海运知识汉英

海运基础知识BasicSeaTransportKnowledge一、集装箱种类及规格Kindsandsizesofcontainer普通集装箱，又称干货集装箱(drycontainer/generalpurpose)Ordinarycontainer,ordrycontainer这种集装箱占集装箱总数的 70~80%。Thiskindofcontainerstake70-80%ofthetotalamount冷冻集装箱(reefercontainer)分外置和内置式两种。温度可在 -28C~+26C之间调整。内置式集装箱在运输过程中可随意启动冷冻机，使集装箱保持指定温度；而外置式则必须依靠集装箱专用车、船和专用堆场、车站上配备的冷冻机来制冷。There'reexternalandinternalsettings.Thetemperaturecouldbeadjustedbetween-28C-26C.Theinternalcontainercouldstartrefrigeratoratanytimeduringthetransportationtokeepthecontaineratdesignatedtemperature.Theexternalcontainermustberefrigeratedbyrefrigeratorequippedoncontainercarrier,ship,containeryardorstation.开顶集装箱(opentopcontainer)这种集装箱没有箱顶，装运时用防水布覆盖顶部。适合于装载体积高大的物体，如玻璃板。There'snotopatthiscontainer,water -proofcovershallbeusedtocoverthetopduringloading.It'sfitforloadingbigvolumeobjects,forinstance,glassplate.框架集装箱(flatrackcontainer)没有箱顶和两侧。以运载超重货物为主，还便于装载牲畜，以及免除外包装的裸装货。Thiskindofcontainerdoesn'thavetoporsides.It'smainlyusedfortransportoverloadedcargo,alsoconvenientforloadinglivestockandcargowithoutpackage.罐式集装箱(tankcontainer)又称液体集装箱。其结构是在一个金属框架内固定上一个液罐。It'salsocalledliquidcontainer.Aliquidtankisfixedinsideofametalframework.挂衣箱(dresshangercontainer)适合于装运服装类商品的集装箱。It'sfitfortransportinggarmentgoods.集装箱规格Containersizes1.箱体内部尺寸Internaldimensions干货箱Dry冷藏箱Reefer开顶箱OpenTop框架箱FlatRackLWHLWHLWHLWH20'58902350239054352286224559002330233756282178215940'1202923502390115522266220012025233023371176221781986HC12029235226981155822862505//////2.箱体内谷积及载重里 CapacityandPayload干货箱Dry冷藏箱Reefer开顶箱OpenTop框架箱FlatRackCuPCuPCuPCuP20'33.12174027.52113532.621740/2780040'67.72663058.72658056.826410/40250HC76.32660066.126380////3.箱门开度尺寸DooropeningDimensions干货箱Dry20'40'HCWHWHWH234022802340228023402585一般干货集装箱所能装载的货物体积和重量如下：Thevolumeandweightofcommondrycontainerareasthefollowing:20'GP:25CBW28CBM 21000KGS40'GP:55CBMP58cBM 24000KGS40'HC:65CBM-68CBM 24000KGS注：各个船公司对集装箱的限重有不同的规定，在订舱前最好先与船公司确认限重。Notice:Differentshipcompanieshasdifferentregulationforweightlimitforcontainers,it'spreferredthatthisbeconfirmedwithshipcompaniesbeforebooking.二、集装箱运输条款ContainershipmenttermsC上集装箱堆场(containeryard):集装箱重箱或空箱交接和堆存的场所。CY(containeryard):Deliveryandstockpilingplaceforfullcontainersandemptycontainer.CFS-集装箱货运站(containerfreightstation):拼箱货装箱和拆箱的船、货双方办理交接的场所。