2000-2012年考研英语历年真题

2012年考研英语试题SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)TheethicaljudgmentsoftheSupremeCourtjusticeshavebecomeanimportantissuerecently.Thecourtcannot_1_itslegitimacyasguardianoftheruleoflaw_2_justicesbehavelikepoliticians.Yet,inseveralinstances,justicesactedinwaysthat_3_thecourt5sreputationforbeingindependentandimpartial.JusticeAntoninScalia,forexample,appearedatpoliticalevents.Thatkindofactivitymakesitlesslikelythatthecourt5sdecisionswi11be_4_asimpartialjudgments.Partoftheproblemisthatthejusticesarenot_5_byanethicscode.Attheveryleast,thecourtshouldmakeitself_6_tothecodeofconductthat_7_totherestofthefedera1judiciary.Thisandothersimilarcases_8_thequestionofwhetherthereisstilla-9-betweenthecourtandpolitics.TheframersoftheConstitutionenvisionedlaw_10_havingauthorityapartfrompolitics.Theygavejusticespermanentpositions-ll-theywouldbefreeto_12_thoseinpowerandhavenoneedto_13一politicalsupport.Ourlegalsystemwasdesignedtosetlawapartfrompoliticspreciselybecausetheyaresoclosely_14_.Constitutionallawispoliticalbecauseitresultsfromchoicesrootedinfundamenta1social_15_1ike1ibertyandproperty.Whenthecourtdealswithsocialpolicydecisions,thelawit_16_isinescapablypolitical-whichiswhydecisionssplitalongideologicallinesaresoeasily_17_asunjust.Thejusticesmust_18_doubtsaboutthecourt5slegitimacybymakingthemselves_19_tothecodeofconduct.Thatwouldmakerulingsmorelikelytobeseenasseparatefrompoliticsand,_20_,convincingaslaw.[A]emphasize[B]maintain[C]modify[D]recognize[A]when[B]lest[C]before[D]unless[A]restored[B]weakened[C]established[D]eliminated[A]cha1lenged[B]compromised[C]suspected[D]accepted[A]advanced[B]caught[C]bound[D]founded[A]resistant[B]subject[C]immune[D]prone[A]resorts[B]sticks[C]loads[D]applies[A]evade[B]raise[C]deny[D]settle[A]line[B]barrier[C]similarity[D]conf1ict[A]by[B]as[C]though[D]towards[A]so[B]since[C]provided[D]though

[A]serve[B]satisfy[C]upset[D]replace[A]confirm[B]express[C]cultivate[D]offer[A]guarded[B]followed[C]studied[D]tied[A]concepts[B]theories[C]divisions[D]conceptions[A]excludes[B]questions[C]shapes[D]controls[A]dismissed[B]released[C]ranked[D]distorted[A]suppress[B]exploit[C]address[D]ignore20.[A]byal1mesns[B]ata11Section11ReadingComprehensioncosts[C]inaword[D]asaresult20.[A]byal1mesns[B]ata11Section11ReadingComprehensioncosts[C]inaword[D]asaresultPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Comeon-Everybody5sdoingit.Thatwhisperedmessage,halfinvitationandhalfforcing,iswhatmostofusthinkofwhenwehearthewordspeerpressure.Itusuallyleadstonogood-drinking,drugsandcasualsex.ButinhernewbookJointheClub,TinaRosenbergcontendsthatpeerpressurecanalsobeapositiveforcethroughwhatshecallsthesocialcure,inwhichorganizationsandofficialsusethepowerofgroupdynamicstohelpindividualsimprovetheir1ivesandpossiblytheword.Rosenberg,therecipientofaPulitzerPrize,offersahostofexampleofthesocialcureinaction:InSouthCarolina,astate-sponsoredantismokingprogramcalledRageAgainsttheHazesetsouttomakecigarettesuncool.InSouthAfrica,anHIV-preventioninitiativeknownasLoveLiferecruitsyoungpeopletopromotesafesexamongtheirpeers.Theideaseemspromising,andRosenbergisaperceptiveobserver.Hercritiqueofthelamenessofmanypubic-hea1thcampaignsisspot-on:theyfailtomobi1izepeerpressureforhea1thyhabits,andtheydemonstrateaseriouslyflawedunderstandingofpsychology.wDaretobedifferent