2022年考研考博-考博英语-湘潭大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号13

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-湘潭大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

TheSydneyOlympicsofferedmeanopportunitytolearnmoreaboutstagingamajormulti-sporteventandthisknowledge,Ifelt,wouldstandmeingoodsteadasIdevelopedthemediaservicesthatwouldbeneededforourSaltLakeCityWinterGamesin2002.

Ialsodecidedthatworkingasavolunteerwouldgivemeagreaterunderstandingofawholerangeofissues,whichiswhyIjoinedtheranksofthoseworkinginthefrontline.

ButlittledidIsuspectjusthowmuch,theexperiencewouldoffermesuchpowerfulfeelingandastrongsenseofpride-emotionswhichinfluencethemanymemoriesthatItookawaywithmewhenIleftSydney.

Asawomanvolunteer,Iamnotusuallykeenonuniforms,butfromthemomentIputonmySydneyvolunteer’suniformIfeltIwaspartofsomethingimportantsomethingbigthatcouldwellbeaonce-in-a-lifetimeexperience.Iimmediatelybondedwithothersinthesameuniformandaswepassedeachotherinthestreetdressedinourcolorfuloutfits,wesmiledandsaid“G’day”toeachotherandthosegreetingscontinuedthroughoutthetwoweeksoftheOlympics.

MyjobwasasasupervisorintheMainPressCenterwhereImanaged800journalists*desks,thetelephones,thebanksoftelevisionandothervolunteers,manyofwhomweremediastudents.OurshiftswereeighthourslongandoftenovernightastheCenterwasopen24hours,butwegenerallystayedlongeroutofchoiceastheworkwasimportantandexciting.Withoutusthejournalistswouldnotgettheirarticlesbacktotheirhomenewsdesksandthestoriesoftheemotionalhighsandlowsofthecompetitorswouldneverreachtheoutsideworld.

Asvolunteers,weallfeltourworkwasavaluablecontributiontothesuccessoftheOlympicsandwereveledinthecomplimentswereceived.Weworkedhardandwehadfun.Wemadenewcontactsandfriendsfromallovertheworldandwelearnednewskillswhichwewillneverlose.

WhentheOlympicsfinished,allthevolunteers—47,000ofus一wereinvitedtotakepartinaparadethroughthestreetsofSydney.Manyofusdidthis,andthousandsandthousandsofpeoplecameouttocheerourefforts.Beingpartofthatexperiencebroughttearstomanyeyes.

TheOlympicswasmarvelous,andtheworkIwenttodoisrelevantandvaluabletothejobIdonow.ButtheexperienceofbeinginvolvedinsuchamassiveeventandtherecognitionweweregivenforoureffortsiswhatIwillrememberforever.

1.TheauthorworkedasintheMainPressCenteroftheSydneyOlympics(

).

2.Accordingtotheauthor,herprideinbeingavolunteerintheOlympicsincreasedallthe(

)

morewhenshewas.

3.Accordingtothepassage,theshiftsforthevolunteersintheMainPressCenterwereoften(

)

hourslong.

4.Theauthorfeltthattheworkofthevolunteerswas(

).

5.WhattheauthorwillrememberforeverabouttheOlympicvolunteerjobis(

).

问题1选项

A.amanager

B.ajournalist

C.aneditor

D.asupervisor

问题2选项

A.wearingthecolorfulvolunteeruniformandgreetingtheothersinthestreet

B.learningmoreaboutstagingamajormulti-sportevent

C.understandingbetterawholerangeofissuesrelatedtotheGames

D.joiningtheranksofthoseworkinginthefrontline

问题3选项

A.8

B.morethan8

C.lessthan8

D.nearly24

问题4选项

A.unimportanttothesuccessoftheOlympics

B.unnecessarytothesuccessoftheOlympics

C.irrelevanttothesuccessoftheOlympics

D.invaluabletothesuccessoftheOlympics

问题5选项

A.thecolorfuloutfitstheywerewearinginthebigevent

B.theadviceandservicetheygavetotheathletes

C.therecognitiontheyweregivenfortheirefforts

D.workingovertime

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:B

第4题:D

第5题:C

【解析】1.细节事实题。本题是问作者在悉尼奥运会总新闻中心的工作是什么。根据本文第五段第一句“MyjobwasasasupervisorintheMainPressCenterwhereImanaged800journalists'desks,thetelephones,thebanksoftelevisionandothervolunteers,manyofwhomweremediastudents.我的工作是在主要的新闻中心担任主管，在那里我管理着800名记者的办公桌、电话、电视银行和其他志愿者，其中许多是媒体专业的学生。”可直接得出答案，作者的工作是作为一名监督员为奥运会服务的，D选项正确。