CFS(containerfreightstation):Placefordeliveryoflesscontainerload,unloadedshipsandcargos.CY/CY:是指堆场到堆场方式，承运人负责从装货港集装箱堆场将货物运至卸货港集装箱堆场交付给收货人CY/CY:thewayfromcontaineryardtocontaineryard,theforwarderisresponsiblefordeliveringthecargotoconsigneefromloadingCYtounloadingCY.CY/Fo(freeout):承运人在装货港集装箱堆场接收整箱货物并负责运至卸货港但不负责卸货CY/Fo(freeout):theforwarderisresponsiblefordeliveringthecontainerfromloadingCYtounloadingCY,butnotincludingunloading.CY/LO(lineout):承运人在装货港集装箱堆场接收整箱货物并负责运至卸货港卸货CY/LO(lineout):theforwarderisresponsiblefordeliveringthecontainerfromloadingCYtounloadingCYandunloadingthecontainer.CY/TACKLE承运人在装货港集装箱堆场接收整箱货物并负责运至卸货港卸货至接货车上CY/TACKLE:theforwarderisresponsiblefordeliveringthecontainerfromloadingCYtounloadingCYandunloadingthecontainertopick-uptruck.CY/HOOK承运人在装货港集装箱堆场接收整箱货物并负责运至卸货港卸货，当吊臂吊下货物后服务终止CY/HOOK:theforwarderisresponsiblefordeliveringthecontainerfromloadingCYtounloadingCY,theserviceisendedwhenthecraneliftsoffthecontainer.DOOR/DOOR(到门):由发货人货仓或工厂仓库至收货人的货仓或工厂仓库DOOR/DOOR:fromtheshipperwarehouseorfactorywarehousetoconsigneewarehouseorconsigneefactorywarehouseCY/DOOR场到门)：由起运地或装箱港的堆场至收货人的货仓或工厂仓库CY/DOOR:fromloadingsiteorcontaineryardtoconsigneewarehouseorconsigneefactorywarehouseCY/CFS(场到站)：由起运地或装箱港的堆场至目的地或卸箱港的集装箱货运站CY/CFS:fromloadingsiteorcontaineryardtodestinationorunloadingcontainerfreightstationCFS/CFS站到站)：由起运地或装箱港的集装箱货运站至目的港或卸箱港的集装箱货运站。CFS/CFS:fromloadingsiteorloadingcontainerfreightstationtodestinationorunloadingcontainerfreightstation三、费用类型Costtypes.海运费OCEANFREIGHT.海运附力口费SURCHARGE—燃油附加费BAF/FAF—货币调节附加费 CAF/YAS—旺季附加费PSS—紧急燃油附加费 EBS—战争附加费WRS—一般性涨价GRI.人民币费用RMBCharges整箱出口产生的一般相关费用：Relatedcostsoffullcontainerloadexport:港杂费（固定费用，固定上调前会发统一通知）PortSurcharge（fixedcharge,uniformnoticewillbeissuedbeforeincrease）场站费（协议场站有协议价）StationCharges（agreementchargeisavailableforagreementstation）码头操作费（TH。（固定费用）TerminalHandlingCharge（fixedcharge）文件费：各个船公司收取的文件费标准不同，要确认Documentcharge:differentstandardsatdifferentshipcompanies,itneedstobeconfirmed电放费：各个船公司收取的电放费标准不同，要确认TelexReleasecharge:differentstandardsatdifferentshipcompanies,needsconfirmation报关费Customsdeclarationcharge商检换证费Commodityinspectioncertificatechangecharge装箱费：视货物实际情况来定LoadingCharge:accordingtoactualcargosituation陆运费：根据公里数，货物重量箱型来定TruckingCharge:accordingtomileage,cargoweightandkindofcontainer四、货运单证TransportationDocuments一)为了保证进出口货物的安全交接，在整个运输过程中需要编制各种单据。这些单证各有其特定的用途，彼此之间又有相互依存的关系。它们既把船、港、货各方联系在一起，又能分清各自的权利和义务。Inordertoinsurethesafedeliveryofimport/exportcargo,allkindsofdocumentsaremadeduringthetransportation.There'redifferentdocumentsfordifferentpurpose,whileinterdependentwitheachother.Theynotonlylinkship,portandcargotogether,butalsoseparaterightsandobligations.按实际业务程序介绍一些主要的货运单证。