十一选十和概要写作复习讲义-高考英语冲刺复习

上海2022届高考英语冲刺复习十一选十和概要写作复习知识点梳理（一）十一选十1、解题步骤第一步：详读选项，词分类。第二步：略读全文，定中心第三步：瞻前顾后，灵活选第四步：复核检查，定结果2、判断方框单词词性确定空格为名词（句子缺主语、宾语或定语）1）句子缺主语2）句子缺动词宾语或介词宾语3）注意名词也可作定语确定空格为动词（句子缺谓语动词）注意此时动词形式为原形，三单，过去式，进行时或被动语态的过去分词。1）及物动词作谓语2）不及物动词作谓语3）系动词作谓语4）祈使句5）被动语态和进行时情况确定空格为形容词（句子缺定语和表语）1）单个形容词作前置定语2）形容词短语作后置定语3）形容词作表语确定空格为副词（句子不缺主要成分，用来做状语）1）句子完整，副词可修饰动词、形容词、副词、整个句子、介词短语、不定式、过去分词等2）副词还可修饰名词或代词，如only，hardly，almost，precisely等3）注意省略情况确定动词非谓语形式（do,doing,done）1）动名词①作主语、动词宾语和介词宾语

②注意动名词复合结构2）不定式①注意带to和不带to两种情况②注意to还可能是作介词用3）分词①单个现在分词和过去分词作前置定语，分词短语作后置定语。②单个分词也可作后置定语，如left，used，gained等（二）概要写作1、解题步骤1）阅读①把握文章体裁。概要写作一般包括记叙文、议论文、和说明文。将注意力集中到原文的中心思想和文章的整体结构上，根据文章体裁特点决定内容的取舍。记叙文Who/when/what/where/how/theresult/thewriter’spoint议论文Argument1/supportingdetailArgument2/supportingdetailConclusion说明文Thetopic-whatThereason-whyTheeffects-howThesolution/conclusion②画出主题句或关键词。主题句一般出现在段首或段尾。如果没有明显的主题句，则需要考生自己重新组合。③整合概括大意。最后，考生要根据阅读时获取的信息、主题句或关键词（组）等，对相关的内容进行整合，理清各层次、要点之间的关系，用自己的语言把词（组）扩展成句，归纳出各段落的大意，也就是表达的要点。2）写作概要写作在透彻理解原文基础上，对原文进行高度的概括。要注意以下几点：①准确。概要写作必须绝对忠实原文，既不能遗漏任何要点，也不能随意添加内容。概要写作的时态、顺序应与原文写作的时态、顺序一致。由于概要写作是转述别人的事情或观点，所以，不管原文使用何种人称，概要写作一般都要用第三人称。②客观。在进行概要写作时，考生要依据原文作者的观点，客观地转述文中的要点，不要把自己个人的观点和看法掺杂进去，不要使用“Ithink”和“Ibelieve”等主观性的词句。由于概要写作不允许照抄原文中的句子，因此，考生可采用句型转换、同义词转化、语态互换等手法将原文中的句子进行改头换面，达到“雁过不留痕”的效果。③简洁。概要写作的词数有限，去掉原文中的一些实例、冗长的说明、描述性的修饰语以及省略或简化图表，删除直接引语的对话。采用主谓缩写，句式省赂，合并句子，使用简单句、并列句，with的复合结构，适当使用复合句等方法来进行概要写作。但必须注意的是，简洁的同时一定要保证所写的内容概要意义完整，表达清楚，连贯紧凑。④连贯。概要写作不是简单地罗列各个要点，哪怕只有一个段落，考生也要根据原文的层次结构，在适当的地方添加连接词，使所写的内容概要衔接紧密，条理清楚。3）检查①查。查一查要点是否全面；查人称与时态是否正确；查衔接是否连贯；查是否有直接照抄原文的句子（注意照抄原文超过5个词扣一分）；查拼写和语法是否有误；查标点符号及大小写是否正确等等。②数。数一数内容概要的词数是否符合要求，一个单词也不能超过。2、解题技巧 删除细节提炼删除具体例子要点 避免重复 整合 语言 同义转换：近义词、同义词、反义词等替换 句子重构：调整词类、句型、时态、语态等逻辑 衔接：照应、替代、省略、连接和词汇衔接课堂检测（一）VocabularyDirections:Fillineachblankwithaproperwordchosenfromthebox.Eachwordcanbeusedonlyonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.A.prizedB.answerableC.limitD.accessibleE.projectedF.justifyG.piratedH.insightfulI.chieflyJ.purchaseK.genuinelyWelivetodayindebtedtoMcCardell,Cashin,Hawes,Wilkins,andMaxwell,andotherwomenwholiberatedAmericanfashionfromthe___31___ofParisiandesign.Independencecameintying,wrapping,storing,andrationalizingthatwardrobe.Thesedesignersestablishedthemodemdresscode,lettingplaysuitsandotheractiveoutfitssuitcasualclothing,allowingpantstoenterthewardrobe,andprizingrationalismandutilityindress,incontradictiontodressingforanoccasion.FashioninAmericawaslogicaland___32___tothewillofthewomenwhoworeit.Americanfashionaddressedademocracy,whereastraditionalParis-basedfashionwasprescriptiveandimposedonwomen,willingornot.Inanearliertime,AmericanfashionhadalsofollowedthedictatesofParis,oreven___33___specificFrenchdesigns.DesignersportswearwasnotmodeledonthatofEurope,as“modemart”wouldlaterbe;itwas___34___inventedanddevelopedinAmerica.Itsdesignerswerenothigh-endwithsupplementarylines.Thedesignobjectiveandthebusinesscommitmentweretargetedtosportswear,andthedistinctivetraitswereproblem-solvingingenuity（独创性）andrealisticlifestyleapplications.Easeofcarewasmostimportant:summerdressesandoutfits,inparticular,were___35___cotton,readilycapableofbeingwashedandpressedathome.Closingsweresimple,practical,and___36___,asthemodemwomandependedonnopersonalmaidtodressher.Americandesigners___37___thefreedomofwomenwhoworetheclothing.Manyhavearguedthatthewomendesignersofthattime___38___theirownclothingvaluesintoanewstyle.Ofcourse,muchofthisargumentinthe1930s-40swasadvancedbecausetherewaslittleornoexperienceindesigningclothesonthebasisofutility.Butcouldutilityalone___39___thenewideasoftheAmericandesigners?Fashionisoftenregardedasapursuitofbeauty,andsomecherishedfashion’srelationshiptothefinearts.WhatthedesignersoftheAmericansportswearprovedwasthatfashionisadesignart,answeringtothedemandingneedsofservice.Ofcoursethesepractical,___40___designershavedeterminedthecourseoflatetwentieth-centuryfashion.Theywerethepioneersofgenderequity,intheiruseful,adaptableclothing,whichwasbothmadeforthemassesandcapableofself-expression.31-40CBGKIDAEFHDirections:Fillineachblankwithaproperwordchosenfromthebox.Eachwordcanbeusedonlyonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.A.conditionB.reverseC.monitorD.presentE.matureF.mobilityG.rejectedH.potentialI.symptomsJ.progressionK.transformedJapanresearchersonMondayannouncedthefirsthumantrialusingakindofstemcelltotreatParkinson’sdisease,buildingonearlieranimaltrials.TheresearchteamatKyotoUniversityplanstoinjectfivemillioninducedPluripotentStem(IPS)cells(诱导多能干细胞)--whichhavethe___31___todevelopintoanycellinthebody-intopatientbrains,theuniversitysaidinapressrelease.TheIPScellsfromhealthydonorwillbedevelopedintodopamine-producingbraincells,whicharenolonger___32___inpeoplewithParkinson’sdisease.Parkinson’sdiseaseisachronic,degenerativeneurologicaldisorderthataffectsthebody’smotorsystem,oftencausingshakingandotherdifficultiesinmovement.‘Currentlyavailabletherapiesimprovesymptomswithoutslowingorputtingastoptothedisease___33___,’thefoundationsays.Butthenewresearchaimstoactively___34___thedisease.Theclinicaltestwithsevenparticipantsagedbetween50and69willbeginonWednesday.Theuniversitywill___35___theconditionsofthepatientsfortwoyearsaftertheoperation.Thehumantrialcomesafteranearliertrialinvolvingmonkeys.ResearchersannouncedlastyearthatprimateswithParkinson’ssymptomsregainedsignificant___36___afterIPScellswereinsertedintotheirbrains.TheyalsoconfirmedthattheIPScellshadnot___37___intotumoursduringthetwoyearsaftertheimplant.IPScellsarecreatedbystimulating___38___,alreadyspecialized,cellsbackintoaninfantstate—basicallycloningwithouttheneedforanembryo(胚胎).Thesecanbederivedfromthepatient,makingthemlesslikelytobe___39___,whilealsoavoidingethicalconcernsabouttakingcellsfromembryos.Thecellscanbetransformedintoarangeofdifferenttypesofcells,andtheiruseisakeysectorofmedicalresearch.31—40HDBJCFKEGA（二）SummaryDirections:

Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.Itistruethatforeignaidhassomebenefits.Poorcountriescanusefinancialaidtobuildinfrastructuresuchasroadsandschools,therebyfacilitatingeconomicgrowth.MillionsofAfricansnowhaveaccesstocleanwaterwells,builtwithaidmoney,whenpreviouslymanyofthemgotsickdrinkingfilthywater.Whennaturaldisastersstrikepoorcountries,itiscommonfortheinternationalcommunitytosendmedicalassistanceandfoodtothem,thushelpingtorelievethesufferingofthoseaffectedandsavelives.However,internationalaidhasfarmoredrawbacks.Aroundtheglobepoorcountriesareoftentroubledbypoorgovernance,anditislikelythataidtothesecountrieswillendupbeingembezzled(盗用)bycorruptofficials,ratherthanbringingreal,concretebenefitstopeopleinneed.Inwar-tornareas,financialassistancemayevenbeusedtopurchaseweaponsandineffectfuelconflicts.Foreignaidalsohastheeffectofdisruptingthelocalmarketsoftherecipientcountries.Whenfarmerscanreceivefreefoodonaregularbasistheymaylosetheincentivestogrowfoodontheirown.Thiswillhinderthegrowthofthefoodindustryandcreateacultureofdependencethatisharmfultoacountry’slong-termdevelopment.Insummary,althoughinternationalaiddoeshaveitspositiveaspects,theseremainlimitedinbothscopeandscale.Inmanycases,givingaidtopoorcountriesoftendefeatsitspurpose,andgovernmentstheworldovershouldbeprudentwhenitcomestosendingandreceivingaid.参考答案：Theharmsofaidingpoornationsactuallyoutweighitsbenefits.(1)Thoughforeignaidboostseconomicgrowthandhealthlevels,andeasespeople'ssufferings,(2)itmaybemisusedbycorruptofficialsandevenformilitarypurpose.(1)Worsestill,foreignaidsmaydisruptthelocalmarkets,encouragingdependencewhilehinderingthedevelopment.(1)Therefore,moreprudenceisneededregardingforeignaids.课后作业（一）VocabularyDirections:Fillineachblankwithaproperwordchosenfromthebox.Eachwordcanbeusedonlyonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.A.associationsB.characteristicsC.dinersD.experiencedE.exploitF.implicationsG.interpretH.playI.previouslyJ.processedK.simplyHowsoundandcolourinfluencethetasteoffoodThesoundpeoplehearwhiletheyareeatingfoodcanchangethewaytheythinkittastes,scientistshavediscovered.Infact,researchershavealsofoundthatchangingthecolourofafoodcaninfluencetheflavour31byconsumers.Foodmanufacturersarenowhopingto32thefindingsinanattempttomaketheirfoodsmoreappealing.Itwas33thoughtthatthesenseoftasteand
smellweretheonlyhumansensesthatplayedaroleinexperiencingflavour.ProfessorCharlesSpence,asensorypsychologistatOxfordUniversity,isaleadingexpertinhisfield.Hebelievesthatitispossibletochangetheflavoroffoodsimplybyexcitingpeople’ssenseofhearing.Forexample,listeningtowaveshittingtheseashorecanmake34detectseafoodflavours.ProfessorSpencehasalsodiscoveredthat35changingthecolourofafoodcaninfluencethewayittastes.Hefoundthatbychangingadrinkfromyellowtoadeepred,itispossibletomakeittasteupto12percentsweeterthanitreallyis.Hesaid:‘Thiscolourhasstrong36withveryripefruit.’Flavourisnotjustassimpleasthewaysomethingtastes,asalltheothersensescomeinto37andsomecandominatethewaythebrainwill38afood.Icecreamactivatesapartofthebrainwhichisjustbehindtheeyesandiswhereemotionsare39.Bymelting,itchangesitsphysical40andcreatescontraststhatcontinuallykeepyoursensesinterested.Sonexttimeyouareinarestaurantorasupermarket,orjustsittingdownathometoeatsomething,thinkaboutwhetheryourchoiceshavebeeninfluencedbysoundorcolour.Youmaybesurprised!31—40 DEICK AHGJB（二）SummaryDirections:

Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.BlowingaFewTopsEverstoppedtoconsidertheupsideofvolcaniceruptions?It’snotalldeath,destructionandhotliquidrock—scientistshaveaplantocooltheplanetbysimulatingonesucheruption.Solargeoengineeringinvolvessimulatingavolcanobysprayingaerosols（气溶胶）intotheatmosphere.Whentheycombinewithoxygen,dropletsofsulfuricacid（硫酸）form.ThesedropletsreflectsunlightawayfromEarth,coolingtheplanet.Allgoodintheory,buttheconsequencesarelargelyunknownandafewcouldbedisastrous.InastudyrecentlypublishedinNatureCommunications,researchersledbyAnthonyJones,aclimatescientistfromtheUniversityofExeter,foundthatusingthistechnologyintheNorthernHemispherecouldreducethenumberoftropicalwindshittingtheU.S.andCaribbean.Butthere’sanannoyingexchange:morewindsintheSouthernHemisphereandadroughtacrosstheSahelregionofAfrica.That’sbecausetheentireclimatesystemislinked—disruptingoneregionwillinvariablyaffectanother.Howwouldanationreactifanotherwascausingitsweathertogetmuchworse?Wouldthatbeanactofwar?Thereis,however,acaseforusingsolargeoengineeringonaglobalscale.Jonessaysitcouldbeusedto“taketheedgeoff”thetemperatureincreasesscientistsarepredicting.Itcouldbeusedwhiletheworldsearchesformoreeffectivestrategies.Thestudyalsohighlightsafarbiggerproblemwithsolargeoengineering:itscompletelackofregulation.“There’snothingthatcouldstoponecountryjustdoingit,”Jonessays.“Youonlyneedabout100aircraftwiththreeflightsperday.Itwouldcost$1billionto$10billionperyear.”Headds,“It’sdeeplydisturbingthatwehavethistechnologythatcouldhavesuchamassiveinfluenceontheclimate,yetthere’sjustnoregulationtostopcountriesorevenorganizationsfromdoingit.”Jonescautionsthatthereismuchabouttheclimatesystemwedonotunderstand,aswellasfarmorethatwillneedtobedonebeforesolargeoengineeringisconsideredsafe—ortoodangeroustoevendiscuss.参考答案：Theplanetcouldbecooledbyusingsolargeoengineering,ifscientistssimulateaneruptingvolcano.However,itcouldhavedevastatingside-effectsbecausetheclimatechangeinoneregionmayaffectanother.Thefactthatthereisnolawtostopanycountryorcompanyfromusingthistechnologyworriesscientists.Thetechnologyrequiresfurtherstudybeforebeingputintouse.Directions:

Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.e-learning:Hazypast—betterfuture? Howmuchofaneffectdoestechnologyhaveonstudents’learning?Asignificantone,itseems,accordingtoexperts.Currentlyavailabletechnologies,themostimportantofwhicharecomputersandtheInternet,apparentlyprovidealearningenvironmentinwhichproblem-solvingandintellectualenquirycanflourish.Theprocessoflearningintheclassroommaybecomesignificantlymoreeffectiveasstudentscandealwithinformationonthecomputer.Orsothetheorygoes.Myownviewpointisratherdifferent,I’mafraid. Computershavebeenaroundfortwodecadesaspartofschoolequipment.Thereare,ofcourse,obstacleslikecoststoovercome,butit’sjustamatte