2.细节事实题。本题是问作者什么时候作为奥运会志愿者的自豪感更加强烈。根据本文第四段第一句话中的"butfromthemomentIputonmySydneyvolunteer'suniformIfeltIwaspartofsomethingimportantsomethingbigthatcouldwellbeaonce-in-a-lifetimeexperience.但从我穿上悉尼志愿者制服的那一刻起，我就觉得自己是一件大事的一部分，一件可能是一生一次的大事。”可知A选项‘穿着五颜六色的志愿者制服，和街上的其他人打招呼’符合题意。

3.推理判断题。本题是问在总新闻中心工作的志愿者的轮班时间是多长。根据本文第五段第二句话“OurshiftswereeighthourslongandoftenovernightastheCenterwasopen24hours,butwegenerallystayedlongeroutofchoiceastheworkwasimportantandexciting.我们的轮班时间为8小时，而且通常是在中心24小时开放的情况下连夜工作，但由于工作重要且令人兴奋，我们通常会多待一些时间。”可知志愿者们轮班的时间实际上通常会超过八个小时，所以B选项正确。

4.观点态度题。本题是问作者对于志愿者工作的感受。从本文的内容可知，作者一直在强调志愿者工作对奥运会的巨大作用，而A、B和C三个选项中的“unimportant”、’’unnecessary”以及“irrelevant”都否定了志愿者的工作的重要性；只有D选项的“invaluable”表示“非常珍贵的，极有用的”肯定了志愿者的作用，所以D选项正确。

5.细节事实题。本题是问作者会永远记住奥运会志愿者工作的哪些方面。由本文最后一句话“...andtherecognitionweweregivenforoureffortsiswhatIwillrememberforever.对我们努力的认可是我永远不会忘记的。”确定C选项‘他们的努力得到了认可’正确。

2.单选题

Somecinema-goersinLeipzigevenconfessedthatthefilmhadmadethemfeelemotionalandslightly（

）fortheirrecentpast.

问题1选项

A.nostalgic

B.instinctive

C.intuitive

D.mirthful

【答案】A

【解析】形容词辨析。A选项“乡愁的，怀旧的”；B选项“本能的，天生的，直觉的”;C选项“直觉的”;D选项“愉快的，高兴的”；根据关键词emotional和theirrecentpast以及句意‘莱比锡的一些电影观众甚至承认，这部电影触动了他们的情感，有点怀念他们的过去’确定A选项正确。

3.单选题

Nonviolentdemonstrationsoftencreatesuchtensionsthatacommunitythathasconstantlyrefusedto（

）itsinjusticesisforcedtocorrectthem:theinjusticescannolongerbe（

）.

问题1选项

A.acknowledge...ignored

B.decrease...verified

C.tolerate...accepted

D.address...reassess

【答案】A

【解析】动词辨析题。A选项acknowledge“承认，承认…性，告知”；ignore“忽略，忽视”；B选项decrease“减少，减低”；verify“证明，证实，核实”；C选项tolerate“忍受，容忍，承认，尊重”；accept“接受”；D选项address“对付，处理，解决”；eliminate“消除，排除”。句意‘非暴力游行示威常常会造成很大程度上的紧张状态，以至于任何一个自始至终不愿承认其不公平的社会的人就会被迫纠正它们，这些不公平己经到了再也不容忽视的地步了。’A选项正确

4.单选题

Aftersuchaconfrontationbetweenthetwoparties,anyreconciliationwouldbe（

）.

问题1选项

A.outofquestion

B.withinquestion

C.withoutquestion

D.outofthequestion

【答案】D

【解析】短语辨析。A选项“毫无疑问，没问题”；C选项“毫无疑问”；D选项“不可能，根本谈不上”；B选项不是一个短语；根据句意‘在两党之间有了这样的冲突后，和解是不可能的了’确定D选项正确。

5.单选题

Withsomuchfocusonchildren'suseofscreens,it'seasyforparentstoforgetabouttheirownscreenuse.“Techisdesignedtoreallysuckonyouin,”saysJennyRadeskyinherstudyofdigitalplay,"anddigitalproductsaretheretopromotemaximalengagement.Itmakesithardtodisengage,andleadstoalotofbleed-overintothefamilyroutine."