Documentsaccordingtoactualbusinessprocedure:.托运单(BOOKINGFORM也叫委托书俗称"下货纸"，是托运人根据贸易合同和信用证条款内容填制的，向承运人或其代理办理货物托运的单证。承运人根据托运单内容，并结合船舶的航线、挂靠港、船期和舱位等条件考虑，认为合适后，即接受托运。BookingformisfilledbyshipperaccordingtosalescontractandL/Ctermstoforwarderordelegateforhandlingthecargo.Theforwarderacceptsthebookingaccordingtothecontentsofthebookingform,bookingline,portofcall,shippingdateandshippingspace..装货单(SHIPPINGORDER也就是出号或是入货通知 是接受了托运人提出装运申请的船公司，签发给托运人，凭以命令船长将承运的货物装船的单据。装货单既可用作装船依据，又是货主凭以向海关办理出口货物申报手续的主要单据之一， 所以装货单又称“关单”，对托运人而言，装货单是办妥货物托运的证明。对船公司或其代理而言，装货单是通知船方接受装运该批货物的指示文件。Shippingorderisreceivingnotice,isdocumentgiventotheshipper,thatordersthecaptainoftheshiptoloadcontainerontheshipafterreceivingbookingapplicationbytheshipcompany.Shippingordercouldnotonlybetheproofforloading,butalsothemainformalityforshippertodeclarecustoms,sotheshippingorderisalsocalled 'customsorder',forshipper,it'scertificatefoicargoloading.Forshipcompanyorit ’sforwarder,shippingorderisinstructiontoshipcompanytoacceptcargoshipping..海运提单(BILLOFLADING) 提单是一种货物所有权凭证。提单持有人可据以提取货物，也可凭此向银行押汇，还可在载货船舶到达目的港交货之前进行转让。Billoflading(B/L)isdocumentoftitletothecargo.TheholderoftheB/Lcanwithdrawthecargoanddodocumentarycreditatthebank,andreassignitbeforethecargoreachesportfordelivery..舱单(MANIFEST 是按照货港逐票罗列全船载运货物的汇总清单。它是在货物装船完毕之后，由船公司根据收货单或提单编制的。其主要内容包括货物详细情况，装卸港、提单号、船名、托运人和收货人姓名、标记号码等，此单作为船舶运载所列货物的证明。Manifestissummarizedbillofallcargocarriedbytheshipaccordingtolistbylistsetoutbythecargoport.Themaincontentincludesspecificcargoinformation,loadingandunloadingports,B/Lnumber,vesselname,shipperandconsigneenameandlabelnumber,thisdocumentisproofofcargoslistedontheship..货物积载图（CARGOPLAN 是按货物实际装舱情况编制的舱图。它是船方进行货物运输、保管和卸货工作的参考资料，也是卸港据以理货、安排泊位、货物进舱的文件CargoPlanisshippingspacemapaccordingtoactualloadingstatus.It'sreferencedataforshipownertohandlecargotransportation,storageandunloading,whichisalsodocumentforunloadingporttodocargohandling,bertharrangementandentranceofcargointothecabin..提货单（DELIVERYORDER 收货人凭正本提单或副本提单随同有效的担保向承运人或其代理人换取的、可向港口装卸部门提取货物的凭证。DeliveryorderistheevidenceexchangedbytheconsigneewithoriginalbillofladingorassuranceofB/Lcopyforwithdrawalofcargoatportterminal.二）海运提单的概念、内容、种类及签发Concept,Content,KindsandAssignmentoftheSeaB/L.提单的概念ConceptoftheB/L提单是承运人在接运货物后发给托运人的一种单证。它是货物收据，代表货物的物权凭证，是双方运输合同的凭证，可以进行买卖。B/Lisadocumentsentbytheforwardertotheshipperafterreceivingthecargo.Itisreceiptofthecargo,representsthepropertycertificateofthecargoandtheevidenceoftransportationbetweenthetwosides,whichcanbetransacted..