,pleasedon'tsmoke!"pleadsonebi11boardcampaignaimedatreducingsmokingamongteenagers-teenagers,whodesirenothingmorethanfittingin.Rosenbergarguesconvincinglythatpublic-hea1thadvocatesoughttotakeapagefromadvertisers,soskilledatapplyingpeerpressure.Butonthegeneraleffectivenessofthesocialcure,Rosenbergislesspersuasive.JointheClubisfi1ledwithtoomuchirrelevantdetai1andnotenoughexplorationofthesocialandbiologicalfactorsthatmakepeerpressuresopowerful.Themostglaringflawofthesocialcureasit'spresentedhereisthatitdoesn'tworkverywellforverylong.RageAgainsttheHazefailedoncestatefundingwascut.EvidencethattheLoveLifeprogramproduceslastingchangesis1imitedandmixed.There'snodoubtthatourpeergroupsexertenormousinfluenceonourbehavior.Anemergingbodyofresearchshowsthatpositivehea1thhabits-aswellasnegativeones-spreadthroughnetworksoffriendsviasocialcommunication.Thisisasubtleformofpeerpressure:weunconsciouslyimitatethebehaviorweseeeveryday.Farlesscertain,however,ishowsuccessfullyexpertsandbureaucratscanselectourpeergroupsandsteertheiractivitiesinvirtuousdirections.11'sliketheteacherwhobreaksupthetroublemakersinthebackrowbypairingthemwithbetter-behavedclassmates.Thetacticneverreallyworks.Andthat'stheproblemwithasocialcureengineeredfromtheoutside:intherealworld,asinschool,weinsistonchoosingourownfriends.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,peerpressureoftenemergesasasupplementtothesocialcureastimulustogroupdynamicsanobstacletoschoolprogressacauseofundesirablebehaviorsRosenbergholdsthatpublicadvocatesshouldrecruitprofessionaladvertiserslearnfromadvertisets5experiencestayawayfromcommercialadvertisersrecognizethe1imitationsofadvertisementsIntheauthor,sview,Rosenberg5sbookfailstoadequatelyprobesocialandbiologicalfactorseffectivelyevadetheflawsofthesocialcurei1lustratethefunctionsofstatefunding[D]producealong-lastingsocialeffectParagraph5showsthatourimitationofbehaviorsisharmfultoournetworksoffriendswi11misleadbehaviora1studiesoccurswithoutourrealizingitcanproducenegativehea1thhabitsTheauthorsuggestsinthelastparagraphthattheeffectofpeerpressureisharmfuldesirableprofoundquestionableText2Adealisadeal-except,apparently,whenEntergyisinvolved.Thecompany,amajorenergysupplierinNewEngland,provokedjustifiedoutrageinVermontlastweekwhenitannounceditwasrenegingonalongstandingcommitmenttoabidebythestrictnuclearregulations.Instead,thecompanyhasdonepreciselywhatithadlongpromiseditwouldnotchailengetheconstitutionalityofVermont5srulesinthefederalcourt,aspartofadesperateefforttokeepitsVermontYankeenuclearpowerplantrunning.It5sastunningmove.Theconf1icthasbeensurfacingsince2002,whenthecorporationboughtVermont5sonlynuclearpowerplant,anagingreactorinVernon.Asaconditionofreceivingstateapprova1forthesale,thecompanyagreedtoseekpermissionfromstateregulatorstooperatepast2012.In2006,thestatewentastepfurther,requiringthatanyextensionoftheplant5slicensebesubjecttoVermontlegislature5sapproval.Then,too,thecompanywentalong.EitherEntergyneverreallyintendedto1ivebythosecommitments,oritsimplydidn5tforeseewhatwouldhappennext.Astringofaccidents,includingthepartialcollapseofacoolingtowerin207andthediscoveryofanundergroundpipesystemleakage,raisedseriousquestionsaboutbothVermontYankee5ssafetyandEntergy5smanagementespeciallyafterthecompanymademisleadingstatementsaboutthepipe.EnragedbyEntergy,sbehavior,theVermontSenatevoted26to4lastyearagainstallowinganextension.Nowthecompanyissuddenlyclaimingthatthe2002agreementisinvalidbecauseofthe2006legislation,andthatonlythefedera1governmenthasregulatorypowerovernuclearissues.Thelegalissuesinthecaseareobscure:whereastheSupremeCourthasruledthatstatesdohavesomeregulatoryauthorityovernuclearpower,legalscholarssaythatVermontcasewi11offeraprecedent-settingtestofhowfarthosepowersextend.Certainly,therearevalidconcernsaboutthepatchworkregulationsthatcouldresultifeverystatesetsitsownrules.ButhadEntergykeptitsword,thatdebatewouldbebesidethepoint.ThecompanyseemstohaveconcludedthatitsreputationinVermontisalreadysodamagedthatithasnotinglefttolosebygoingtowarwiththestate.Butthereshouldbeconsequences.Permissiontorunanuclearplantisapoblictrust.Entergyruns11otherreactorsintheUnitedStates,includingPiIgrimNuclearstationinPlymouth.PledgingtorunPilgrimsafely,thecompanyhasappliedforfedera1permissiontokeepitopenforanother20years.ButastheNuclearRegulatoryCommission(NRC)reviewsthecompany5sapplication,itshouldkeepitmindwhatpromisesfromEntergyareworth.Thephrase“renegingon”(Line3.para.1)isclosestinmeaningtocondemning.reaffirming.dishonoring.securing.Byenteringintothe2002agreement,EntergyintendedtoobtainprotectionfromVermontregulators.seekfavorfromthefederallegislature.acquireanextensionofitsbusiness1icense.getpermissiontopurchaseapowerplant.AccordingtoParagraph4,Entergyseemstohaveproblemswithitsmanagerialpractices.technicalinnovativeness.financialgoals.businessvisionIntheauthor5sview,theVermontcasewi11testEntergy5scapacitytofulfillal1itspromises.thematureofstates5patchworkregulations.thefederalauthorityovernuclearissues.the1imitsofstates5powerovernuclearissues.11canbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatEntergy5sbusinesselsewheremightbeaffected.theauthorityoftheNRCwi11bedefied.Entergywi11withdrawitsPlymouthapplication.Vermont5sreputationmightbedamaged.PartBDirections:Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Thinkofthosefleetingmomentswhenyoulookoutofanaeroplanewindowandrea1isethatyouareflying,higherthanabird.Nowthinkofyourlaptop,thinnerthanabrown-paperenvelope,oryource1IphoneinthepaImofyourhand.Takeamomentortwotowonderatthosemarvels.Youaretheluckyinheritorofadreamcometrue.Thesecondhalfofthe20thcenturysawacollectionofgeniuses,warriors,entrepreneursandvisionarieslabourtocreateafabulousmachinethatcouldfunctionasatypewriterandprintingpress,studioandtheatre,paintbrushandga1lery,pianoandradio,themai1aswellasthemai1carrier.(41)Thenetworkedcomputerisanamazingdevice,thefirstmediamachinethatservesasthemodeofproduction,meansofdistribution,siteofreception,andplaceofpraiseandcritique.Thecomputeristhe21stcentury'sculturemachine.Butforallthereasonstherearetocelebratethecomputer,wemustalsotreadwithcaution.(42)Ica11itasecretwarfortworeasons.First,mostpeopledonotrealisethattherearestrongcommercialagendasatworktokeeptheminpassiveconsumptionmode.Second,themajorityofpeoplewhousenetworkedcomputerstouploadarenotevenawareofthesignificanceofwhattheyaredoing.Al1animalsdownload,butonlyafewupload.BeaversbuiIddamsandbirdsmakenests.Yetforthemostpart,theanimalkingdommovesthroughtheworlddownloading.Humansareuniqueintheircapacitytonotonlymaketoolsbutthenturnaroundandusethemtocreatesuperfluousmaterialgoods-paintings,sculptureandarchitecture-andsuperfluousexperiences-music,1iterature,religionandphilosophy.