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住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-湘潭大学考试名师押题精选卷I(带答案详解)(图片可根据实际调整大小)题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题
Ithasbeenknownformanydecadesthattheappearanceofsunspotsisroughlyperiodic,withanaveragecycleofelevenyears.Moreover,theincidenceofsolarflaresandthefluxofsolarcosmicrays,ultravioletradiation,andX-radiationallvarydirectlywiththesunspotcycle.Butaftermorethanacenturyofinvestigation,therelationoftheseandotherphenomena,knowncollectivelyasthesolar-activitycycle,toterrestrialweatherandclimateremainsunclear.Forexample,thesunspotcycleandthealliedmagnetic-polaritycyclehavebeenlinkedtoperiodicitiesdiscernedinrecordsofsuchvariablesasrainfall,temperature,andwinds.Invariably,however,therelationisweak,andcommonlyofdubiousstatisticalsignificance.
Effectsofsolarvariabilityoverlongertermshavealsobeensought.TheabsenceofrecordedsunspotactivityinthenoteskeptbyEuropeanobserversinthelateseventeenthandearlyeighteenthcenturieshasledsomescholarstopostulateabriefcessationofsunspotactivityatthattime(aperiodcalledtheMaunderminimum).TheMaunderminimumhasbeenlinkedtoaspanofunusualcoldinEuropeextendingfromthesixteenthtotheearlynineteenthCenturies.TherealityoftheMaunderminimumhasyettobeestablished,howeverespeciallysincetherecordsthatChinesenaked-eyeobserversofsolaractivitymadeatthattimeappeartocontradictit.Scientistshavealsosoughtevidenceoflong-termsolarperiodicitiesbyexaminingindirectclimatologicaldata,suchasfossilrecordsofthethicknessofancienttreerings.Thesestudies,however,failedtolinkunequivocallyterrestrialclimateandthesolar-activitycycleoreventoconfirmthecycle’spastexistence.
Ifconsistantandreliablegeologicalorarchaeologicalandclimatologicalevidencetracingthesolar-activitycycleinthedistantpastcouldbefound,itmightalsoresolveanimportantissueinsolarphysics:howtomodelsolaractivity.Currently,therearetwomodelsofsolaractivity.ThefirstsupposesthattheSun’sinternalmotions(causedbyrotationandconvection)interactwithitslarge-scalemagneticfieldtoproduceadynamo,adeviceinwhichmechanicalenergyisconvertedintotheenergyofamagneticfield.Inshort,theSun’slarge-scalemagneticfieldistakentobeself-sustaining,sothatthesolar-activitycycleitdrivesfromwouldbemaintainedwithlittleoverallchangeforperhapsbillionsofyears.ThealternativeexplanationsupposesthattheSun’slarge-scalemagneticfieldisaremnantofthefieldtheSunacquiredwhenitformed,andisnotsustainedagainstdecay.Inthismodel,thesolarmechanismdependentontheSun’smagneticfieldrunsdownmorequickly.Thus,thecharacteristicsofthesolar-activitycyclewouldbeexpectedtochangeoveralongperiodoftime.Modemsolarobservationsspantooshortatimetorevealwhetherpresentcyclicalsolar-activityisalong-livedfeatureoftheSun,ormerelyatransientphenomenon.
1.Theauthorfocusesprimarilyon(
).
2.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthetwomodelsofsolaractivityisaccurate?
3.Accordingtothepassage,lateseventeenth-andearlyeighteenth-centuryChineserecordsareimportantforwhichofthefollowingreasons?
4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheargumentinfavorofthefirstmodelwouldbestrengthenedifwhichofthefollowingwerefoundtobetrue?
问题1选项
A.presentingtwocompetingscientifictheoriesconcerningsolaractivityandevaluatinggeologicalevidenceoftencitedtosupportthem
B.givingabriefoverviewofsomerecentscientificdevelopmentsinsolarphysicsandassessingtheirimpactonfutureclimatologicalresearch
C.discussingthedifficultiesinvolvedinlinkingterrestrialphenomenawithsolaractivityandindicatinghowresolvingthatissuecouldhaveanimpactonourunderstandingofsolarphysics
D.outlinethespecificreasonswhyaprobleminsolarphysicshasnotyetbeensolvedandfaultingtheoverlytheoreticalapproachofmodernphysicists
问题2选项
A.Inbothmodelscyclicalsolaractivityisregardedasalong-livedfeatureoftheSun,persistingwithlittlechangeoverbillionsofyears.
