专四常考语法点汇总

语法与词汇专项语法核心考点一：从属分句复合句=主句+从句(1个或1个以上)要点1从属分句是复合句必不可少的组成部分，以语法功能作为分类标准，从属分句可以分为状语从句、关系从句(即定语从句)和名词性从句。其中状语从句可分为时间、地点、原因、结果、程度、目的、条件、让步和方式等；名词性从句可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句。要点2状语从句的考点集中在方式、条件、让步、方式和时间状语从句上；关系从句的考点集中在关系代词的选择，限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别；名词性从句的考点集中在宾语从句和同位语从句。一状语从句状语从句真题剖析：Nineistothreethreeistoone.(2008,53)whenB.thatC.whichD.whathewantedtogooutwithhisfriendsattheweekend,hehadtostaybehindtofinishhisassignment.(2008,55)A.MuchthoughB.MuchasC.AsmuchD.ThouthmuchMendifferfromanimalstheycanthinkandspeak.(2008,54)A.forwhichB.forthatC.inthatD.inwhichTheystoodchattingtogetheraseasilyandnaturallyas.(2008,60)A.itcouldbeB.couldbeC.itwasD.wasThecouplehadnosoonergottothestationthecoachleft.(2009，60)A.whenB.asC.untilD.thanthebosssays,itisunreasonabletoaskmetoworkovertimewithoutpay.(2010，55)A.WhateverB.WheneverC.WhicheverD.HoweverFoolJerryis,hecouldnothavedonesuchathing.A.whoB.asC.likeD.thatHeaskedmetolendhimsomemoney,whichIagreedtodo,___thathepaidmebackthefollowingweek.(2005)A.onoccasionB.onpurposeC.onconditionD.onlyifWhichofthefollowingcontainsanadverbialclauseofcauseA.IgotajobassoonasIleftuniversity.Astherewasonanswer,Iwroteagain.YoumustdotheexerciseasIshowyou.Wealthyasheis,Markisnotahappyman.状语从句重点总结：（一）条件状语从句：表示条件或假设，通常由以下连词或结构引导If如果unless如果不；除非aslongas只要solongas只要onconditionthat条件是intheeventthat如果，在的情况下provided/providingthat假女口giventhat如果suppose/supposingthat假如assuming(that)假女口say假如★特别提醒几种不常用的条件状语从句举例：Intheeventthatshecannotarriveontime,wewillgofirst.Supposeitsnowed,wewouldstillgo.Saywhathesaidweretrue,whatwouldyoudoaboutit二）让步状语从句：含有“虽然，尽管，即使”之意，主要引导词有：though/although虽然evenif/eventhough即使nomatter+疑问词无论疑问词+ever无论inspiteofthefactthat尽管while尽管muchas不管尽管forallthat尽管as/thoughgranted/granting(that)虽然，尽管★特别提醒几种不常用的让步状语从句举例：Inspiteofthefactthathewasdeafanddumb,hehadageniusformusic.Whilethegrandparentslovethechildren,theyarestrictwiththem.Muchassheneededthejob,shehadtorefuse.Forallthattherewerealotofdifficulties,hefinallyenteredthefinalcompetitionandwon.Grantedyouhavemademuchprogress,youshouldnotbeconceited.用了although或though,就一定不能再后面的从句中同时用but，但是though可以和yet连用。Althoughtheywereverytired,buttheystillworking.(true/false)Thoughtheywereverytired,yettheystillworking.(true/false)nomatter礙问词不能引导主语从句和宾语从句，可用疑问词+ever来引导主语从句和宾语从句。Nomatterwhathesayshasnothingtodowithme.(true/false)Whateverhesayshasnothingtodowithme.(true/false)Theoldmanbelievesnomatterwhathissontellshim(true/false)Theoldmanbelieveswhateverhissontellshim(true/false)as/though引导的让步状语从句如果有强调的部分，通常将强调的部分置于句首。Youngashewas/Childashewas,hecoulddosomehouseworkforhismother.=Youngthoughhewas/Childthoughhewas,hecoulddosomehouseworkforhismother.=Thoughhewasyoung/Thoughhewasachild,hecoulddosomehouseworkforhismother.