Radeskyhasstudiedtheuseofmobilephonesandtabletsatmealtimesbygivingmother-childpairsafood-testingexercise.Shefoundthatmotherswhouseddevicesduringtheexercisestarted20percentfewerverbaland39percentfewernonverbalinteractionswiththeirchildren.Duringaseparateobservation,shesawthatphonesbecameasourceoftensioninthefamily.Parentswouldbelookingattheiremailswhilethechildrenwouldbemakingexcitedbidsfortheirattention.

Infantsarewiredtolookatparents'facestotrytounderstandtheirworld,andifthosefacesareblankandunresponsive-astheyoftenarewhenabsorbedinadevice-itcanbeextremelydisconcertingforthechildren.Radeskycitesthe"stillfaceexperiment"devisedbydevelopmentalpsychologistEdTronickinthe1970s.Init,amotherisaskedtointeractwithherchildinanormalwaybeforeputtingonablankexpressionandnotgivingthemanyvisualsocialfeedback:Thechildbecomesincreasinglydistressedasshetriestocapturehermother’sattention."Parentsdon’thavetobeexquisitelypresentatalltimes,butthereneedstobeabalanceandparentsneedtoberesponsiveandsensitivetoachild'sverbalornonverbalexpressionsofanemotionalneed,"saysRadesky.

Ontheotherhand,Tronickhimselfisconcernedthattheworriesaboutkids'useofscreensarebomoutofan"oppressiveideologythatdemandsthatparentsshouldalwaysbeinteracting"withtheirchildren:"It’sbasedonasomewhatfantasized,verywhite,veryupper-middle-classideologythatsaysifyou’refailingtoexposeyourchildto30,000wordsyouareneglectingthem."Tronickbelievesthatjustbecauseachildisn'tlearningfromthescreendoesn'tmeanthere’snovaluetoit-particularlyifitgivesparentstimetohaveashower,dohouseworkorsimplyhaveabreakfromtheirchild.Parents,hesays,cangetalotoutofusingtheirdevicestospeaktoafriendorgetsomeworkoutoftheway.Thiscanmakethemfeelhappier,whichletsthembemoreavailabletotheirchildtherestofthetime.

1.Radeskycitesthe"stillfaceexperiment"toshowthat（

）.

2.TheoppressiveideologymentionedbyTronickrequiresparentsto

（

）.

3.AccordingtoTronick,kid'suseofscreensmay（

）.

问题1选项

A.itiseasyforchildrentogetusedtoblankexpressions

B.verbalexpressionsareunnecessaryforemotionalexchange

C.childrenareinsensitivetochangesintheirparents'mood

D.parentsneedtorespondtochildren'semotionalneeds

问题2选项

A.protectkidsfromexposuretowildfantasies

B.teachtheirkidsatleast30,000wordsayear

C.ensureconstantinteractionwiththeirchildren

D.remainconcernedaboutkid'suseofscreens

问题3选项

A.givetheirparentssomefreetime

B.maketheirparentsmorecreative

C.helpthemwiththeirhomework

D.helpthembecomemoreattentive

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:A

【解析】1.推理判断题。题目提问‘Radesky引用“静态面部实验”来证明什么？’根据文章第三段第一句‘Infantsarewiredtolookatparents'facestotrytounderstandtheirworld,andifthosefacesareblankandunresponsive-astheyoftenarewhenabsorbedinadevice-itcanbeextremelydisconcertingforthechildren.婴儿很容易通过看父母的脸来试图理解他们的世界，如果这些脸是空白的、没有反应的——就像他们沉浸在一个设备里时经常做的那样——这对孩子来说是非常令人不安的。’和最后一句“Parentsdon’thavetobeexquisitelypresentatalltimes,butthereneedstobeabalanceandparentsneedtoberesponsiveandsensitivetoachild’sverbalornonverbalexpressionsofanemotionalneed.父母不必时时刻刻都在身边，但需要有一个平衡，父母需要对孩子的情感需求的语言或非语言表达做出反应和敏感。”确定实验是为了证明D选项“父母需要回应孩子的情感需求”。