B.Tobothmodelsthesolar-activitycycleishypothesizedasbeingdependentonthelarge-scalesolarmagneticfield.
C.ToonemodeltheSun'smagneticfieldisthoughttoplayaroleincausingsolaractivity,whereasintheothermodelitisnot.
D.Inonemodelsolaractivityispresumedtobeunrelatedtoterrestrialphenomena,whereasintheothermodelsolaractivityisthoughttohaveobservableeffectsontheEarth.
问题3选项
A.TheysuggestthatthedataonwhichtheMaunderminimumwaspredicatedwereincorrect.
B.TheysuggestthattheMaunderminimummightbevalidonlyforEurope.
C.Theyestablishtheexistenceofaspanofunusuallycoldweatherworldwideatthetimeofthefounderminimum.
D.TheyestablishthatsolaractivityatthetimeoftheMaunderminimumdidnotsignificantlyvaryfromitspresentpattern.
问题4选项
A.Episodesofintensevolcaniceruptionsinthedistainpastoccurredincycleshavingverylongperiodicities.
B.Atthepresenttimethegloballevelofthunderstormactivityincreasesanddecreasesincycleswithperiodicitiesofapproximately11years.
C.Inthelastcenturythelengthofthesunspotcyclehasbeenknowntovarybyasmuchas2yearsfromitsaverageperiodicityof11years.
D.Hundredsofmillionsofyearsago,solar-activitycyclesdisplayedthesameperiodicitiesasdopresent-daysolar-activitycycles.
【答案】第1题:C
第2题:B
第3题:A
第4题:D
【解析】1.主旨大意题。A选项“指出有关太阳活动的两种相对的科学理论并对其各自的地质依据进行评价”,B选项“简要概述近期科学在太阳物理学方面的发展并且就他们对未来气候研究的影响做出评价”,C选项“讨论将地球上的各种现象与太阳活动联系起来的困难性并指出问题的解决方法影响着我们对太阳物理活动的理解”,D选项“概述有关太阳物理的问题之所以一直没解决的原因并且对现代物理学家过度理论化的方法进行指责”,根据文章大意可以推断出C选项符合题意。
2.推理判断题。文章对太阳活动的两种模式的介绍主要集中在文章的第三段。根据第三段中的“Inshort,theSun’slarge-scalemagneticfieldistakentobeself-sustaining,sothatthesolar-activitycycleitdriveswouldbemaintainedwithlittleoverallchangeforperhapsbillionsofyears.”“简而言之,太阳大范围的磁场是自给自足的,因此与之相关的太阳活动周期将会在几十亿年内维持基本不变”可知在第一种模式中,太阳活动的周期是与太阳大范围的磁场相关的并且太阳活动周期是可以长期维持基本不变的。根据第三段中的“Inthismodel,thesolarmechanismdependentontheSun’smagneticfieldrunsdownmorequickly.Thus,thecharacteristicsofthesolar-activitycyclewouldbeexpectedtochangeoveralongperiodoftime.”“在这种模式中,与太阳磁场相关的太阳机制变化更快,因此,太阳活动周期的特点也会在很长一段时间后有所变化”可知在第二种模式中太阳活动的周期也是和太阳磁场相关的,但是太阳活动周期是会有所变化的。所以A选项‘在这两个模型中,周期性的太阳活动被认为是太阳的一个长期特征,在数十亿年的时间里几乎没有变化。’和C选项‘在一个模型中,太阳磁场被认为是导致太阳活动的一个因素,而在另一个模型中则不是。’表错误,D选项文章中没有体现,所以B选项正确。
3.细节事实题。根据文章第二段中的“TherealityoftheMaunderminimumhasyettobeestablished,howeverespeciallysincetherecordsthatChinesenaked-eyeobserversofsolaractivitymadeatthattimeappeartocontradictit.”“太阳活动极小期的真实性还有待考证,特别是中国当时肉眼观察到的太阳活动的记录又与其相矛盾”确定A选项‘他们认为,蒙德极小期的数据是建立不正确的。’符合题意。
4.推理判断题。根据第三段中“Inshort,theSun’slarge-scalemagneticfieldistakentobeself-sustaining,sothatthesolar-activitycycleitdriveswouldbemaintainedwithlittleoverallchangeforperhapsbillionsofyears.”“简而言之,太阳大范围的磁场是自给自足的,因此与之相关的太阳活动周期将会在几十亿年内维持基本不变”确定D选项“数亿年前太阳活动的周期性特征和如今太阳活动的周期性相同”是对第一种模式的支持。
2.单选题
Whenevertwoormoreunusualtraitsorsituationsarefoundinthesameplace,itistemptingtolookformorethanacoincidentalrelationshipbetweenthem.ThehighHimalayasandtheTibetanplateaucertainlyhaveextraordinaryphysicalcharacteristicsandthecultureswhicharefoundtherearealsounusual,thoughnotunique.HoweverthereisnointentionofadoptingMontesquieuviewofclimateandsoilasculturaldeterminants.Theecologyofaregionmerelyposessomeoftheproblemsfacedbytheinhabitantsoftheregion,andwhiletheproblemsfacingacultureareimportanttoitsdevelopment,theydonotdetermineit.