(43)Fora11thepossibi1itiesofournewculturemachines,mostpeoplearestillstuckindownloadmode.Evenaftertheadventofwidespreadsocialmedia,apyramidofproductionremains,withasma11numberofpeopleuploadingmaterial,aslightlylargergroupcommentingonormodifyingthatcontent,andahugepercentageremainingcontenttojustconsume.(44)Televisionisaone-waytapflowingintoourhomes.Thehardesttaskthattelevisionasksofanyoneistoturnthepoweroffafterhehasturnediton.Whatcountsasmeaningfuluploading?Mydefinitionrevolvesaroundtheconceptof"stickiness"-creationsandexperiencestowhichothersadhere.Ofcourse,itispreciselythesesuperfluousthingsthatdefinehumancultureandultimatelywhatitistobehuman.Downloadingandconsumingculturerequiresgreatskills,butfailingtomovebeyonddownloadingistostriponeselfofadefiningconstituentofhumanity.A,whichallowuserstocombinepictures,wordsandothermediaincreativewaysandthensharethem,havethepotentialtoaddstickinessbyamusing,entertainingandenlighteningothers.Notonlydidtheydevelopsuchadevicebutbytheturnofthemillenniumtheyhadalsomanagedtoembeditinaworldwidesystemaccessedbybillionsofpeopleeveryday.Thisisbecausethenetworkedcomputerhassparkedasecretwarbetweendownloadinganduploading-betweenpassiveconsumptionandactivecreation-whoseoutcomewillshapeourcollectivefutureinwayswecanonlybegintoimagine.Thecha1lengethecomputermountstotelevisionthusbearslittlesimilaritytooneformatbeingreplacedbyanotherinthemannerofrecordplayersbeingreplacedbyCDplayers.Onereasonforthepersistenceofthispyramidofproductionisthatforthepasthalf-century,muchoftheworldzsmediaculturehasbeendefinedbyasinglemedium-television-andtelevisionisdefinedbydownloading.[G]Thenetworkedcomputeroffersthefirstchancein50yearstoreversetheflow,toencouragethoughtfuldownloadingand,evenmoreimportantly,meaningfuluploading.PartCDirections:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunder1inedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)SincethedaysofAristotle,asearchforuniversalprincipleshascharacterizedthescientificenterprise.Insomeways,thisquestforcommonalitiesdefinesscience.Newton5slawsofmotionandDarwinianevolutioneachbindahostofdifferentphenomenaintoasingleexplicatoryframework.(46)Inphysics,oneapproachtakesthisimpulseforunificationtoitsextreme,andseeksatheoryofeverything—asinglegenerativeequationfora11wesee.11isbecominglessclear,however,thatsuchatheorywouldbeasimplification,giventhedimensionsanduniversesthatitmightentai1,nonetheless,unificationofsortsremainsamajorgoal.Thistendencyinthenaturalscienceshaslongbeenevidentinthesocia1sciencestoo.(47)Here,Darwinismseemstoofferjustificationforital1humanssharecommonoriginsitseemsreasonabletosupposethatculturaldiversitycouldalsobetracedtomoreconstrainedbeginnings.Justasthebewilderingvarietyofhumancourtshipritualsmightal1beconsideredformsofsexua1selection,perhapstheworld5slanguages,music,socialandreligiouscustomsandevenhistoryaregovernedbyuniversa1features.(48)Tofi1teroutwhatisuniquefromwhatissharedmightenableustounderstandhowcomplexculturalbehavioraroseandwhatguidesitinevolutionaryorcognitiveterms.That,atleast,isthehope.Butacomparativestudyof1inguistictraitspublishedonlinetodaysuppliesarealitycheck.Russel1GrayattheUniversityofAucklandandhiscolleaguesconsidertheevolutionofgrammarsinthe1ightoftwopreviousattemptstofinduniversa1ityinlanguage.

