通用高考英语二轮复习第一板块阅读理之题型篇专题一第三讲主旨大意题-抽取主干细加工讲义

第三讲主旨大意题一一抽取主干细加工主旨大意题是阅读理解中考生失分最多的题目，因为该类试题不仅考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力，也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求。文章中没有明显的解题依据，需要考生从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括，才能归纳出文章的主旨。此类题目可分为三大类，即标题归纳题、文章大意题和段落大意题。要做好主旨大意题,我们首先必须了解其正确选项和干扰选项的特征。正确选项特征1.过于笼统，不知所云1.涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段。2.以偏概全，主次不分确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小。精确性强，不3.移花接木，偷换概念会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。4.无中生有，生搬硬套干扰选项特征所给选项内容概括的范围过大，超出文章所述内容。所给选项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，或以文章中的细节信息或个别词作为选项的设置内容，或以次要的事实或细节充当全文的主要观点。所给选项被命题者有意识地把本属于 A的内容放在B上，若不留神，极易选错答案。所给选项的关键词语虽然在文章中谈到了，但经过仔细阅读分析之后，发现选项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系。类型一标题归纳题-、常见设问方式-Thebesttitleofthepassageis .-Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthepassage?-Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?-Themostappropriatetitleofthepassageis .、解题必备知能（一）理解标题的3大特点一个好的标题应具备三大特点：1．概括性——准确而又简短；2．针对性——标题外延正好与文章内容相符；3．醒目性——能引发读者的阅读欲望。（二）巧用3大方法确定文章标题1．正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨；2．反面否定法：撇开原文，拿各个备选项去设想用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原文章对照，一一排除不符选项；3．研读备选项本身：研读备选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、概括性等。［例］（2018•全国卷I阅读B）GoodMorningBritain'sSusannaReidisusedtogrillingguestsonthesofaeverymorning,butsheiscookingupastorminherlatestrole—showingfamilieshowtopreparedeliciousandnutritiousmealsonatightbudget.InSaveMoney:GoodFood,shevisitsadifferenthomeeachweekandwiththehelpofchefMattTebbuttofferstoptipsonhowtoreducefoodwaste,whilepreparingrecipesforunder£5perfamilyaday.AndtheGoodMorningBritainpresentersaysshe'sbeenabletoputalotofwhatshe'slearntintopracticeinherownhome,preparingmealsforsons,Sam,14,Finn,13,andJack,11.“WeloveMexicanchurros,soIbuythemonmyphonefrommylocalMexicantakeawayrestaurant，”sheexplains. “Ipay£5foraportion（一份）,butMattmakesthemfor26paportion,becausetheyareflour,water,sugarandoil.Everybodycanbuytakeawayfood,butsometimeswe'renotawarehowcheaplywecanmakethisfoodourselves.”Theeight-partseries（系列节目）,SaveMoney:GoodFood,followsinthefootstepsofITV'sSaveMoney:GoodHealth,whichgaveviewersadviceonhowtogetvaluefromthevastrangeofhealthproductsonthemarket.Withfoodourbiggestweeklyhouseholdexpense,SusannaandMattspendtimewithadifferentfamilyeachweek.Intonight'sEasterspecialtheycometotheaidofafamilyinneedofsomedeliciousinspirationonabudget.Theteamtransformsthefamily'slongweekendofcelebrationwithlessexpensivebutstilltastyrecipes.27.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?KeepingFitbyEatingSmartBalancingOurDailyDietMakingYourselfaPerfectChefCookingWellforLess［解题示范］第一步：读文章，概括文意本文是一篇新闻报道。 《早安英国》的节目主持人苏珊娜•瑞德新推出了一档节目SaveMoney:GoodFood,向观众展示如何用较少的预算做出美味营养的饭菜。第二步：析选项，斟酌判断A 通过明智的吃来保持健康文中虽提到有关饮食和健康方面的内容， 但这不是文章 以偏概全，主次不分主要内容。B 平衡我们的日常饮食无中生有，生搬硬套文中没有提到平衡日常饮食。C 让你自己成为一个完美的厨师文中只是提到用较少的预算做出美味的饭菜， 没有说做以偏概全，主次不分一个完美的厨师。D 用的少，烹饪好涵盖性强，覆盖全文文章围绕用较少的预算做出美味的饭菜展开的。