TheappearanceoftheHimalayasduringthelateTertiaryPeriodandtheaccompanyingfurtherraisingofthepreviouslyestablishedrageshadamarkedeffectontheclimateoftheregion.Primarily,ofcourse,itblockedtheIndianmonsoonfromreachingCentralAsiaatall.Secondarily,airandmoisturefromotherdirectionswerealsoreduced.
PriortotheraisingoftheHimalayas,thelandnowformingtheTibetanuplandshadadry,continentalclimatewithvegetationandanimallifesimilartothatofmuchoftherestoftheregiononthesameparallel,butsomewhatdifferentthanthatoftheareasfarthernorth,whichwerealreadydrier.WiththecomingoftheHimalayasandtherelativelysuddendryingoutoftheregion,therewasaseverethinningoutoftheanimalandplantpopulation.TheensuingincompletePleistoceneglaciationshadafurtherthinningeffect,butsignificantlydidnotwipeoutlifeinthearea.Thusaftertheendoftheglaciationstherewereonlyafewvarietiesoflifeextantfromtheoriginalcontinentalspecies.IsolatedbytheKunlunrangefromtheTarimbasinandTurfandepression,specieswhichhadalreadyadaptedtothedrysteppeclimate,andwouldotherwisehavebeenexpectedtoflourishinTibetan,theremainingnativefaunaandfloramultiplied.ArmanddescribestheTibetanfaunaasnothavinggreatvariety,butbeing"striking*'intheabundanceoftheparticularspeciesthatarepresent.Theplantlifeissimilarlylimitedinvariety,withsomeobserversfindingnomorethanseventyvarietiesofplantsineventherelativelyfertileEasternTibetanvalleys,withfewerthantenfoodcrops.Tibetan"tea"isamajorstaple,perhapsreplacingtheunavailablevegetables.
Thedifficultiesoflivinginanenvironmentatoncedryandcold,andpopulatedwithspeciesmoreusuallyfoundinmorehospitableclimates,aregreat.Thesedifficultiesmaywellhaveinfluencedtheunusualpolyandrous(一妻多夫制)societiestypicaloftheregion.Lattimoreseesthemaintenanceofmultiple-husbandhouseholdsasbeingpreservedfromearlierformsbytheharshconditionsoftheTibetanuplands,whichpermittednoexperimentationand"froze"thecultureswhichcamethere.Kawakita,ontheotherhand,seesthepolyandryasawayofeasilypermittingthebesthouseholdertobecometheheadhusbandregardlessofage.HisdetailedstudiesoftheBhoteavillageofTsumjedoseemtosupportthisideaofpolyandryasamethodoftalentmobilityisasituationwhereeventhebesttalentisbarelyenoughforsurvival.
Insum,thoughargumentscanbemadethatapre-existingpolyandroussystemwasstrengthenedandpreserved(insofarasithasbeen)bytherigorsoftheland,itwouldcertainlybeanoverstatementtolaycausativefactorsofanystrongernaturetotheecologicalinfluencesinthiscase.
1.Whatarethe“unusualtraitsorsituations”referredtointhefirstsentence?
2.Thepurposeofthepassageisto(
).
3.Theauthor’sknowledgeofTibetisprobably
(
).
4.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingwouldprobablybethemostagreeabletoMontesquieu?
5.ThespeciesoffaunaandfloraremaininginTibetafterthePleistoceneglaciationscanproperlybecalledcontinentalbecausethey(
).
问题1选项
A.Patternsofanimalandplantgrowth.
B.FoodandfoodpreparationpatternsoftheuplandTibetans.
C.SocialandfamilialorganizationoftypicalTibetansociety.
D.Alloftheabove.