ThemostfamousoftheseeffortswasinitiatedbyNoamChomsky,whosuggestedthathumansarebornwithaninnatelanguage-acquisitioncapacitythatdictatesauniversalgrammar.Afewgenerativerulesarethensufficienttounfoldtheentirefundamenta1structureofalanguage,whichiswhychiIdrencanlearnitsoquickly.(49)Thesecond,byJoshuaGreenberg,takesamoreempiricalapproachtouniversalityidentifyingtraits(particularlyinwordorder)sharedbymanylanguagewhichareconsideredtorepresentbiasesthatresultfromcognitiveconstraintsGrayandhiscolleagueshaveputthemtothetestbyexaminingfourfamilytreesthatbetweenthemrepresentmorethan2,000languages.(50)Chomsky?sgrammarshouldshowpatternsoflanguagechangethatareindependentofthefamilytreeorthepathwaytrackedthroughit.WhereasGreenbergianuniversalitypredictsstrongco-dependenciesbetweenparticulartypesofword-orderrelations.Neitherofthesepatternsisborneoutbytheanalysis,suggestingthatthestructuresofthelanguagesare1ireage-specificandnotgovernedbyuniversalsUseofEnglishB2.A3.B4.D5.C6.B7.DBAB

6.B7.DBABAC13.CDAAC13.CDA16.C17.A18.C19.D20.DReadingComprehensionPartA21.D22.B26.C27.D23.A 24.C21.D22.B26.C27.D23.A 24.C28.A 29.D25.D30.A31.A32.B33.B34.D35.C36.C37.D38.B39.C40.A36.C37.D38.B39.C40.APartB41.C42.D43.A44.41.C42.D43.A44.F45.GPartC.物理学中的一个理论把这种归ー的冲动发挥到了极致,它探寻ー种万有理论 个关于我们能看到的一切的生成方程式。.在这里,达尔文主义似乎提供了有力的理由,因为如果全人类有共同的起源,那么假设文化差异也能够追溯到更有限的源头好像就是合理的了。.把差异性和独特性从共性中过滤出来也许能让我们理解复杂的文化行为是如何产生的,是什么从进化或认知领域指导着它。.约书亚格林伯格为寻找语言的共性而付出努力提出了第二种理论。他采用了一个更实用的共性理论,做法是辨认出众多语言的共有特征（尤其是按照词序排列）,这些特征被认为代表了由认知局限导致的偏差。.乔姆斯基生成语法应该表明语言变化的模式,这些模式独立于族谱或贯穿其中的路径,然而格林伯格的共性理论预测词序关系的特殊类别之间(而不是其他)有着强烈的共存性。SectionIII:WritingPartA(10points).参考す巳又Dearinternationa1students,IamthechairmanoftheStudents5Union.I'vejustreceivedtheemai1sfromyouandgotthenewsthatyouwouldcometoouruniversity.Firstly,I'd1iketoshowourwarmwelcome.Onbehalfofouruniversityandal1thestudentshere,Irea1lylookforwardtoyourcoming.Inordertomakea11ofyoufeelathome,herearesomeconductivesuggestions.Firstly,you'dbettertakesomewarmclotheswithyoubecauseitiswinterinChinanowanditisverycoldinBeijing.Secondly,IadviseyoutopreparesomerelevantknowledgeaboutChinesecultureforbetterunderstandinginclass.Ireallyhopeyou'11findtheseproposalsuseful.AndI'mlookingforwardtoyourcoming!Yourssincerely,LiMingPartB(20points).