2.细节事实题。题目提问‘特罗尼克提到的压迫性意识形态要求父母干什么？’根据文章最后一段中“an‘oppressiveideologythatdemandsthatparentsshouldalwaysbeinteracting’withtheirchildren.“压迫性的意识形态”要求父母应该始终与孩子互动。”确定C选项“确保与孩子不断的互动”正确。

3.推理判断题。题目提问‘据特洛尼克说，孩子们使用屏幕可能会怎样？’根据最后一段中“Tronickbelievesthatjustbecauseachildisn'tlearningfromthescreendoesn'tmeanthere’snovaluetoit-particularlyifitgivesparentstimetohaveashower,dohouseworkorsimplyhaveabreakfromtheirchild.特罗尼克认为，孩子没有从屏幕上学习并不意味它没有价值，特别是如果父母有时间洗澡、做家务或者仅仅是因不用照顾小孩而可以休息一下。Parents,hesays,cangetalotoutofusingtheirdevicestospeaktoafriendorgetsomeworkoutoftheway.Thiscanmakethemfeelhappier,whichletsthembemoreavailabletotheirchildtherestofthetime.他说，父母可以通过使用他们的设备和朋友交谈或做些工作以获得很多好处。这会让他们感到更快乐，这会让他们在其他的时间里更容易接触到自己的孩子。”可知，孩子使用屏幕可以让父母有更多时间去做别的事情，所以A选项“给父母更多自由时间”正确。

6.单选题

Althoughskepticssayfinancialproblemswillprobably（

）ourestablishingabaseontheMoon,supportersoftheprojectremain（

）,sayingthathumancuriosityshouldovercomesuchpragmaticconstraints.

问题1选项

A.beset...disillusioned

B.postpone...pessimistic

C.prevent...enthusiastic

D.allow...unconvinced

【答案】C

【解析】动词和形容词辨析题。A选项beset“困扰，镶嵌，围绕”；disillusioned“醒悟的，幻想破灭的”；B选项postpone“推迟，延迟，延缓”；pessimistic“悲观主义的”;C选项prevent“预防，防止，阻止”；enthusiastic“热心的，热情的”;D选项allow“考虑”；unconvinced“不能令人信服的，怀疑的”。根据句意‘尽管反对者认为在月球上建立一个基地会受到经济问题的阻挠，然而这个项目的支持者仍然保持热情，认为人类的好奇心应该克服这种务实的约束。’C选项正确

7.单选题

By2030,peopleover65inGermany,theworld’sthird-largesteconomy,willaccountforalmosthalftheadultpopulation,comparedwithone-fifthnow.Andunlessthecountry’sbirthraterecoversfromitspresentlowof1.3perwoman,overthesameperioditspopulationofunder35willshrinkabouttwiceasfastastheolderpopulationwillgrow.Thenetresultwillbethatthetotalpopulation,now82m,willdeclineto70m-73m.Thenumberofpeopleofworkingagewillfallbyafullquarter,from40mtodayto30m.

TheGermandemographicsarefarfromexceptional.InJapan,theworld’ssecond-largesteconomy,thepopulationwillpeakin2005,ataround125m.By2050,accordingtothemorepessimisticgovernmentforecasts,thepopulationwillhaveshrunktoaround95m.Longbeforethat,around2030,theshareoftheover-65sintheadultpopulationwillhavegrowntoabouthalf.AndthebirthrateinJapan,asinGermany,isdownto1.3perwoman.Thefiguresareprettymuchthesameformostotherdevelopedcountries,andforagoodmanyemergingones,especiallyChina.

Lifeexpectancy—andwithitthenumberofolderpeople—hasbeengoingupsteadilyfor300years.Butthedeclineinthenumberofyoungpeopleissomethingnew.TheonlydevelopedcountrythathassofaravoidedthisfateisAmerica.Buteventherethebirthrateiswellbelowreplacementlevel,andtheproportionofolderpeopleintheadultpopulationwillrisesteeplyinthenext30years.Allthismeansthatwinningthesupportofolderpeoplewillbecomeapoliticalimperativeineverydevelopedcountry.Pensionshavealreadybecomearegularelectionissue.Thereisalsoagrowingdebateaboutthedesirabilityofimmigrationtomaintainthepopulationandworkforce.Togetherthesetwoissuesaretransformingthepoliticallandscapeineverydevelopedcountry.