问题2选项
A.analyzethepossiblecausallinksbetweenTibetanecologyandsociety
B.describethesocialorganizationoftypicalTibetanvillages
C.describeTibetanfaunaandflora
D.analyzethemysteriesofthesuddenappearanceoftheHimalayas
问题3选项
A.basedonfirsthandexperience
B.theresultoflifelongstudies
C.derivedfrombooksonly
D.limitedtogeologicalhistory
问题4选项
A.Allregionshavedifferentsoilsandthus,differentcultures.
B.someregionswithsimilarclimateswillhavesimilarcultures.
C.Culturesinthesamearea,sharingsoilandclimate,willbeessentiallyidentical.
D.Theplantsofacountry,bybeingthefoodofitspeople,causethepeopletohavesimilarviewstooneanother.
问题5选项
A.areoriginallyfoundincontinentalclimates
B.aretheonlylifeformsinTibet,whichisasbigasacontinent
C.havebeenfoundinotherpartsoftheAsiancontinent
D.arefoundinlandmassthatusedtobeaseparatecontinent
【答案】第1题:D
第2题:A
第3题:C
第4题:C
第5题:A
【解析】1.推理判断题。题目提问‘第一句中提到的“不寻常的特征或情况”是什么?’根据第三段第一句“..thelandnowformingtheTibetanuplandshadadry,continentalclimatewithvegetationandanimallifesimilartothatofmuchoftherestoftheregiononthesameparallel,butsomewhatdifferentthanthatoftheareasfarthernorth,whichwerealreadydrier.青藏高原地带是干燥的大陆性气候,动物和植被与同纬度的相似,但是与更北的地区有些不同,那里更干燥。”可以推知A项动植物生长模式‘’符合其特征。根据第三段倒数第二句“Theplantlifeissimilarlylimitedinvariety,withsomeobserversfindingnomorethanseventyvarietiesofplantsineventherelativelyfertileEasternTibetanvalleys,withfewerthantenfoodcrops.Tibetan"tea"isamajorstaple,perhapsreplacingtheunavailablevegetables.这种植物的品种也同样有限,一些观察人士发现,即使是相对肥沃的东部藏谷,也不超过70种植物。只有不到10种粮食作物。藏文“茶”是主要的主食,也许可以取代不可缺少的蔬菜。”可知B项‘高原藏人的食物和食物制作模式’符合。根据第四段中“Thesedifficultiesmaywellhaveinfluencedtheunusualpolyandroussocietiestypicaloftheregion.这些困难肯定对当地后来不同寻常的一妻多夫制的出现产生了影响”可知,可知C选项‘典型的藏族社会家庭组织’符合。所以ABC选项都谈及到了这种不寻常的特征,所以D选项正确。
2.主旨大意题。题目提问‘这篇文章的目的是什么?’文章第一段最后一句‘Theecologyofaregionmerelyposessomeoftheproblemsfacedbytheinhabitantsoftheregion,andwhiletheproblemsfacingacultureareimportanttoitsdevelopment,theydonotdetermineit.一个地区的生态只造成该地区居民所面临的一些问题,而一种文化所面临的问题虽然对其发展很重要,但并不能决定它的发展。’指出生态会影响但不决定人文风气。最后一段尾句“Insum,thoughargumentscanbemadethatapre-existingpolyandroussystemwasstrengthenedandpreserved(insofarasithasbeen)bytherigorsoftheland,itwouldcertainlybeanoverstatementtolaycausativefactorsofanystrongernaturetotheecologicalinfluencesinthiscase.总而言之,尽管可以提出论点说,由于土地的严酷条件,已经存在的一妻多夫制得到了加强和保护(就目前而言),但在这种情况下,把任何性质更强的原因因素都归罪于生态影响,那肯定是言过其实了。”谈及当地一妻多夫制的社会组织结构可能受到生态该环境的影响。因此,可推知A选项“分析青藏地区生态和社会之间的可能因果联系”正确。
3.推理判断题。题目提问‘作者对西藏的了解可能是什么?’本文并未谈及作者自己的经历和研究,而是分别引述了Montesquieu’sview和Armand的描述,以及Lattimore和Kawakita的观点,因此,作者对青藏高原的了解是C选项‘源于书本’。
推理判断题。题目提问‘根据文章,下列哪项最可能是Montesquieu同意的?’文章第一段介绍了青藏高原的地理特征和文化,然后提出“HoweverthereisnointentionofadoptingMontesquieuviewofclimateandsoilasculturaldeterminants.然而,不打算采用孟德斯鸠关于气候和土壤的观点作为文化决定因素。”因此,可以推知‘孟德斯鸠是环境决定论支持者,即外部环境决定人文风气’,C选项“在共享土地和气候的同一个地方,文化基本上是相同的”符合他的观点。
4.细节事实题。题目提问‘更新世冰蚀以后,仍然存在于西藏的动植物群可以成为大陆性的动植物群,是因为什么?’根据第三段中“Thusaftertheendoftheglaciationstherewereonlyafewvarietiesoflifeextantfromtheoriginalcontinentalspecies.因此,在冰川期结束后,原始大陆物种中仅存少数种类的生物。”所以,它们被称为大陆性动植物群是因为A选项‘它们原来是在大陆性气候中被发现的’。
3.单选题
Theearliestcontroversiesabouttherelationshipbetweenphotographyandartcenteredonwhetherphotograph’sfidelitytoappearancesanddependenceonamachineallowedittobeafineartasdistinctfrommerelyapracticalart.Throughoutthenineteenthcentury,thedefenceofphotographywayidenticalwiththestruggletoestablishitasafineart.Againstthechargethatphotographywasasoulless,mechanicalcopyingofrealityphotographersassertedthatitwasinsteadaprivilegedwayofseeing,arevoltagainstcommonplacevision,andnolessworthyanartthanpainting.