参考范文Howvividthecartoonitis!Whattheprofoundcartoonreflectsisanotuncommonsocialphenomenon,fromwhichwecanobservethatinthiscartoonstandtwomenandabottleofmilk.The2menshowdifferentperspectivestowardthebottleofmiIkthatisplaceontheground.Accordingtotheinformationgivenintheabove-mentionedcartoon,thegistofitisregardinghowweshouldperceivetheworldaroundus.Peopletendtoshowdifferentattitudestowardstheissue.Then,whatprovetobetheunderlyingreasonsforit?Thefollowingsevera1reasonsstatedbelowcanbetakentoberesponsibleforit.Firstandforemost,thatissueislargelyhavingsomethingtodowiththecurrentstateofpeople'mind,withoutanydoubt,somepeoplearebornpositively,andwhilesomeothersarebornnegatively.Whatismoreimportantisthattheoutlookandvalueembodiedinsocietyaffectshowwethrowourinsightsintosomethingwearedealwith.Asfarasmypersona1thinkingisconcerned,whenitcomestomentioningtheissueconcerninghowtolookattheworld,whatweshoulddoistoobserveitpositivelyandconfidently,especiallywhenweareexperiencingandencounteringsetbacks,onlyifwehavetheabove-mentionedproposalsadopted,canwebeboundtolivealifeofhappinesso解析2012年考研英语ー真题总体分析2012年的考研英语已经结束了,总体来讲,今年的试题维持了历年考题的特点,难度和去年相比持平。就各部分来说,第一部分完形填空与去年相比难度略有下降。阅读理解A部分相比去年来说,难度依旧,文章看似容易,但选项设置陷阱比较多,想得高分也不是件易事。B部分则是以7选5的形式出现;C部分翻译是今年最难的部分,文章难度比较大,但五个需要翻译的句子还是比较容易理解的,主要考查对从句结构的把握。小作文部分重考以往的题型,建议信写作难度不大。最后一部分大作文和往年一样是看图作文,主题容易把握。第一部分:UseofEnglish（完形填空）的文章节选自2011年6月30日NewYorkTimes（《纽约时报》）的ー篇社论（Editorial）,原文标题为"Ethics,PoliticsandtheLaw"（道德、政治和法律）,讲的是有关政治和法律的话题。文章难度适中。对词汇量方面做了一个比较大的考查。第二部分:ReadingComprehension（阅读理解）A部分Text1选自2011年4月9日Time（《时代周刊》）,原文标题为HerdMentality（从众心理），作者为AnnieMurphyPauloText2选自B2011年4月24日的ー篇社论（Editorial）,原文标题为"VermontYankeeplant'sownermusthonoritsownpromises"（佛蒙特洋基エ厂的所有者必须履行自己的承诺）。叙述的是美国佛蒙特洋基核反应堆的事情。结合了日本地震的热点事件。Text3节选自2011年2月1日TheScientist（《科学家》）的一篇文章,原文标题为"TheEvolutionofCredibi1ity"（诚信的演变）,作者是FrederickGrinnello是选自作者的一本书（书名:EverydayPracticeofScience:WhereIntuitionandPassionMeetObjectivityandLogic）中的内容,是作者关于自己这本书的ー些介绍和阐述。Text4节选自TheEconomist（《经济学人》）2011年3月17日的ー篇文章：Enemiesofprogress（前进的敌人）,副标题是"Thebiggestbarriertopublic-sectorreformaretheunions",考试的文章较原文有所修改,以符合考研文章的难度及词汇要求。本文讲的是与美国公务员改革相关的问题。四篇文章的题材主要是人文类、教育类、社科类、经济类,题型分布相对较平均,例证题、词汇题和态度题都有相应的分布,相比去年难度有所降低。B部分新题型今年考的是フ选5,这篇文章出自2011年7月5日的NewScientist（《新科学家》）,原文标题是"Howcomputerscancureculturaldiabetes"（电脑如何能治愈文化糖尿病）,作者是PeterLunenfeld,讲的是自从人类发明电脑之后,人们分享和交互信息的问题。今年的新题型考查的是以前已考过的备选题型:选择填空题。七年已有四年考过7选5,在第八年再次回到7选5,难度适中。