提单的内容ContentsoftheB/L提单的内容有正反两面，正面的内容包括船名、装运港、目的港、托运人名称、收货人名称、货物名称、标志、包装、件数、重量或体积、运费、提单正本份数、提单签发日期、承运人或船长签字等；提单的反面是具体运输条款，有关承运人与托运人的责任、索赔与诉讼等问题均有详细的规定。货物装船完毕后，承运人首先落实运费，然后签发已装船提单给发货人。提单是海运业务中最重要的一种单证。托运人取得提单后，立即前往所在地外汇银行办理议付结汇手续，银行收到托运人提交的提单及有关单据，经审查无误后，立即将提单及其它单据寄往进□方当地开立信用证的银行。国外当地银行收到单据，经审核无误后，即将货款划拨到中国外汇银行在其国外银行的帐户上，中国外汇银行即收取货款，然后银行再将货款划归到国内出口方的帐户上。由此可见，出口方在与承运人或其代理人确认提单时应慎重，要做到 "单单一致、单证相符",否则，一旦提单签发后再更改，会影响出口方及时结汇。TheB/Lhasbothsides,therightsidecontainsthevesselname,portofloading,portofdestination,shippername,consigneename,cargoname,label,package,numberofpackages,weightorvolume,seafreight,numberoforiginalB/L,B/Lissuingdate,forwarderorshipcaptainsignatureandsoon,theothersideoftheB/Lcontainsregulationfortransportationterms,obligation,compensationclaimandlawsuitissuesbetweentheshipperandforwarder.Aftershiploading,forwardershallconfirmseafreightandthenreleaseB/Ltotheshipper.B/Listhemostimportantdocumentinseatransportation.AftergettingtheB/L,shippershoulddonegotiatedsettlementofexchangeprocedureatlocalbank,afterbankinspection,thebankshallmailthedocumentstothebankwhichopenedtheL/Cfortheconsignee.Afterinspectionofthedocuments,thereceivingbankshallwirethepaymenttobankaccountofexporter.ItcanbeseenthatexportershallmakesurethedocumentsincompliancewithL/CtermswhenconfirmingB/Lwithforwarder,otherwise,iftheB/Lneedstochangeafterissuing,itwillinterferewiththesettlementofexchange..提单的种类KindsofB/L(1)按提单签发人的不同，分为分单(HouseB/L)和主单(MasterB/L)分单是指货代公司给委托人签发的自己的提单 ，主单是指负责承运此票货物的承运人签发的提单。AccordingtodifferentissuerofB/L,there'reHouseB/L(HBL)andMasterB/L(MBL).(2)按对货物外表状况有无不良批注，分为清洁提单和不清洁提单。Accordingtoexistenceornon-existenceofbadnotation,there'recleanB/LanduncleanB/L.(3)按不同运输方式，分为直达提单和转船提单。Accordingtodifferentwaysoftransportation,there 'redirectshipmentB/LandtransshipmentB/L.五、付费方式WayofPayment.海运费预付PP(FREIGHTPREPAID) 即指海运费由发货人在起运港支付。PP(FreightPrepaid)meansseafreightispaidbyshipperattheportofloading..海运费到付CC(FREIGHTCOLLECT) 即指海运费由收货人在目的港支付。CC(FreightCollect)meansseafreightispaidbyconsigneeatportofdestination.六、签单方式WayofSigning1,正本提单OriginalBillofLading正本提单为签发方出具的有签单章和签字的，有 ORIGINA版识的提单，一般是一式三份。由发货方寄往收货方，收货方凭正本提单提货。TheoriginalB/Lhastheissuer'ssignatureandstamp,withORIGINALsign,normallyithasthreecopies.They'remailedbytheshippertotheconsignee,consigneeusethemtowithdrawthecargo..电放提单TelexReleaseB/L电放提单为应发货方要求（电放保函），提单签发方在提单上加盖电放章（SURRENDERED或TELEXRELEASED,并提供给收货方，收货方仅凭提单复印件即可提货。此时，由提单签发方向其目的港代理电报、传真或 E-MAIL通知该票货物仅凭出示收货方身份即可放货。