Ironically,nowthatphotographyissecurelyestablishedasafineart,manyphotographersfinditpretentiousorirrelevanttolabelitassuch.Seriousphotographersvariouslyclaimtobefinding,recording,impartiallyobserving,witnessingevents,exploringthemselves-anythingbutmakingworksofart.Theyarenolongerwillingtodebatewhetherphotographyisorisnotafineart,excepttoproclaimthattheirownworkisnotinvolvedwithart.ItshowstheextenttowhichtheysimplytakeforgrantedtheconceptofartimposedbythetriumphofModernism:thebettertheart,themoresubversiveitisofthetraditionalaimsofart.
Photographers’disclaimersofanyinterestinmakingarttellusmoreabouttheharriedstatusofthecontemporarynotionofartthanaboutwhetherphotographyisorisnotart.Forexample,thosephotographerswhosupposethat,bytakingpictures,theyaregettingawayfromthepretensionsofartasexemplifiedbypaintingremindusofthoseAbstractExpressionistpainterswhoimaginedtheyweregettingawayfromtheintellectualausterityofclassicalModernistpaintingbyconcentratingonthephysicalactofpainting.Muchofphotography’sprestigetodayderivesfromtheconvergenceofitsaimswiththoseofrecentart,particularlywiththedismissalofabstractartimplicitinthephenomenonofPoppaintingduringthe1960’s.Appreciatingphotographsisarelieftosensibilitiestiredofthementalexertionsdemandedbyabstractart.ClassicalModernistpainting—thatis,abstractartasdevelopedindifferentwaysbyPicasso,Kandinsky,andMatissepresupposeshighlydevelopedskillsoflookingandafamiliaritywithotherpaintingsandthehistoryofart.Photography,likePoppainting,reassuresviewersthatartisnothard;photographyseemstobemoreaboutitssubjectsthanaboutart.Photography,however,hasdevelopedalltheanxietiesandself-consciousnessofaclassicModernistart.Manyprofessionalsprivatelyhavebeguntoworrythatthepromotionofphotographyasanactivitysubversiveofthetraditionalpretensionsofarthasgonesofarthatthepublicwillforgetthatphotographyisadistinctiveandexaltedactivityinshort,anart.
1.Theauthorismainlyconcernedwith(
).
2.Whichofthefollowingadjectivesbestdescribes"theconceptofartimposedbythetriumphofModernism"astheauthorrepresentsitinLine13?
3.WhydoestheauthorintroduceAbstractExpressionistpainter?
4.Howdidthenineteenth-centurydefendersofphotographystressthephotography?
问题1选项
A.definingtheModernistattitudetowardart
B.explaininghowphotographyemergedasafineart
C.explainingtheattitudeofseriouscontemporaryphotographerstowardphotographyasartandplacingthoseattitudesintheirhistoricalcontext
D.definingthevariousapproachesthatseriouscontemporaryphotographerstaketowardtheirartandassessingthevalueofeachofthoseapproaches
问题2选项
A.Objective
B.Mechanical
C.Superficial
D.Paradoxical.
问题3选项
A.Hewantstoprovideanexampleofartistswho,likeseriouscontemporaryphotographers,disavowedtraditionallyacceptedaimsofmodemart.
B.HewantstosetforthananalogybetweentheAbstractExpressionistpaintersandclassicalModernistpainters.
C.HewantstoprovideacontrasttoPopartistandothers.
