确。

3.推理判断题。题目提问Wadati用来确定地震深度的方法最像下列哪一种？distant用词不准。根据原文“BecausePandSwavestravelatdifferentbutfairlyconstantspeedstheintervalbetweentheirarrivalsincreasesinproportiontothedistancefromtheearthquakefocus(earthquakefocus-orrupturepoint.因为P波和S波以不同但相当恒定的速度传播，它们到达的距离与震源(震源或破裂点)的距离成正比。所以，只要地震的S波在P波之后很长时间才到达一个给定的位置肯定是真的，所以A选项‘用闪电与雷暴之间的间隔来确定雷暴与雷暴之间的距离’符合题意。

4.细节事实题。本题是问文章支持下列哪一个陈述关于中心和地震的集点之间的关系。根据文章内容以及最后一段“Thequestionremained:howcansuchquakesoccur,giventhatmantlerockatadepthofmorethan50kilometersistooductiletostoreenoughstresstofracture?Wadati’sworksuggestedthatdeepeventsoccurinareas(nowcalledWadati-BeniofFzones)whereonecrustalplateisforcedunderanotheranddescendsintothemantle.Thedescendingrockissubstantiallycoolerthanthesurroundingmantleandhenceislessductileandmuchmoreliabletofracture.问题依然存在:考虑到50公里以上深处的地幔岩石韧性太强，无法储存足够的应力而导致断裂，这样的地震怎么会发生呢?Wadati的工作表明，深部事件发生在一个地壳板块被压在另一个地壳板块下并进入地幔的区域(现在称为Wadati-Benioff带)。下降的岩石比周围的地幔要冷得多，因此韧性较差，更容易断裂。”可知D‘无论是深地震还是浅地震，震源都位于震中下方’选项。

9.单选题

Wewerefourscoresleftbehindwithfiveminutestogo,sothegamelookedcompletely（

）.

问题1选项

A.irresistible

B.irremissible

C.irreplaceable

D.irretrievable

【答案】D

【解析】形容词辨析题。A选项的irresistible“不可抵抗的，不能压制的”；B选项的irremissible“不可宽恕的，无法逃避的”;C选项的irreplaceable“不能调换的”；D选项的irretrievable“不能挽回的，不能复原的”。根据句意‘比赛还有五分钟结束，我们落后四分，所以这场比赛看上去完全无法挽回’确定D选项正确。

10.翻译题

TranslatethefollowingparagraphinthefollowingpassageintoEnglish.

在中国，笔(brush)、墨(inkstick)、纸、砚(inkslab),就是人们所说的“文房(thestudy)四宝”，在中华文明的传承中起了重要作用。作为文化艺术工具，以其独特性能催生了汉字特有的书法艺术，也促使中国画形成了独特的风格。文房四宝不仅有实用价值，它们本身也是供人观赏的艺术品，并逐步成为收藏品。在当今时代，使用笔、墨、纸、砚进行学习和写作的人越来越少了，但是在中国的书法，绘画，收藏以及修身养性活动中，它们仍起着不可替代的作用。

【答案】InChina,writingbrush,inkstick,paperandinkslab,whatpeoplecall“fourtreasuresofthestudy”，playanimportantroleintheinheritanceofChinesecivilization.Astoolsforcultureandart,the“fourtreasuresofthestudy”,byvirtueoftheiruniqueproperty,promotedtheemergenceofthecalligraphyartpeculiartoChinesecharacter,andChinesepaintinghasalsoformedtheuniquestyle.Inadditiontopracticalvalues,theyarealsotheworksofartforpeopletoviewandadmire,andgraduallybecomecollectionstoday.Incontemporarytimes,thenumberofpeopleusing“fourtreasuresofthestudy”forstudyingandwritinghasbeendecreasing,buttheyarestillplayinganirreplaceableroleintheactivitiesofChinesecalligraphy,painting,collectionandself-cultivation.

11.单选题

Exposuretolow-intensitygammaradiationslowstherateofgrowthofthespoilageofmicro-organismsinfoodinmuchthesamewaythatthelowheatusedinpasteurization（

）thespoilageactionofthemicro-organismsinmilk.

问题1选项

A.precludes

B.initiates

C.inhibits

D.purifies

【答案】C

【解析】动词辨析。A选项“阻止，妨碍”；B选项“创始，发起”；C选项“阻止，抑制”；D选项“使（某物）洁净，净化（心灵）”；根据句意‘暴露于低强度的伽马电磁辐射下可以阻缓食物中腐坏微生物的生长速度，按照相同的原理，在巴式消毒法中，低热会遏制住牛奶中微生物的腐坏作用’确定C选项正确。

12.单选题

Whilemanypeopleutilizehomeopathicremediestotreathealthproblems,otherpeopledonot（

）suchalternativetreatments,（

）conventionalmedicaltreatments

instead.