TelexReleaseB/LisissuedbytheissueraccordingtoletterofguaranteebytheshipperwithSURRENDEREoDrTELEXRELEASEDstampontheB/Ltotheconsignee,consigneeusestheB/Lcopytowithdrawthecargo.TheissueroftheB/L telegram,faxore-mailtheportofdestinationthatthiscargocanbewithdrawnwithconsigneeidentification., 海运运单Seawaybill海运运单（SEAWAYBILL是由船公司签发的货物承运单据，一般只签一份正本。收货人凭身份证明即可提货。因风险较大，很少使用。Seawaybilliscargocarryingdocumentissuedbytheshipcompany,normallyonlyhasoneoriginalcopy.Theconsigneecantakethecargowithidentification.Becauseofthebigrisk,itisseldomused..实际业务中倒签、预借提单的问题BackissuingandadvanceB/Lissuesinactualbusiness由于信用证中所规定的装运期限已经过期，或信用证所规定的议付期限迫近，货物虽已交给承运人，但由于租订的船舶未能按时到达，承运人有可能应出口方的请求，提前出具该船名的“已装船”提单，出口方凭提单向银行议付货款。在这种情况下，由承运人或其代理人所签发的提单称之为“预借提单"。预借提单对承运人的风险极大，如果进口商发现提单是伪造的，其不仅可以拒付，而且有权追究承运人和出口方的法律责任。因此，一般情况下承运人不会同意签发预借提单。DuetotheexpireofloadingdateintheL/CorL/Cpaymentnegotiateddateclosing,althoughthecargohasdeliveredtotheforwarder,shipmentbooked hasn'tarrivedontime,forwardermightbeaskedbytheexportertoforwardadvanceB/L,theexporternegotiateswithbankforwiringofthepaymentbytheadvancedB/L.Inthissituation,theB/Lissuedbycarrierorforwarderiscalled'advancedB/L'.Thecarrier/forwardertakesgreatriskonadvanceB/L,iftheimporterfindsouttheB/Lisforged,notonlycouldherefusetopay,butalsohashimtherighttoinvestigateandaffixlegalliabilityoftheexporter.Sonormallythecarrierwon 'tagreetoissueadvanceB/L.倒签提单是承运人或其代理人应出口方的要求，在货物装船后，以早于该票货物实际装船完毕的日期作为签发日期所签发的提单。这是为了符合信用证关于装运期的规定，应出口方的要求而倒填日期签发的提单，所以称之为倒签提单。承运人签发这种提单要承担因此而可能产生的风险。但是由于航运惯例和贸易的需要，在一定条件下，例如在所签的日期是船舶已抵港并已开始装货后的某一天，或签单的货物是零星杂货而不是数量很大的大宗货，或倒签的时间与装完时间的间隔不太长等情况下，在取得了出口方的保函后，承运人还是可以同意签发的。BackissuingB/LisrequiredbyexportertocarrierorforwarderthatB/Lissuingdateearlier thantheactualloadingdate.ThisistomeettheloadingdateregulationintheL/C,asrequiredbytheexportertobackissuingtheB/Ldate,that'swhyit'scalledbackissuingB/L.ToissuethiskindofB/L,thecarrierwilltakethepossibleriskbyit.Butduetoseatransportandtraderequirements,undercertaincondition,forinstance,theissuingdateisaftertheshiparrivesinthedestinationport,ortheissuedcargoissmallcommodityratherthanbulkcargo,orbackissuingdateisnotlongfromloadingdate,andafterexporter’sletterofguarantee,thecarrierwillagreetoissue.第二节海运出口操作流程Seafreightforwardingoperatingprocedure一、接受货主询价AcceptShipperInquiry1、海运询价：SeaTransportationInquiry(1)需掌握发货港至各大洲，各大航线常用的，及货主常需服务的港口，价格；Needtoknowtheshiplinesandpricesfromportofloadingtoallcontinents,andusualportsofshipper.