D.Hewantstoprovideanexplanationofwhyseriousphotography,likeothercontemporaryvisualforms,isnotandshouldnotpretendtobeanart.
问题4选项
A.Theystressedphotographywasameansofmakingpeoplehappy.
B.Itwasartforrecordingtheworld.
C.Itwasadeviceforobservingtheworldimpartially.
D.Itwasanartcomparabletopainting.
【答案】第1题:D
第2题:D
第3题:A
第4题:D
【解析】1.主旨大意题。A选项“界定现代主义者对艺术的态度”;B选项解释摄影是如何作为美术出现的”;C选项“说明当代严肃的摄影家对摄影作为艺术的态度,并把他们这些态度放在历史的进程来观察。”;D选项“界定当代严肃摄影家对待他们的艺术所具有的各种观点,并判定每种观点的价值”,根据文章大意可知最能概括文章中作者的主要思想的是D选项。
2.根据文章第二段最后一句“ItshowstheextenttowhichtheysimplytakeforgrantedtheconceptofartimposedbythetriumphofModernism;thebettertheart,themoresubversiveitisofthetraditionalaimsofart.”“这说明他们就是把现代主义胜利所强加的艺术概念视为合理的,其合理程度是:艺术越强,对艺术的传统目的破坏得越大。”确定D选项“矛盾的”正确,
3.推理判断题。A选项“他想列举哪些像当代严肃的摄影家一样抛弃了传统上被接受的现代艺术目的的艺术家的例子”,B选项“他想在抽象表现主义画家和古典现代主义画家之间找出相似点”,C选项“他想在流行艺术家和其它艺术家之间做一个对比”,D选项“他想解释为什么严肃摄影,像其它当代视觉形式一样不是艺术,而且也不应当充当艺术”。根据文章第三段第二句“Forexample,thosephotographerswhosupposethat,bytakingpictures,theyaregettingawayfromthepretensionsofartasexemplifiedbypaintingremindusofthoseAbstractExpressionistpainterswhoimaginedtheyweregettingawayfromtheintellectualausterityofclassicalModernistpaintingbyconcentratingonthephysicalactofpainting”“例如,这些认为通过拍照可以摆脱绘画所表现的艺术的矫饰的摄影家,使我们想起了那些抽象表现主义画家设想通过集中于绘画的物理行为而摆脱古典现代主义绘画所表现的严肃的思想。”,确定A选项正确。
4.细节事实题。根据文章第一段最后一句“Againstthechargethatphotographywasasoulless,mechanicalcopyingofrealityphotographersassertedthatitwasinsteadaprivilegedwayofseeing,arevoltagainstcommonplacevision,andnolessworthyanartthanpainting.”“针对摄影是一种没有灵魂的、对现实机械性复制的指责,摄影工作者声称摄影不是复制品,而是一种特殊的观察方式,是对平庸视觉的叛逆,和绘画一样有艺术价值。”可知19世纪摄影的支持者通过指出摄影是一种艺术并且和绘画一样有艺术价值来对摄影进行维护,所以D选项“摄影是一种艺术,可以和绘画相媲美”符合题意。
4.单选题
Onthatculturalandbiologicalinfluences(
)determinecross-culturaldiversityisdiscreditedbythefactthatincountlessaspectsofhumanexistence,itisculturalprogrammingthatoverwhelminglyaccountsforcross-populationvariance.
问题1选项
A.completely
B.equally
C.directly
D.jointly
【答案】B
【解析】副词辨析。A选项“完全地,彻底地”;B选项“相等地,同等地”;C选项“直接地;坦率地”;D选项“联合地,共同地”,根据句意‘文化和生物的影响相同程度地决定了跨文化的多样性,这个观念被另外的一个事实粉碎,即在人类存在的无数方面,文化的因素压倒一切地解释了群体之间的差异’确定B选项正确。
5.单选题
(
)thatmanyanimalsseemtobehighlysensitivetovarioussignalsassociatedwithearthquakes,thebasicquestionremainsofhowthisbehaviorcanbeputtouseinearthquakeprediction.
问题1选项
A.Considering
B.Provided
C.Granted
D.Assuming
【答案】C
【解析】动词词义辨析题。A选项的consideringthat“鉴于……,就……而论,考虑到”;B选项的providedthat“如果,条件是,倘若”;C选项的grantedthat“即使,假定”;D选项的assumingthat“假定”。根据句意‘即使许多动物似乎对于地震有关的各种信号具有高度的敏感性,根本问题仍然是如何能将此习性在预报地震中加以运用’确定C选项正确。
6.单选题
Thegeographicallocationofacountryanditsphysical(1)areveryimportanttoitsdevelopmentand
(2)
.TheUnitedStatesisvery
(3)inthis
(4)
.