注意：as引导的让步状语从句必须倒装，though引导的可以倒装也可以不倒装。forall(that)表示让步概念，“that”可以省略，相当于“inspiteof”或“inspiteofthefactthat”，其后可接短语或从句。Forallthefinewordshemaysaytoyourface,hedoesnotlikeyouatheart.Forall(that)yousay,hewillnotchangehismind.时间状语从句：表示时间关系，引导词主要有以下：表示“当…的时候”when,while,as,justas,nesttime,thelasttime,time,whenevereachtime,every表示时间先后before,after表示就Assoonas,once,hardly…when/before…，scarecely…when/before,nosooner…than,directly,immediately,instantly,themoment/second/minute,其他时间Bythetime(到的时候），itisthefirst/secondtime…,not■…until（直到才）,eversince（自从）★特别提醒几种不常用的时间状语从句Theywentintoactiondirectly/immediately/instantly/themomenttheyheardthealarm.几种需要用完成时态的时间状语从句BythetimeIgotthere,theyhadleftfortheairport.ItisthefirsttimethatIhavevisitedChina.ItwasthesecondtimethatIhadvisitedChina.Hehadhardlyescapedwhen/beforehewascaptured.hadnosoonerreachedhomethanitbegantorain.IhavebeenlivingthereallthetimesinceImovedtherein1992.否定词置于句首时注意倒装Hardlyhadheescapedwhenhewascapured.NosoonerhadIreachedtherethanitbegantorain.when引导时间状语从句，如果出现在后半句，可以表示“这时突然”之意。Iwasalmosthurtwhenthebuscametoasuddenstop.5表示时间先后的连词before可表示条件意义，译作“只有/必须……才能……”Newideassometimeshavetowaitforyearsbeforetheyarefullyaccepted.（四）比较状语从句：可分为同级比较和不同级比较，同级比较通常由as引导,不同级比较通常由than引导。注意几种特殊引导形式：themore/less…themore/less越，越justas…，so…正女口，也AistoBwhat/asCistoDA之于B就如C之于D—样AsAistoB,(so)CistoD正如A之于B,C也之于Dno(notany)more…than与都不no(notany)less■…than与样者Bnotsomuch…as…与其说不如说★特别提醒几种不常用比较状语从句YouwereontimeandsowasI.(注意用倒装结构)Foodistomenwhat/asoilistomachine.Asfoodisimportanttomen,sooilistomachine.Heisnomoreateacherthanweare.Heisnolessateacherthanweare.Itisnotsomuchtheactualpopulationoftheworldasitsrateofincreasethatcatchesmyattention.Thesecretofsuccessisnotsomuchmoneyasastrongwill.注意比较状语从句中的省略结构,尤其需要注意根据省略的主语来选择谓语动词的单复数及动词时态。Hehaspaidmoremoneythanhasbeenestimatedbefore.原因状语从句主要引导词有：asbecausesincenowthatconsidering(that)鉴于，顾及到seeingthat鉴于inas/somuchasnotbecause…butbecauseinthat…因为，在于★特别提醒1几种不常用的时间状语从句Consideringthattheshoesarehand-made,thepriceisreasonableSeeingthathewasreallyupset,wedecidedtoleavehimalone.Athoroughphysicalexaminationisimportantinas/somuchasitservestoreassurethepatient.Critismandself-criticismisnecessaryinthatithelpspeopletofindandcorrecttheirmistakes.2because,since,as和for的区别：Because表示原因语气最强，通常用来回答why引导的特殊疑问句。Since语气不如because，而as语气不如since。它们表达的往往是显而易见的原因或已经为人们所知的原因,强调的往往是主句而不是原因状语从句。For通常作并列连词，是一种解释说明，不表示原因。（六）方式状语从句：表示以……的方式as像，正如(just)as…so…正^口……，也……asif好像，仿佛asthough好像，仿佛theway以的方式★特别提醒1几种不常用的方式状语从句Justaswateristofish,soairistomanTreatothersthewayyouwantotherstreatyou.结果状语从句So…that…如此以至于Such…that…如止匕以至于Withtheresultthat…结果是Somuchsothat…如止匕以至于Tothedegreethat…到了程度，以至于Totheextentthat…到了程度，以至于★特别提醒1几种不常用的结果状语从句Alanlikeshamburgerssomuchsothatheeatsthemalmosteveryday.ThebadnewsupsetmetothedegreethatIcouldnotfallintosleeplastnight.so…that结构中的so置于句首时，句子要用倒装语序。