［答案］D类型二文章大意题一、 常见设问方式What'sthemainidea/pointofthepassage?TOC\o"1-5"\h\zThepassageismainlyabout .Thepassageismainlyconcernedabout .Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthemainideaofthepassage?Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestexpressesthemainidea/themeofthepassage?Inthispassagetheauthordiscussesprimarily .Thesubjectdiscussedinthistextis .Thegeneral/mainideaofthepassageisabout .二、 解题必备知能掌握寻找主题句的4个小窍门，快速确定文章大意文章是由段落组成的。 段落的主题就是段落的中心思想， 具体段落的中心思想又是为文章整体中心思想服务的。 理解整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在理解具体段落中心的基础上的。找出每小段的主题句， 各段的主题句常在该段的首句或尾句， 各段主题句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。 有的文章无明显主题句， 主题句隐含在段意之中， 这就需要进一步加工概括。观察全文的结构安排，理解文章的“重心”和支撑性细节。用浏览法(skimming)，即快速阅读文首、 文尾，或每段的首句和尾句等，搜索主题线索和主题信息的方法可以快速找到主题句。以下是找主题句的四个小窍门：1.段落中出现表示转折的词语 (如however,but,infact,actually 等)时，该句很可能是主题句。2•首段出现疑问句时，对该问句的回答很可能就是文章主旨。3•作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。4.表示总结或结论的句子常包含 therefore,thus,inshort,conelude,conclusion等词，通常是主旨。［例］(2018•全国卷I阅读C)Languageshavebeencomingandgoingforthousandsofyears,butinrecenttimestherehasbeenlesscomingandalotmoregoing.Whentheworldwasstillpopulatedbyhunter-gatherers, small,tightlyknit(联系)groupsdevelopedtheirownpatternsofspeechindependentofeachother.Somelanguageexpertsbelievethat10,000yearsago,whentheworldhadjustfivetotenmillionpeople,theyspokeperhaps12,000Ianguagesbetweenthem.Soonafterwards,manyofthosepeoplestartedsettlingdowntobecomefarmers,andtheirIanguagestoobecamemoresettledandfewerinnumber.Inrecentcenturies,trade,industrialisation,thedevelopmentofthenation-statean dthespreadofuniversalcompulsoryeducation,especiallyglobalisationandbettercommunicationsinthepastfewdecades,allhavecausedmanyIanguagestodisappear,anddominant IanguagessuchasEnglish,SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.Atpresent,theworldhasabout6,800Ianguages.ThedistributionoftheseIanguagesishugelyuneven.ThegeneralruleisthatmildzoneshaverelativelyfewIanguages,oftenspokenbymanypeople,whilehot,wetzoneshavelots,oftenspokenbysmallnumbers.Europehasonlyaround200Ianguages;theAmericasabout1,000;Africa2,400;andAsiaandthePacificperhaps3,200,ofwhichPapuaNewGuineaaloneaccountsforwellover800.Themediannumber(中位数)ofspeakersisamere6,000,whichmeansthathalftheworld'sIanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.Alreadywellover400ofthetotalof6,800Ianguagesareclosetoextinction(了肖亡),withonlyafewelderlyspeakersleft.Pick,atrandom,BusuuinCameroon(eightremainingspeakers),ChiapanecoinMexico(150),LipanApacheintheUnitedStates(twoorthree)orWadjiguinAustralia(one,withaquestion-mark):none oftheseseemstohavemuchchaneeofsurvival.31.Whatisthemainideaofthetext?NewIanguageswillbecreated.People'slifestylesarereflectedinIanguages.HumandevelopmentresultsinfewerIanguages.GeographydeterminesIanguageevolution.［解题示范］第一步：读文章，概括文意文章介绍了世界上语言的种类随着人类社会的发展而逐渐减少这一现象。第二步：析选项，斟酌判断A 新语言将会被创造。移花接木，偷换概念文章介绍的是语言的减少而不是新语言的创造。B 人们的生活方式会反映到语言上。文中没有这种说法。无中生有，生搬硬套C 人类的发展导致语言越来越少。文章介绍了世界上语言多样性的发展变化以及现在很涵盖性强，覆盖全文多语言面临消亡的威胁这一现象。D 地理决定语言的发展。