问题1选项

A.distrust...employing

B.embrace...eschewing

C.countenance...relyingon

D.recommend...turningfrom

【答案】C

【解析】动词辨析题。A选项distrust“不信任，怀疑”；employ“雇佣”；B选项embrace“拥抱”；eschew“避开”；C选项countenance“赞成”；relyon“依靠，依赖”；D选项recommend“推荐”；turnfrom“对…感到厌恶”。根据句意‘当很多人使用顺势疗法来治疗健康问题时，其他人并不赞成这样的治疗方法，而是更信赖传统的药物治疗。’C选项正确。

13.单选题

Althoughskepticssayfinancialproblemswillprobably（

）ourestablishingabaseontheMoon,supportersoftheprojectremain（

）,sayingthathumancuriosityshouldovercomesuchpragmaticconstraints.

问题1选项

A.beset...disillusioned

B.postpone...pessimistic

C.prevent...enthusiastic

D.allow...unconvinced

【答案】C

【解析】动词和形容词辨析题。A选项beset“困扰，镶嵌，围绕”；disillusioned“醒悟的，幻想破灭的”；B选项postpone“推迟，延迟，延缓”；pessimistic“悲观主义的”;C选项prevent“预防，防止，阻止”；enthusiastic“热心的，热情的”;D选项allow“考虑”；unconvinced“不能令人信服的，怀疑的”。根据句意‘尽管反对者认为在月球上建立一个基地会受到经济问题的阻挠，然而这个项目的支持者仍然保持热情，认为人类的好奇心应该克服这种务实的约束。’C选项正确

14.单选题

（

）,allofthesoldierslaiddownonthegroundimmediatelyandcouldnotmovetheirbodies,（

）verytired.

问题1选项

A.Thetaskhavingbeenfinished;felt

B.Thetaskhavingbeenfinished;feeling

C.Finishedthetask;felt

D.Thetaskhavingbeenfinished;havingfelt

【答案】A

【解析】非谓语动词的用法。句意：任务一完成，所有的士兵都立即躺在地上并且无法移动分毫，他们都感到很累。分析句子结构可知，第一个空作伴随状语，且主句的主语与从句的主语thetask不一致，所以排除C选项；第二个空谓语动词与laid以及couldnotmove一致，A选项正确。

15.单选题

Overthepastcentury,allkindsofunfairnessanddiscriminationhavebeencondemnedormadeillegal.Butoneinsidiousformcontinuestothrive:alphabetism.This,forthoseasyetunawareofsuchadisadvantage,referstodiscriminationagainstthosewhosesurnamesbeginwithaletterinthelowerhalfofthealphabet.

IthaslongbeenknownthatataxifirmcalledAAAAcarshasabigadvantageoverZodiaccarswhencustomersthumbthroughtheirphonedirectories.LesswellknownistheadvantagethatAdamAbbotthasinlifeoverZoeZysman,Englishnamesarefairlyevenlyspreadbetweenthehalvesofthealphabet.YetasuspiciouslylargenumberoftoppeoplehavesurnamesbeginningwithlettersbetweenAandK.

ThustheAmericanpresidentandvice-presidenthavesurnamesstartingwithBandCrespectively;and26ofGeorgeBush'spredecessors(includinghisfather)hadsurnamesinthefirsthalfofthealphabetagainstjust16inthesecondhalf.Evenmorestriking,sixofthesevenheadsofgovernmentoftheG7richcountriesarealphabeticallyadvantaged(Berlusconi,Blair,Bush,Chirac,ChretienandKoizumi).Theworld'sthreetopcentralbankers(Greenspan,DuisenbergandHayami)areallclosetothetopofthealphabet,evenifoneofthemreallyusesJapanesecharacters.Asaretheworld'sfiverichestmen(Gates,Buffett,Allen,EllisonandAlbrecht).

Canthismerelybecoincidence?Onetheory,dreamtupinallthesparetimeenjoyedbythealphabeticallydisadvantaged,isthattherotsetsinearly.Atthestartofthefirstyearininfantschool,teachersseatpupilsalphabeticallyfromthefront,tomakeiteasiertoremembertheirnames.Soshort-sightedZysmanjuniorgetsstuckinthebackrow,andisrarelyaskedtheimprovingquestionsposedbythoseinsensitiveteachers.Atthetimethealphabeticallydisadvantagedmaythinktheyhavehadaluckyescape.Yettheresultmaybeworsequalifications,becausetheygetlessindividualattention,aswellaslessconfidenceinspeakingpublicly.

Thehumiliationcontinues.Atuniversitygraduationceremonies,theABCsproudlygettheirawardsfirst;bythetimetheyreachtheZysmansmostpeopleareliterallyhavingaZZZ.Shortlistsforjobinterviews,electionballotpapers,listsofconferencespeakersandattendees:alltendtobedrawnupalphabetically,andtheirrecipientsloseinterestastheyploughthroughthem.

1.WhatdoestheauthorintendtoillustratewithAAAAcarsandZodiaccars?

2.Whatcanweinferfromthefirstthreeparagraphs?

3.The4thparagraphsuggeststhat（

）.