By2030atthelatest,theageatwhichfullretirementbenefitsstartwillhaverisentothemid-70’sinalldevelopedcountries,andbenefitsforhealthypensionerswillbesubstantiallylowerthantheyaretoday.Indeed,fixedretirementagesforpeopleinreasonablephysicalandmentalconditionmayhavebeenabolishedtopreventthepensionburdenontheworkingpopulationfrombecomingunbearable.Alreadyyoungandmiddle-agedpeopleatworksuspectthattherewillnotbeenoughpensionmoneytogoroundwhentheythemselvesreachtraditionalretirementage.Butpoliticianseverywherecontinuetopretendthattheycansavethecurrentpensionssystem.

1.InGermany,（

）.

2.Theproblemthatthepopulationbecomesaging

（

）.

3.Anewtendencyisdemographicchangeisthat

（

）.

4.Whatisthepoliticalimplicationofthedemographicchangeinthedevelopedcountries?

5.By2030thegovernmentsindevelopedcountriesmayputanendtofixedretirementages（

）.

问题1选项

A.birthratehasgoneupto1.3perwoman

B.peopleover65nowconstitutesabouthalftheadultpopulation

C.itspopulationofunder-35sistwiceaslargeasthatofover-65s

D.by2030itsworkingforcemayhaveshrunkby25%

问题2选项

A.isexceptionaltoGermany

B.hasbecomeuniversal

C.canberelievedinJapanwiththeshrinkageofitspopulationtoaround95m

D.makestheeconomicoutlookinthedevelopedcountriesevenmoregloomy

问题3选项

A.lifeexpectancyhasbeengoingupsteadily

B.thereisadeclineoftheyoungpopulation

C.inAmericathebirthratehasgoneabovereplacementlevel

D.theoldpopulationhasrisensharplyinIJSA

问题4选项

A.Winningthesupportofolderpeoplewillbecomecrucialinpolitics.

B.Pensionpolicywillbecomeakeyissueinelections.

C.Immigrationshouldbebannedtomaintaintheworkforce.

D.Thedemographicchangewillchangethepoliticallandscapegreatly.

问题5选项

A.tosavethecurrentpensionsystem

B.toensurethebenefitsforhealthypensioners

C.torealizefullretirementbenefitssubstantially

D.torelievethepensionsburdenontheworkingpopulation

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:B

第4题:A

第5题:D

【解析】1.细节事实题。文章第一段介绍了德国的人口老龄化问题，根据第一段最后一句“Thenetresultwillbethatthetotalpopulation,now82m,willdeclineto70m-73m.Thenumberofpeopleofworkingagewillfallbyafullquarter,from40mtodayto30m.最终的结果将是总人口从现在的8200万下降到7000万到7300万。劳动年龄人口将减少整整四分之一，从目前的4000万降至3000万。”可知，到2030年德国的劳动人口将减少四分之一(afullquarter),即25%。所以D选项正确。

2.推理判断题。本题是问关于人口老龄化问题的。由本文第二段第一句"TheGermandemographicsarefarfromexceptional.德国的人口结构也不例外。”可知德国并不是例外，通过第二段的内容可知其他发达国家也呈现同样的趋势，所以B选项‘已经成为普遍’陈述正确。

3.细节事实题。本题是问关于人口结构变化的新趋势。由本文第三段第二句“Butthedeclineinthenumberofyoungpeopleissomethingnew.TheonlydevelopedcountrythathassofaravoidedthisfateisAmerica.但年轻人数量的下降是一个新现象。迄今为止，唯一避免这种命运的发达国家是美国。”可知B选项‘年轻人口在减少’是新的趋势，符合题意。

4.推理判断题。本题是问关于发达国家的人口变化的政治意义是什么。由倒数第二段内容“Allthismeansthatwinningthesupportofolderpeoplewillbecomeapoliticalimperativeineverydevelopedcountry.所有这一切意味着，赢得老年人的支持将成为每个发达国家的政治当务之急。”所以A选项‘在政治上赢得老年人的支持将变得至关重要。’正确。

5.细节事实题。本题是问道2030年，发达国家的政府可能结束固定的退休年龄的目的。由文章最后一段内容“Indeed,fixedretirementagesforpeopleinreasonablephysicalandmentalconditionmayhavebeenabolishedtopreventthepensionburdenontheworkingpopulationfrombecomingunbearable.的确，为了防止工作人口的养恤金负担变得无法承受，可能已经取消了对身体和精神状况合理的人的固定退休年龄。”可知D选项‘减轻劳动人口的养老金负担’符合题意。

8.单选题

InpartsoftheArctic,thelandgradesintothelandfasticeso（

）thatyoucanwalkoffthecoastandnotknowyouareoverthehiddensea.