文中没有这种说法。无中生有，生搬硬套［答案］C类型三段落大意题一、常见设问方式WhatdoestheauthortellusinParagraph...?Themainideaofthesecondparagraphprobablyi s .Thefirstparagraphismainlyabout .WhichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizePara.1?Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?二、解题必备知能归纳段落大意的2种方法方法1：概括段落大意要准确概括某段的大意，务必要知道该段的逻辑结构。如果该段是按总分顺序组织，首句做总的说明，其他句子对其进行具体论述，这种结构的主题句就在段首；如果按分总顺序组织，主题句就在段尾；如果按分总分的顺序组织，则主题句就在这段话的中间；如果按总分总的顺序，段落结构相对难度较低，我们可以很明显的看到一段的首句和末句的内容几乎完全一致，正确答案就呼之欲出了；如果按并列式行文，这种结构的段落一般会在一段中讨论两个平行的内容，整个段落可以从中间处分开，前后是平行关系，这样的段落结构对应的答案通常也会是很明显的并列关系；如果对比各事物，那么它们的共同点或不同点就是该段大意。方法2：揣摩段落大意有时，作者可能不直接写出主题句，而是通过各种方法暗示给读者，这就需要充分发挥读者的想象力与判断力，揣摩段落大意。［例］(2017•全国卷n阅读C节选)TerrafugiaInc.saidMondaythatitsnewflyingcarhascompleteditsfirstflight,bringingthecompanyclosertoitsgoalofsellingtheflyingcarwithinthenextyear.Thevehicle—namedtheTransition —hastwoseats,fourwheelsandwingsthatfoldupsoitcanbedrivenlikeacar.TheTransition,whichflewat1,400feetforeightminuteslastmonth,canreacharound70milesperhourontheroadand115intheair.Itfliesusinga23-gallontankofgasandburns5gallonsperhourintheair.Ontheground,itgets35milespergallon.28．Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A．ThebasicdataoftheTransition.B．Theadvantagesofflyingcars.C．Thepotentialmarketforflyingcars.D．ThedesignersoftheTransition.[解题示范]第一步：读文章，概括段意该段没有主题句，但是从以下几个方面说明了飞车theTransition的相关情况：①制造商：TerrafugiaInc.②首飞成功：completeditsfirstflight③上市时间：withinthenextyear④飞车名字：theTransition⑤飞车构成：twoseats,fourwheelsandwings⑥飞行时速：around70milesperhourontheroadand115intheair⑦耗油：5gallonsperhourintheair;Ontheground,35milespergallon由以上信息可以看出该段主要描述了飞车theTransition的一些基本数据。第二步：析选项，斟酌判断

A飞车theTransition 的基本数据。A项是对本段内容的精炼概括和总结。涵盖性强，覆盖全段B飞车的一些优点。该选项错误在于以下两点：该段介绍了名字为theTransition 的飞车；而不是全部飞车(flyingcars) 。该段列举的是基本数据而不是优点。无中生有，生搬硬套C飞车的潜在市场。原文没有提及。无中生有，生搬硬套D飞车theTransition 的设计商。该选项仅仅是文章中的一个方面。以偏概全，主次不分［答案］A［课堂应用体验］JensDanielsenkneeledonhisdogsledasitslidalongtheroughedgeofafrozenJensDanielsensea.The15dogsinhisteammovedcarefully.DespitethebittercoldoflateMarch,theicehadbrokenup,makingtraveldangerous.Theseaiceusedtobethreefeetsea.The15dogsinhisteammovedcarefully.DespitethebittercoldoflateMarch,theicehadbrokenup,makingtraveldangerous.Theseaiceusedtobethreefeetthickhere，”Jenssays.“Nowit'sonlyfourinchesthick.Jensisa45-year-oldhunterfromQaanaaq,avillageofabout650people.Hewasheadingtowardtheiceedgetofindwalruses（海象）,asInuithuntershavealwaysdone.With57dogstofeed,aswellashisextendedfamily,he'llneedtokillseveralwalrusesonthistrip.NormallytheicecomestonorthwesternGreenlandinSeptemberandstaysuntilJune.Butduringthepastfewyearstheicehasbeenthickandthehuntinggoodforonlythreeorfourweeks.Theiceshelfgiveshuntersaccesstothewalruses,seals,andwhalestheyhunt.Withoutit,huntingbecomesnearlyimpossible.Inonerecentwinter,Qaanaaq'shuntersfoundthemselveswithoutsufficientfoodtofeedtheirstarvingdogs.Thehuntersaskedforhelp,andthegovernmentrespondedwithmoneywhilefishingcorporationsassistedbysendingfishbyairplane.Today,fewerthan500icehuntersareabletolivebyhuntingalone.Theytravelbydogsled,wearskins,andhuntwithharpoons.Atthesametime,theyalsouseguns,cellphones,andwatchTV.