Soabsorbedwasheinthenovelthathedidnotrealizeitwaseighto'clockalready.注意结果状语从句与目的状语从句的区别。目的状语从句的引导词，主要有that（以便），sothat以便）；inorderthat（以便）；forthepurposethat（以便）；lest（以免）；forfearthat（以免）；incase（以防）；inthehopethat（以望）。其中lest引导的目的状语从句中使用虚拟语气。Astrictsupervisionduringtheperiodiskeptlestthepatient（should）developanyphysicalandemotionaleffects.（八）地点状语从句表示地点，主要由where,wherever,anywhere,everywhere来引导。Wherethereisawill，thereisaway.Whereverhegoes,hewillbearwhathismothersaysinhismind.Everywhereheshowedusaround,wesawgrenlawnsandbeautifulflowerbeds.（九）对比状语从句表示对比，主要由while或whereas来引导。Thesolesareleather,whiletheuppersarecanvas.（鞋跟是皮的，而鞋面是帆布的）二关系从句（定语从句）定语从句真题剖析1Iwasveryinterestedinshetoldme.(2009)A.allthatB.allwhichC.allwhatD.that2Theparty,___Iwastheguestofhonor,wasextremelyenjoyable.(2006)A.bywhichB.forwhichC.towhichD.atwhich定语从句重点小结：1定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句名称意义结构特点功能引导词限制性定语从句对先行词起限定作用；指特定的人或物；不可省略，否则影响句子的完整性紧跟先行词，同先行词之间没有逗号隔丿1修饰先行词所有关系代词或关系副词非限制性定语从句对先行词作补充性的说明；如果省略，不影响句子的完整性跟在先行词后，用逗号与主句隔开修饰先行词或整个句子Which,who,whom,as,介词+which(不能用that)2关系代词和关系副词的用法关系代词是用来指代先行词是人或物的名词或代词作用/功能用于限制性或非限制性定语从句只用于限制性定语从句代替人代替物代替人或物主语whowhichthat宾语whomwhichthat定语whose(=ofwhom)whose(ofwhom)关系副词在定语从句中表示时间、地点或原因：关系副词被替代的先行词在从句中的作用When(二at,in,on,duringwhich)表示时间的名词时间状语Where(=in,atwhich)表示地点的名词地点状语Why(=forwhich)只有reason原因状语3不用that只用which的情况在引导非限定性定语从句时。(错)Thetree,thatisfourhundredyearsold,Isveryfamoushere.介词后不能用。Wedependonthelandfromwhichwegetourfood.Wedependonthelandthat/whichwegetourfoodfrom.限制性定语从句只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况当先行词是anything,everything,nothing(something除外),few,all,none,little,some等代词时，或者是由every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much，each等修饰时Haveyoutakendowneverything(that)Mr.LihassaidThereseemstobenothing(that)seemsimpossibleforhimintheworld.Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.Thereislittle(that)Icandoforyou.注意1:部分时候that可以省略，如部分例句将that用括号括住。注意2：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用whoAnymanthat/.whohasasenseofdutywon'tdosuchathing.当先行词被序数词修饰ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveseen.当形容词被thevery,theonly，thesame,thelast修饰时ThisistheverygooddictionarythatIwanttobuy,Afterthefireinhishouse,theoldcaristheonlythingthatheowned.当先行词前面有who,which等疑问代词时WhoisthemanthatisstandingthereWhichistheT-shirtthatfitsmemost当先行词既有人，也有动物或者物体时Canyourememberthescientistandhistheorythatwehavelearned当关系代词在定语从句中做表语Thevillageisnolongertheonethatitusedtobe10yearsago.当在therebe句型中，通常情况下用that，不用which关系代词和关系副词的省略关系代词which,that,who,whom在定语从句中作直接宾语时可以省略。Thisisthenovel(that/which)Ireadlastnight.Heisthecollegue(who/shom)Imetinthesupermarket.