问题1选项

A.permanently

B.imperceptibly

C.irregular

D.precariously

【答案】B

【解析】副词辨析题。A选项permanently“永久地，长期不变地”；B选项imperceptibly“极细微地，察觉不到地”；C选项irregularly“不规则地，不整齐地”；D选项precariously“不安全地，不牢靠地”。根据句意‘在北极的部分地区，陆地逐渐变成固定冰，这一点难以觉察。你可以远离海岸，却不知道自己在隐秘的海洋之上。’B选项正确。

9.翻译题

TranslatethefollowingparagraphinthefollowingpassageintoEnglish.

在中国，笔(brush)、墨(inkstick)、纸、砚(inkslab),就是人们所说的“文房(thestudy)四宝”，在中华文明的传承中起了重要作用。作为文化艺术工具，以其独特性能催生了汉字特有的书法艺术，也促使中国画形成了独特的风格。文房四宝不仅有实用价值，它们本身也是供人观赏的艺术品，并逐步成为收藏品。在当今时代，使用笔、墨、纸、砚进行学习和写作的人越来越少了，但是在中国的书法，绘画，收藏以及修身养性活动中，它们仍起着不可替代的作用。

【答案】InChina,writingbrush,inkstick,paperandinkslab,whatpeoplecall“fourtreasuresofthestudy”，playanimportantroleintheinheritanceofChinesecivilization.Astoolsforcultureandart,the“fourtreasuresofthestudy”,byvirtueoftheiruniqueproperty,promotedtheemergenceofthecalligraphyartpeculiartoChinesecharacter,andChinesepaintinghasalsoformedtheuniquestyle.Inadditiontopracticalvalues,theyarealsotheworksofartforpeopletoviewandadmire,andgraduallybecomecollectionstoday.Incontemporarytimes,thenumberofpeopleusing“fourtreasuresofthestudy”forstudyingandwritinghasbeendecreasing,buttheyarestillplayinganirreplaceableroleintheactivitiesofChinesecalligraphy,painting,collectionandself-cultivation.

10.单选题

Unlikephilosopherswhoconstructedtheoreticallyidealstates,shebuiltatheorybasedon（

）;thus,althoughherconstructsmayhavebeeninelegant,theywere（

）sound.

问题1选项

A.ellectually

B.surmise...scientifically

C.experience...empirically

D.conjecture...factually

【答案】C

【解析】名词和副词词义辨析。A选项的intuition“直觉”；intellectually“智力上，理智地”；B选项的surmise“猜测，猜想”；scientifically“合乎科学地，系统地”；C选项的experience“经验，阅历”；empirically“以经验为主地”；D选项的conjecture“推测，猜想，揣摩”；factually“事实地，确实地”。根据句意‘与那些构建理论上完美理想状态的哲学家不同，她以经验为依据建立其理论，因此，尽管她的概念可能比较粗糙，但它们从经验主义的角度看却是切实可行的’确定C选项正确。

11.单选题

LinesoflatituderunhorizontallyandareparalleltotheEquatorandlinesoflongituderunvertically.They（

）attheNorthandSouthPoles.

问题1选项

A.converge

B.convoke

C.convoy

D.convulse

【答案】A

【解析】动词词义辨析。根据句意‘纬线水平平行于赤道和经线相垂直。它们在南北两极聚集。’可知这里是说经线和纬线的位置，根据常识可知经线和纬线相互垂直，在南极和北极两个地方是聚集的，A选项converge"聚集，靠拢”；B选项convoke“召集”；C选项convoy“护送”；D选项convulse“震撼”。根据句意确定A选项正确。

12.单选题

Thousandsofyearsagomanusedhandyrocksforhissurgicaloperations.Laterheusedsharpboneorhorn,metalknivesandmorerecently,rubberandplastic.Andthatwaswherewestuck,insurgicalinstrumenttermsformanyyears.Inthe1960sanewtoolwasdeveloped,onewhichwas,firstofall,tobeofgreatpracticalusetothearmedforcesandindustry,butwhichwasalsointime,torevolutionizetheartandscienceofsurgery.Thetoolisthelaseranditisbeingusedbymoreandmoresurgeonsallovertheworld,foraverylargenumberofdifferentcomplaints.Thewordlasermeans:LightAmplificationbyStimulatedEmissionoflight.Asweallknow,lightishot;mysourceoflight-fromthesunitselfdowntoahumblematchburning—willgivewarmth.Butlightisusuallyspreadoutoverawidearea.Thelightinalaserbeam,however,isconcentrated.Thismeansthatalightwithnomorepowerthanthatproducedbyanordinaryelectriclightbulbbecomes.