“Thischangingweatherisbadforus,”Jenssays.“Someofourpeoplehavetofindotherwaystomakealiving. ”Thegovernmentnowfundsjobtrainingprogramstohelpicehuntersfindotheremployment.Warmerweatherdoesprovidesomeopportunities. Quantitiesofvaluablefishthatpreferwarmerwaterareincreasing, andmeltingicehasuncoveredsomeofGreenland'svaluablenaturalresources—mineralsandmetals.Butthelasticehuntersmaynotbeabletogetusedtoworkingasfishermen,inmines,orinpowerplants.AsJenssays,“Withoutice,wecan'tlive.Withoutice,we'renothingatall. ”语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了冰上捕猎者的生活以及目前面临的困境。Whathasmadehuntingwithdogsledsdifficultfortheicehunters?Theiceistoothin.Theirdogsaretoofat.Theweatheristoocold.Therearenotenoughanimals.解析：选A细节理解题。根据第一段中的" DespitethebittercoldoflateMarch,theicehadbrokenup... ‘Nowit'sonlyfourinchesthick. '”可知，如今冰变薄了，所以他们在冰上捕猎很困难。What'sthemainideaofParagraph4?Mosticehuntershaveimprovedtheirlivesrecently.Theicehuntershaveimprovedtheirhuntingmethods.C．Thetraditionalicehunters'wayoflifeisdisappearing.D．Onlythebesticehuntershavebeenabletocontinuehunting.解析：选C段落大意题。第四段讲述了如今冰上捕猎者并不能单纯依靠捕猎生活，他们需要另谋生路，传统的捕猎生活方式正在消亡。3．Whymighttheicehuntersfinditdifficulttodootherwork?A．Thereisnotrainingavailable.B．Thegovernmentisunhelpful.C．Theyprefertheirowntraditions.D．Therearefewerotherjobsavailable.解析：选C推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Butthelasticehuntersmaynotbeabletogetusedtoworkingasfishermen,inmines,orinpowerplants. ”可推知，冰上捕猎者可能无法适应别的工作，他们更喜欢传统的捕猎生活。4．What'sthetextmainlyabout?A．HowtohuntseaanimalsinGreenland.B．Howmodernhuntingmethodsarebeneficial.C．Howthegovernmentishelpingfailedhunters.D．Howwarmerweatherisaffectingicehunters.解析：选D文章大意题。本文讲述了因气候变暖，冰上捕猎者面临的一系列问题，故选D项。BFacebooksaysitisworkingontechnologytoallowustocontrolcomputersdirectlywithourbrains.Itisdeveloping “silentspeech”softwaretoallowpeopletotypeatarateof100wordsperminute.Theproject,initsearlystages,willrequirenewtechnologytodetectbrainwaveswithoutneedinginvasivesurgery. “Wearenottalkingaboutdecoding（译）yourrandomthoughts，”assuredFacebook'sReginaDugan.“We'retalkingaboutdecodingthosewords.MsDuganisthecompany'sheadofBuilding8,thefirm'shardwareresearchlab.Thecompanysaiditintendstobuildboththehardwareandsoftwaretoachieveitsgoal,andhasenlistedateamofmorethan60scientistsandacademicstoworkontheproject.OnhisFacebookpage,MarkZuckerbergadded: “OurbrainsproduceenoughdatatostreamfourHDmovieseverysecond.Theproblemisthatthebestwaywehavetogetinformationoutintotheworld —speech—canonlytransmitaboutthesameamountofdataasa1980smodem.We'reworkingon ‘silentspeech 'softwarethatwillletyoutypestraightfromyourbrainaboutfivetimesfasterthanyoucantypeonyourphonetoday.Eventually,wewanttoturnitintoawearabletechnologythatcanbemanufacturedatscale. ”“Technologyisgoingtohavetogetalotmoreadvaneedbeforewecanshareapurethoughtorfeeling,butthisisafirststep ，”MsDugansaid.Otherideasdetailedatthecompany'sdevelopersconferenceinSanJoseincludedworktoallowpeopleto“hear”thro