(2)主要船公司船期信息；Mainshipcompanyshippingscheduleinformation.2、陆运询价：(人民币费用)LandTransportationInquiry:(RMBcharges)(1)需掌握各大主要城市公里数和拖箱价格； (2)各港区装箱价格；Needtoknowmileagetomaincitiesandcontainertollingprices.(2)Loadingpricesofallports.二、接单(接受货主委托)OrderReceiving(ReceivingShipperBookingOrder)接受货主委托后(一般为传真件)需明确的重点信息：船期、箱型、箱量、船公司、起运港、目的港、运费条款、运输条款、毛重、货主联系方法等。AfterreceivalofShipperbookingorder(Faxasnormal),thefollowinginformationshallbeconfirmed:ShippingSchedule,containertype,containerquantity,shipcompany,loadingport,destinationport,freightterm,grossweight,shippercontactinformationandsoon.三、订舱ShipSpaceBooking1、缮制委托书；制单时应最大程度保证原始托单的数据正确、相符性，以减少后续过程的频繁更改。Makebookingorderwithdataultimateconformancewiththeoriginalbookingorder,topreventdifficultyinfuturechanges.2、取得配舱单，摘取船名、航次、提单号信息，发入货通知给委托人。Gettheshipspaceorder,takeoutthevesselname,voyagenumberandB/Lnumberinformationandsendshippingordertoshipper.四、做箱MakeContainerPlan1、门到门：DoortoDoor填妥装箱计划中：做箱时间、船名、航次、提单号、目的港、毛重、场站地址、联系人、电话、工厂地址、联系人、电话等要因，先于截关日(船期前两天) 1~2天排好车班。Fillingupthecontainerloadingplan: containerdoingtime,vesselname,B/L number,destination port,grossweight,terminaladdress,contactperson,phonenumber,factoryaddress,contactperson,phonenumberandsoon.Arrangetruck1-2daysbeforecustomscut-offdate(2daysbeforeETD).2、内装：与场站确认好下货纸及放箱指令，要求委托人先于截关日(船期前两天) 1~2天排好车班。Interiorloading:makesureoftheshippingorderandcontainerreleaseorderwithterminal,askshippertoarrangetolltruck1-2daysbeforecustomscut-offdate(2daysbeforeETD).3、填好两种做箱方法的装箱单也叫回箱单。Thecontainerloadinglistofthetwowaysisalsocalledreturnedpackinglist.五、报关(有时同时、有时先于做箱)CustomsDeclaration(sometimesatthesametimewithcontainerplan,sometimeslater)1、了解常出口货物报关所需资料。Acquaintancewithcustomsdeclarationinformationforcommonexportcargo.⑴需商检 (2)需配额 (3)需许可证 (4)需产地证 (5)需提供商会核价章等。(1)Needcommercialinspection(2)NeedQuota(3)Needlicense(4)Needcertificateoforigin(5)Needpricingstampfromchamberofcommerce.2、填妥船名航次，提单号，对应装箱单 (packinglist),发票，所显示的毛重净重，件数，包装种类，金额，体积，审核报关单的正确性(单证一致)。Fillinvesselnameandvoyagenumber,B/Lnumber,packinglist,invoice,grossweight,netweight,numberofpackage,kindofpackage,amountofmoney,volumeandconformanceofdocumentswithcustomsdeclaration.2、显示报关单所载货物的 “中文品名”，对照海关编码大全，查阅商品编码，审核两者是否相符，按编码确定计量单位，并根据海关所列之监管条件点阅所缺乏报关要件。Show'Chineseproductname'ofthecargoincustomsdeclaration,refertothecompleteHScodeforcommoditycode,seeifthetwoarethesame.Accordingtotheunitofmeasurementandregulatoryrequirementsofcustoms,checkthemissingcustomsdeclarationdocuments.3、备妥报关委托书，报关单，发票，装箱单，核销单和其他所需资料，于截关前一天通关。