Experimentswiththesepinpointbeamsshowedresearchersthatdifferentenergysourcesproducebeamsthathaveaparticulareffectoncertainlivingcells.Itisnowpossibleforeyesurgeonstooperateonthebackofthehumaneyewithoutharmingtheformoftheeye,simplybypassingalaserbeamrightthroughtheeyeball.Noknives,nounwanteddamage—atruesurgicalwonder.Operationswhichonceleftpatientsexhaustedandinneedoflongperiodsofrecoverytimenowleavethemfeelingrelaxedandcomfortable.Somuchmoredifficultoperationscannowbetried.Therapiddevelopmentoflasertechniquesinthepasttenyearshasmadeitclearthatthefutureislikelytobeveryexciting.Perhapssomecancerswillbetreatedwithlaserinawaythatmakessurgerynotonlysaferbutmoreeffective.Altogether,tomorrowmayseemoreandmoreinformationcomingtolightonthediseaseswhichcanbetreatedmedically.

1.Upuntilthe1960stheinstrumentsusedtoperformsurgicaloperationswere（

）.

2.Afterthedevelopmentofthelaserinthe1960s,wefindthat

（

）.

3.Thelaserbeamissostrongbecause

（

）.

4.Surgeonscannowcarryoutoperationswhich（

）.

问题1选项

A.fashionable

B.extraordinary

C.special

D.basic

问题2选项

A.medicalhelpbecameavailableforindustrialworkers

B.thestudyofartwentthroughacompleterevolution

C.man’swholeapproachtosurgerychangedcompletely

D.moreandmoresurgeonsbeganusingsurgicalinstruments

问题3选项

A.itiscomposedofaconcentratedbeamoflight

B.itsheatisincreasedbytheheatofthesun

C.itcanbepluggedintoanordinarylight

D.itsendsoutheatinmanydifferentdirections

问题4选项

A.canbeperformedsuccessfullyonlyonthehumaneye

B.resultinverylittledamagetothepatientsthemselves

C.memademuchmorecomplicatedbyusingthelaserbeam

D.resultinlongperiodsofrecoverytimeforpatients

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:B

【解析】1.细节事实题。由文章开头‘Thousandsofyearsagomanusedhandyrocksforhissurgicaloperations.Laterheusedsharpboneorhorn,metalknivesandmorerecently,rubberandplastic.’20世纪60年代之前，外科手术使用过的工具有：石头，锋利的骨头和角，金属刀，橡胶和塑料。确定这些工具都是很基本的，D选项正确。

2.推理判断题。由第二段中所举的眼科手术的例子可知，使用激光做手术，可以让患者感觉轻松和舒服，不需要很长时间就能恢复，彻底改变了外科手术的方法，C选项正确。

3.细节事实题。根据第一段中“Thelightinalaserbeam,however,isconcentratedThismeansthatalightwithnomorepowerthanthatproducedbyanordinaryelectriclightbulbbecomesintenselystrongasitisconcentratedtoapinpoint-sizedbeam.然而，激光束中的光是集中的，这意味着不需要比普通电灯泡产生更多的能量就能点燃，当它集中在一个针尖大小的光束上时，就会变得非常强烈。”可知，激光光束强是因为它的光束没有分散，而是集中成针尖大小的光束，所以A选项正确。

4.细节事实题。根据“Noknives,nounwanteddamage—truesurgicalwonder.Operationswhichonceleftpatientsexhaustedandinneedoflongperiodsofrecoverytimenowleavethemfeelingrelaxedandcomfortable.没有刀，没有不必要的伤害——真正的外科奇迹。手术曾经让病人精疲力竭，需要很长时间的恢复，现在让他们感到放松和舒适。”可知，使用激光做外科手术，可以让病人遭受极少的痛苦，B选项正确。

13.单选题

Belyinghisearlierreputationfor（

）asanegotiator,Morganhadrecentlyassumedamore（

）stanceforwhichmanyofhiserstwhilecriticspraisedhim.