(5)
,ithasgood
(6)
Inalmostevery
(7)
ofthecountryitispossibletolive
(8)
duringthewholeyear.Itistruethatinthesouthitsometimesgetsveryhotandinthenorthverycold.Butthepeoplewholiveintheseregionsbecome
(9)
totheclimateandnever
(10)
muchwhentheweatheriteitherveryhotorverycold.Inalargecountrythereisusuallyagreat
(11)
ofdifferentphysicalcharacteristics.IntheUnitedStates,therearewideplainsandhighmountains,thousandsoflakesandriversofall
(12)
,coolforestsandhotdeserts,andacoastlineseveralthousandmileslong.Themanylakesandrivers,
(13)
thelongcoastline,havebeen
(14)
greatimportancetothedevelopmentofthecountry,sincetheymadepossibletheeasy(15)
ofthepeopleandallthethingspeople
(16)
.Shipsandboatsarestillnecessaryandimportant.Inmodem
(17)
.
(18)
,trains,automobiles,trucksandairplanesaredoingmuchofthe
(19)
whichwas(20)donebyshipsandboats.
问题1选项
A.position
B.character
C.characteristics
D.differences
问题2选项
A.advance
B.progress
C.marching
D.prospect
问题3选项
A.fortunate
B.luck
C.happy
D.favorable
问题4选项
A.area
B.region
C.meaning
D.respect
问题5选项
A.Inaword
B.Firstofall
C.Afterall
D.Overall
问题6选项
A.climate
B.atmosphere
C.weather
D.air
问题7选项
A.part
B.section
C.expanse
D.sector
问题8选项
A.leisurely
B.idly
C.comfortably
D.pleasantly
问题9选项
A.accustomed
B.co-operative
C.prepared
D.adjustable
问题10选项
A.damage
B.suffer
C.fear
D.frightened
问题11选项
A.variety
B.amount
C.many
D.deal
问题12选项
A.areas
B.sizes
C.bigness
D.volumes
问题13选项
A.aswellas
B.besides
C.exceptfor
D.inadditionto
问题14选项
A.of
B.to
C.in
D.as
问题15选项
A.mobilization
B.extension
C.transportation
D.connections
问题16选项
A.longfor
B.need
C.eat
D.have
问题17选项
A.epoch
B.age
C.times
D.era
问题18选项
A.however
B.whereas
C.otherwise
D.moreover
问题19选项
A.job
B.work
C.occupation
D.profession
问题20选项
A.formally
B.lately
C.recently
D.formerly
【答案】第1题:C
第2题:B
第3题:A
第4题:D
第5题:B
第6题:A
第7题:B
第8题:C
第9题:A
第10题:B
第11题:A
第12题:B
第13题:A
第14题:A
第15题:C
第16题:B
第17题:C
第18题:A
第19题:B
第20题:D
【解析】(1)词义与词形辨析。文章第一句话的意思是“一个国家的地理位置及其环境特征对于这个国家的发展和进步十分重要”,根据句意确定B选项和C选项意思都符合,再根据下文的“hot”和“cold”可知此处表示“环境特征”时应该用复数,所以C选项正确。
(2)词义与词形辨析。And连接的两个词表示并列,与development并列,表示“进步”,B选项的progress最合适。
(3)语法逻辑关系。根据关键词very可知此处应该填入一个形容词,B选项排除。并且根据文章第三句中的关键词good可以推断出此处填入一个积极的词汇,A选项的fortunate“幸运的”,C选项的happy“幸福的”和D选项的favorable“有利的,赞许的”,A选项的fortunate符合题意。
(4)词组及固定搭配。inthisrespect“在这个方面”,D选项正确。
(5)词义与词形辨析。A选项的inaword“总之,简言之”,总结前文所述;B选项的firstofall“首先”,连接上下文;C选项的afterall“毕竟,终究”:D选项的overall“从头到尾”,文章在此处是对美国优越的地理位置及其环境特征进行列举说明,B选项符合题意。