关系代词that在定语从句中作表语时可省略。Heisnottheman(that)heusedtobe.当先行词是reason且关系词在句中作状语时，关系词why可以省略。Thisisthereason(why)Ilikehersomuch.当先行词是way且关系代词在句中作方式状语时，关系代词inwhich或that可以省略。Thatwasthewayhefoundoutthesolutiontothisproblem.三名词性从句真题解析Afterseemedanendlesswait,itwashisturntoenterthepersonnelmanager'soffice.A.thatB.itC.whatD.there名词性从句重点小结1名词性从句的引导词:分类引导词功能连接词that,whether,if只起连接作用，不作句子成分关系代词who,whom,whose,既起连接作用，又担任主语、宾what,which,语、定语、表语等成分whatever,whichever,whoever关系副词when,where,how,既起连接作用，又作状语who★特别提醒关系代词what有时保留其原有的疑问意义，作疑问代词表示“什么”；有时作双重关系代词，相当于“thethingthat/which”。IcanrecognizehisfacebutIcannotrememberwhathisnameis.HisremarksremindedmeofwhatIsawlastnight.whether与if在引导名词性从句时的区别主语从句只能用whether引导Whetherornot可以连在一起使用，而ifornot不可以连在一起，需分开使用，且ornot要放在句末。Whether可以引导介词宾语从句，if不能。在question，ask后面一般只用whether来引导。后接不定式时只能用whether。当宾语从句提至谓语前面时只能用whether引导。(_)主语从句作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that,whether,if和连接代词what，who，which，whatever，whoever以及连接副词how，when,where，why等词引导。that在句中无词义，只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分。Thathewillcomeiscertain.Whetheritwillpleasethemisnoteasytosay.Whathewantstotellusisnotclear.Whowillwinthematchisstillunknown.WheretheEnglisheveningwillbeheldhasnotyetbeenannounced.Whichteamwillwinthematchisstillunknown.Whoevercomestothepartywillreceivedapresent.注意：上述例句中的主语从句全都是放在句首，但有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。Itisapitythatshehasmadesuchamistake.Itdependsontheclimatewhethertheyaregoingshoppingtoday.常用句型如下：It+be+名词+that从句是常识Itiscommonknowledgethat是常识Itisasurprisethat…令人惊奇的是……Itisafactthat…事实是……It+be+形容词+that从句Itisnecessarythat…有必要……Itisimportantthat…重要的是……Itisobviousthat…很明显……It+be+动词的过去分词+that从句Itisbelievedthat…人们相信……Itisknowntoallthat…众所周知……Ithasbeendecidedthat…已决定……It+不及物动词+that从句Itappears/seemsthat…似乎……Ithappenedthat…碰巧……Itoccurredtomethat…我突然想起……引导词what与thatWhat引导主语从句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语.宾语.表语，而that则不然。而that只起连接作用，本身无实际意义，在从句中也不充当任何成分。That引导的主语从句放在句首时不能省略。Whatyousaidyesterdayisright.Thatanewteacherwillcometoteachusistrue.语气另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should)+do”，常用的句型有：Itisnecessary(important,natural,strange,etc.)that…Itisapity(ashame,nowonder,etc.)that…Itissuggested(requested,proposed,desired,etc.)that■…二）宾语从句宾语从句在句中作宾语。在带复合宾语的句子中，it也常被用作形式宾语放在真正宾语that从句的前面。Weconsideritabsolutelynecessarythatweshouldopenourdoortotheoutsideworld.如果主句的谓语动词表示的是“认为、相信、猜测”概念时，如think,believe，consider，suppose，expect，fancy，guess，reckon，imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定含义，一般要把否定词前移到主句的谓语上，宾语从句中的谓语用肯定形式。don'tthinkIcandoitmyself.在表示命令、请求、建议、希望等意义的动词后面的宾语从句中要使用虚拟语气，通常使用should+动词原形，should通常可以省略，常见的此类动词有：表示命令order,command,demand,instruct,ask表示请求ask,request,require表示建议suggest,advise,propose,recommend表示希望desire,insist(4)宾语从句也可用作介词的宾语，且介词宾语不能用which引导，要用what。