C部分翻译难度比较大,节选自Nature（白跳）2011年4月14日的ー篇文章,原文标题是"Universaltruths"（普遍真理）,这篇文章理论性较强。文章里提到ー些晦涩难懂的术语,比如达尔文主义、经验主义、乔姆斯基和格林伯格等人的理论,论述了有关普遍真理探索方面的内容。2012考研英语的文章其选材依然保持了题材广泛,知识性强、句子结构复杂的特点,对于备考2013年考研的同学来说具有很大的借鉴作用,建议2013年的考生广泛阅读外文报刊杂志,多读ー些专业性强的学术性文章。第三部分:Writing（写作）今年的难度适中。A部分小作文再次考了之前考过的题型:建议信,写作难度不大。"校园生活"是ー个我们非常熟悉的话题。B部分大作文和往年一样是看图作文,是关于"乐观与悲观"的话题,主题容易把握,因跑题而丢分的可能性较2011年考研英语ー真题及答案SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:AncientGreekphilosopherAristotleviewedlaughteras“abodilyexerciseprecioustohea1th.”But--- someclaimstothecontrary,laughingprobablyhaslittleinfluenceonphysicalfiInessLaughterdoes short-termchangesinthefunctionoftheheartanditsbloodvessels, heartrateandoxygenconsumptionButbecausehardlaughterisdifficultto ,agoodlaughisunlikelytohave benefitstheway,say,walkingorjoggingdoes. ,insteadofstrainingmusclestobuildthem,asexercisedoes,laughterapparentlyaccomplishesthe ,studiesdatingbacktothe1930'sindicatethatlaughter,muscles,Suchbodilyreactionmightconceivablyhelp theeffectsofpsychologicalstress.Anyway,theactoflaughingprobablydoesproduceothertypesof feedback,thatimproveanindividual5semotionalstate. oneclassicaltheoryofemotion,ourfeelingsarepartiallyrooted physica1reactions.11wasarguedattheendofthe19thcenturythathumansdonotcry theyaresadbuttheybecomesadwhentetearsbegintoflow.Althoughsadnessalso tears,evidencesuggeststhatemotionscanflow muscularresponses.Inanexperimentpublishedin1988,socialpsychologistFritz.[A]among[B]except[C]despite[D]like[A]reflect[B]demand[C]indicate[D]produce[A]stabi1izing[B]boosting[C]impairing[D]determining[A]transmit[B]sustain[C]evaluate[D]observe[A]measurable[B]manageable[C]affordable[D]renewable[A]Inturn[B]Infact[C]Inaddition[D]Inbrief[A]opposite[B]impossible[C]average[D]expected[A]hardens[B]weakens[C]tightens[D]relaxes[A]aggravate[B]generate[C]moderate[D]enhance[A]physical[B]ment1 [C]subconscious[D]interna1[A]Exceptfor[B]Accordingto[C]Dueto[D]Asfor[A]with[B]on[C]in[D]at[A]unless[B]unti1C]if[D]because[A]exhausts[B]follows[C]precedes[D]suppresses[A]into[B]from[C]towards[D]beyond[A]fetch[B]bite[C]pick[D]hold[A]disappointed[B]excited[C]joyful[D]indifferent[A]adapted[B]catered[C]turned[D]reacted[A]suggesting[B]requiring[Cimentioning[D]supposing[A]Eventua1ly[B]Consequently[C]Similarly[D]ConverselySectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1