(6)词义与词形辨析。A选项的climate一般指比较长的时间气候状况,B选项的atmosphere侧重于指氛围或者大气,C选项的weather—般指特定地区在一定时间的气象情况,D选项的air常常指空气,根据下文“Itistruethatinthesouthsometimesgetsveryhotandinthenorthverycold”可知此处应指气候。A选项正确。
(7)词义与词形辨析。part和section都可以表示“部分”。section更具体,往往是一个整体分成了几块,而一个section就是其中一块,part可以用的范围更广泛一些,也可以抽象一些,它的大小是很模糊的,所以当表示“在这个国家的每个部分”时应该用section。
(8)词义与词形辨析。A选项的leisurely“悠闲地,从容地”;B选项的idly“无所事事地,懒惰地”;C选项的comfortably“舒适地”;D选项的pleasantly‘‘愉快地,和蔼地”,上文已说明美国的自然特性好,因此这里应指在美国,差不多在每个地区,人们整年都有可能生活得很舒服,C选项的comfortably符合题意。
(9)词组及固定搭配。becomeaccustomedto习惯于”。
(10)词义与词形辨析。A选项的damage“损害”;B选项的suffer“遭受,忍受,受痛苦”;C选项的fear“恐惧,害怕”;D选项的frightened“使吃惊,吓走”,上文说到,南方有时会很热,北方有时会很冷,但生活在那里的人已经习惯了那种气候,当天气非常热或非常冷的时候并不会遭受很多痛苦。所以B选项suffer正确。
(11)词组及固定搭配。A选项的agreatvarietyof“各种各样的”;B选项的agreatamountof“大量的”;;C选项的agreatmanyof“大量的”,D选项的agreatdealof“大量的”此处的句意是“大国家通常有各种各样不同的环境特征”,所以A选项正确。
(12)词组及固定搭配。riversofallsizes“大大小小的湖泊,各种规模的河流”。
(13)词义与词形辨析。A选项的aswellas“也,还,和”,连接两个并列成分;B选项的besides着重于指“另外还有”;C选项的exceptfor多用于在说明基本情况或对主要部分加以肯定,还引出相反的原因或细节,从而部分地修正前面的主要意思,含惋惜意味;D选项的inadditionto“除之外还”。这句话的句意是‘许多湖泊和河流和漫长的海岸线,对国家的发展起到了非常重要的作用。’所以A选项正确。
(14)词组及固定搭配。beof“具有的性质”。
(15)词义与词形辨析。A选项的mobilization‘动员,调动‘;B选项的extension‘延长,扩展’;C选项的transportation‘运输,交通’;D选项的connections‘连接,关系’。上文中提到的湖泊和长长的海岸线是对运输有利的,故此处的意思应该为“使便利的运输成为可能”,所以C选项正确。
(16)词义与词形辨析。A选项的longfor‘渴望’;B选项的need‘需要’;C选项的eat‘吃’;D选项的have‘有’。句子意思为“众多的湖泊、河流以及长长的海岸线使得人的交通和人们所需物品的运输成为可能,故对国家的发展意义重大”,所以B选项正确。
(17)词义与词形辨析。A选项的epoch正式用词,侧重指以某重大事件或巨大变化为起点的新的历史时期;B选项的age常指具有显著特征或以某杰出人物命名的历史时代或时期;C选项的times侧重某一特定时期,inmodemtimes表示“当今,现代”;D选项的era书面语用词,指历史上的纪元、年代,可与epoch和age互换。C选项正确。
(18)语法逻辑关系。文章最后两句的意思是说“船舶在运输方面起到了重要作用,但是在现代,火车、汽车、卡车和飞机在做很多以前由船舶所做的工作”,两个句子是一个转折的关系,所以A选项‘however’符合题意。
(19)词义与词形辨析。A选项的job指具体的职业或零工,是可数名词;B选项的work指人们日常生活和工作中从事的体力或脑力劳动,是不可数名词;C选项的occupation指一个人经常担任的工作,不论是否领取工资;D选项的profession指人的职业。句子意思是“火车、汽车、卡车和飞机在做很多以前由船舶所做的工作”,B选项符合题意。
(20)词义与词形辨析。A选项的formally“正式地,形式上”;B选项的lately“近来,不久前”;C选项的recently“最近”;D选项的formerly“以前,原来”,句子意思是“火车、汽车、卡车和飞机在做很多以前由船舶所做的工作”,D选项符合题意。
7.单选题
Theearthquakeof26thDecember,2004resultedinoneoftheworstnaturaldisastersinlivingmemory.Itwasa(1)underwaterquakeandoccurredintheIndianOcean.It(2)coastlines,communitiesandbroughtdeathtoomanypeople.
Whydoearthquakeshappen?
Thesurfaceoftheearthhasnotalwayslookedasitdoestoday;itismoving(3)(althoughveryslowly)andhasdonesoforbillionsofyears.Thisisone
(4)
ofearthquakes,wheno
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