Preparecustomsdeclarationauthorizationletter,customsdeclarationmanifest,invoice,packinglist,verificationlistandotherrequiredmaterial,clearcustomsonedaybeforecustomscut-offdate.4、跟踪场站收据，确保配载上船。Followterminaldata,makesurethecontainerisonboardofship.5、凡是退关改配的，若其中有下个航次，出运仍然需要，诸如许可证，配额，商检，动植检之类的文件资料，退关、改配通知应先于该配置船期一个星期到达，以便(报运部)顺利抽回资料，重新利用。Forallreturnedcontainersfromcustoms,ifthe re'snextvoyageforshipping,aslicense,quota,commercialinspection,animalandvegetationinspectionandotherfiles,returncustomsandvoyagechangeshallbearrivedoneweekbeforethenextvoyage,fortheconvenienceofretrievingfilestouseagain.六、提单确认和修改B/LConfirmationandModification1、问明顾客“提单”的发放形式：ConfirmwithcustomertheformofB/L(1)电放：需顾客提供正本“电放保函”(留底)，后出具公司“保函”到船公司电放。TelexRelease:Needcustomertosupplyformal'TelexReleaseGuarantee",andthensendthe'Guarantee'toshipcompanyforTelexRelease.(2)预借(如可行)：需顾客提供正本“预借保函”(留底)，后出具公司“保函”到船公司预借。Advance(ifpracticable):Needcustomertosupplyformal"AdvanceB/LGuarantee",andthensendtoshipcompanyforAdvanceB/L.(3)倒签(如可行)：需顾客提供正本“倒签保函” (留底)，后出具公司“保函”到船公司倒签。*此种情况下，多半是签发HOUSEB/L.BackIssuing(ifpracticable):Needcustomertosupply'BackIssuingB/LGuarantee",thensendtoshipcompanyforbackissuingB/L.Inthissituation,mostissuedB/LsareHouseB/L.(4)异地放单：须经船公司同意，并取得货主保函和异地接单之联系人 /电话/传真/公司名/地址等资料方可放单。RemoteB/Lrelease:Needapprovalbyshipcompany,shipperguarantee,remotecontactperson,phonenumber,fax,companyname,addressandsoon,soasthereleaseB/Lremotely.2、依据原始资料，传真于货主确认，并根据回传确立提单正确内容。Accordingtooriginalfiles,faxtoshipperforconfirmation,andmakesuretheB/Linformationiscorrect.七、签单B/Lsigning1、查看每张正本提单是否都签全了证章。 2、是否需要手签。1.CheckifeveryoriginalB/Lcopyisstampedall.2.Checkifhandsignature'sneeded.八、航次费用结算Voyagechargesclearing1、海运费Seafreight(1)预付(FREIGHTPREPAID)(2)到付(FREIGHTCOLLECT)2、陆运费Landtransportationcharge(1)订舱 (2)报关(包括返关之前己经报关的费用 ) (3)做箱(内装/门到门)(1)Shipspacebooking(2)Customsdeclaration(includingcustomsdeclarationfeebeforecustomsreturn)(3)Containerplan(Interior/Doortodoor).九、提单、发票发放(提单样本)B/LandInvoiceIssuing(B/Lcopy)1、货主自来取件的，需签收IfshippercometofetchB/L,needsignature.2、通过EM加快递送达的，应在“名址单”，上标明诸如：“提单号”、“发票号”、“核销单号”等要素以备日后查证。IfEMSorexpressisneeded,B/Lnumber,Invoicenumber,Verificationnumberandsoon,shouldbemarkedontheaddresslist.十、应在一个月内督促航次费用的清算并及时返还货主的“核销退税单”Shouldpushforclearanceofchargesforthevoyagewithinonemonthandreturntaxrebateformtoshipper.海运货代知识船公司—Carrier,即承运人，负责把货从一个港口运到另一个港口，赚取他的海运费。货主一Shipper,即货主，把自己的货，托付给船公司，由船公司运到目的地，交给收货人。收货人-Consignee,即收货人，坐在家里收货主的货，当然，得给货主钱。 象写作文一样，现在三要素全了，就这么简单。海运的本质就是货主委托船公司把货运给收货人的过程。为了对货进行唯一的标示，还需要知道：船—Ship,即船，分为集装箱船和散杂货船，这里只提集装箱船，每条船都一