问题1选项

A.inflexibility...unreasonable

B.impropriety...oscillatory

C.intransigence...tolerant

D.success...authoritative

【答案】C

【解析】名词和形容词词义辨析。A选项的inflexibility“不屈性，顽固”；unreasonable“不合理的，不公正的”；B选项的impropriety“不合适，不恰当”；oscillatory“振动的，动摇的，变动的"；C选项的intransigence“不妥协，强硬”；tolerant“忍受的，容忍的，宽容的”；D选项的success“成功，胜利”；authoritative“命令式的，专断的，权威式的”。根据句意‘与他先前亳不让步的谈判者的声誉相反，摩根近来采取了一种更为缓和的立场，所以许多他先前的批判者转而称赞他’确定C选项正确。

14.单选题

Organizedvolunteeringandworkexperiencehaslongbeenavitalcompaniontouniversitydegreecourse.Usuallyitisleftto（1）todeducethepotentialfromalistofextracurricularadventuresonagraduate'sresume,

（2）nowtheUniversityofBristolhaslaunchedanawardtoformalizetheachievementsofstudentswho

（3）timetoactivitiesoutsidetheircourses.BristolPLUSaimstobooststudentsinanincreasingly

（4）jobmarketbyhelpingthemacquireworkandlifeskillsalongside（5）qualifications.

“Ourstudentsareaprettyactivebunchbutwefoundthattheydidn't

（6）appreciatethevalueofwhattheydid（7）thelecturehall，”saysJeffGoodman,directorofcareersandemployabilityattheuniversity.“Employersaremuchmore

（8）thantheyusedtobe.Theyusedtolookfor（9）andsawitaspartoftheirjobtoextractthevalueofanapplicant'sskills.Nowtheywantstudentstobeabletoexplainwhythoseskillsare（10）tothejob."

Studentswhosign（11）fortheawardwillbeexpectedtocomplete50hoursofworkexperienceor（12）work,attendfourworkshopsonemployability-skill,takepartinanintensiveskill-relatedactivity,

（13）crucially,writeasummaryoftheskillstheyhavegained.

（14）effortswillgainanOutstandingAchievementAward.Thosewho（15）bestonthesportsfieldcantaketheSportingPLUSAwardwhichfostersemployer-friendlysportsaccomplishments.

Theexperiencedoesnothavetobe（16）

organized."We'renotjustinterestedineasilyidentifiableskills,'saysGoodman.“

（17）onestudenttooktheleadindealingwithadifficultlandlordandso（18）negotiationskills.Wetrytomaketheexperiencerelevanttoindividuallives.”

Goodmanhopesthe

（19）willenableactivestudentstofillinanygapsintheirexperienceandencouragetheirless-active

（20）

totakeupactivitiesoutsidetheiracademicareaofwork.

问题1选项

A.advisors

B.specialist

C.critics

D.employers

问题2选项

A.which

B.but

C.unless

D.since

问题3选项

A.divide

B.devote

C.deliver

D.donate

问题4选项

A.harmonious

B.competitive

C.resourceful

D.prosperous

问题5选项

A.artistic

B.technical

C.academic

D.interactive

问题6选项

A.dominantly

B.earnestly

C.necessarily

D.gracefully

问题7选项

A.outside

B.along

C.over

D.through

问题8选项

A.generous

B.considerate

C.enlightening

D.demanding

问题9选项

A.origin

B.initial

C.popularity

D.potential

问题10选项

A.relevant

B.responsive

C.reluctant

D.respective

问题11选项

A.out

B.off

C.away

D.up

问题12选项

A.casual

B.elective

C.domestic

D.voluntary

问题13选项

A.or

B.thus

C.so

D.and

问题14选项

A.Occasional

B.Exceptional

C.Informative

D.Relative

问题15选项

A.perform

B.convey

C.circulate

D.formulate

问题16选项

A.roughly

B.randomly

C.formally

D.fortunately

问题17选项

A.Forinstance

B.Inessence

C.Incontrast

D.Ofcourse

问题18选项

A.demonstrated

B.determined

C.operated

D.involved

问题19选项

A.device

B.section

C.scheme

D.distraction

问题20选项

A.attendants

B.agents

C.members

D.peers

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:B

第4题:B

第5题:C

第6