4.Whatdoestheauthormeanby’’mostpeopleareliterallyhavingaZZZ”(Lines2-3,Paragraph5)?

5.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothetext?

问题1选项

A.Akindofoverlookedinequality

B.Atypeofconspicuousbias

C.Atypeofpersonalprejudice

D.Akindofbranddiscrimination

问题2选项

A.InbothEastandWest,namesareessentialtosuccess

B.ThealphabetistoblameforthefailureofZoeZysman

C.Customersoftenpayalotofattentiontocompanies’names

D.Someformofdiscriminationistoosubtletorecognize

问题3选项

A.questionsareoftenputtothemoreintelligentstudents

B.alphabeticallydisadvantagedstudentsoftenescapefromclass

C.teachersshouldpayattentiontoalloftheirstudents

D.studentsshouldbeseatedaccordingtotheireyesight

问题4选项

A.Theyaregettingimpatient

B.Theyarenoisilydozingoff

C.Theyarefeelinghumiliated

D.Theyarebusywithwordpuzzles

问题5选项

A.PeoplewithsurnamesbeginningwithNtoZareoftenill-treated

B.VIPsintheWesternworldgainagreatdealfromalphabetism

C.Thecampaigntoeliminatealphabetismstillhasalongwaytogo

D.Puttingthingsalphabeticallymayleadtounintentionalbias

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:D

第3题:C

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】1.推理判断题。题干询问“作者提及AAAA汽车与Zodiac汽车的是什么？”。由

第二段第一句“IthaslongbeenknownthatataxifirmcalledAAAAcarshasabigadvantageoverZodiaccarswhencustomersthumbthroughtheirphonedirectories.众所周知，在顾客浏览他们的电话薄时，被称为AAAA汽车的出租车公司比被称为Zodiac汽车的出租车公司有大的优势”与第一段第二句“Butoneinsidiousformcontinuestothrive:alphabetism.但是，一个潜伏的形式（即字母顺序主义）继续繁荣”确定A选项“一种被忽视的不平等”正确；

2.推理判断题。题干询问‘从前三段我们可以推断出什么?’。由第一段中“Butoneinsidiousformcontinuestothrive:alphabetism.但是，一个潜伏的形式（即字母顺序主义）继续在繁荣”及第二段中“LesswellknownistheadvantagethatAdamAbbotthasinlifeoverZoeZysman不太为人所知的是AdamAbbott（即姓名以字母A开始的人）在生活中相比ZoeZysman（即姓名以字母Z开始的人）具有的优势”可知生活中的这种现象常被人忽视，所以D选项“一些形式的歧视太隐约而不易引人注意”正确。A选项“无论在东方还是西方，名字对于成功都是必要的”、B选项“字母表对ZoeZysman（即姓名以字母Z开始的人）的失败应负责任”和C项“消费者经常很关注公司的名字”均不符合文意，排除。

3.推理判断题。题干询问‘第四段指出…’。由第四段第四句“Soshort-sightedZysmanjuniorgetsstuckinthebackrow,andisrarelyaskedtheimprovingquestionsposedbythoseinsensitiveteachers.因此，近视的Zysman（即姓名以字母Z开始的人）小学生被困在后排，且很少被问到由那些麻木不仁的老师提出有启发性的问题”确定C选项“教师应该关注自己所有的学生”正确。

4.推理判断题。题干询问‘作者所说的“大多数人都在打盹”是什么意思(第5段第2-3行)?’。由第五段中第三句“Shortlistsforjobinterviews,electionballotpapers,listsofconferencespeakersandattendees:alltendtobedrawnupalphabetically,andtheirrecipientsloseinterestastheyploughthroughthem.求职面试名单、选票、会议发言者和参加人名单都倾向于按字母顺序地被拟定，而它们的接受者却在费力地阅读它们时失去了兴趣。”与第二句“Atuniversitygraduationceremonies在大学毕业的典礼”这个场景的对应确定B选项“他们正在鼾声隆隆地打瞌睡”符合语境，正确。

5.推理判断题。题干询问‘根据文章，下列哪个选项是正确的?’。全文围绕“alphabetism字母顺序主义”论述其带来的各种偏见、歧视和不平等。如被称为AAAA汽车的出租车公司比被称为Zodiac汽车的出租车公司有大的优势，近视的Zysman（即姓名以字母Z开始的人）小学生被困在后排，且很少被问到由那些麻木不仁的老师提出的启发性的问题。”所以D选项“按照字母顺序安放事情可能导致非故意的偏见”正确。

16.单选题

Ithasbeenknownformanydecadesthattheappearanceofsunspotsisroughlyperiodic,withanaveragecycleofelevenyears.Moreover,theincidenceofsolarflaresandthefluxofsolarcosmicrays,ultravioletradiation,andX-radiationallvarydirectlywiththesunspotcycle.Butaftermorethanacenturyofinvestigation,therelationoftheseandotherphenomena,knowncollectivelyasthesolar-activitycycle,toterrestrialweatherandcl