Shewasdeeplymovedbywhathesaid.(三)表语从句在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样，表语从句位于连系动词后，有时用asif引导。其基本结构为：主语+系动词+that从句。需要注意的，当主语是reason时，表语从句要用that引导而不是because。例如：Thereasonwhyhewaslatewasthathemissedthetrainbyoneminutethismorning.【注意】whether可引导表语从句，但与之同义的if却通常不用于引导表语从句。（四）同位语从句同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导，可用于同位语从句的名词有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。例如：Thenewsthatwewonthegameisexciting.Ihavenoideawhenhewillcomebackhome.ThethoughtcametohimthatMaryhadprobablyfallenill.专项考点练习：thattheyfoundanunusualplantintheforest.ItissaidB.TheyaresaidC.ItsaidD.Itsayscausedtheaccidentisstillacompletemystery.WhatB.ThatC.HowD.Wherehelpedtosavethedrowninggirlisworthpraising.WhoB.AnyoneC.WhoeverD.ThepersonEatyoulikeandleavetheothersforcomesinlate.any;whoB.every;whoeverC.whichever;whoeverD.either;whoevershecouldn'tunderstandwasfewerandfewerstudentsshowedinterestinherlessons.What;whyB.That;whyC.What;becauseD.Why;thatItwashesaid___disappointedme.What;thatB.That;thatC.What;whatD.That;what

语法核心考点二：句子成分分析真题剖析ofan1Whichofthefollowingprepositionalphrasesisanadverbialconcession(2012)ofanTheyusedtheboxforkeepingtreasures.Isteppedasideforhertogetinfirst.Forallthatheseemstodislikeme,Istilllikehim.Theparentsboughtabirthdaycakefortheirson.Whichofthefollowingprepositionalphrasescanfunctionasadverbial(2012)AreyousureofSimon'sdisappearance.Themanwithabeardistalkingtothemanager.Everyprecautionwastakenagainstthefailureoftheplan.Despitetherain,everyoneenjoyedthetrip.AllthefollowingsentenceshaveanappositiveEXCEPT(2012)Sheboughtherselfapairofnewshoes.Onlyoneproblemstillremains——thefood.Myfriendsallunderstandandsupportme.Shelikedhercurrentjob,teachingEnglish.Whichoftheitalicizedpartsfunctionsasanobject(2012)Hedoesn'tliketheideaofmyspeakingatthemeetin.gItisnouseyourpretendingnottoknowthematte.rMyparentsstronglyobjecttomygoingoutaloneatnigh.tHerfallingintotheriverwastheclimaxofthewholetrip.Whichoftheitalicizedpartsfunctionsasasubject(2012)Weneverdoubtthatherbrotherishones.tTheproblemisnotwhowillgobutwhowillsta.yYoumustgiveitbacktowhoeveritbelongst.oItisclearthatthecrimewasdonedeliberatel.yWhichofthefollowingreflexivepronounsisusedasanappositive(2012)A.Hepromisedhimselfrapidprogress.ThemanagerherselfwillinterviewMary.Ihavenothingtosayformyself.Theyquarreledthemselvesredintheface.Inthesentence“ThemanagerinterviewedJimhimselfinthemorning”,theitalicizedwordisusedtomodify(2011)A.theobjectB.theverbC.thesubjectD.theprepositionalphraseWhichoftheitalicizedpartsisusedasanobject(2011)A.WhatdoyouthinkhashappenedtoherWhodoyouthinkthevisitingprofessorisHowmuchdoyouthinkheearnseverymonth.HowquicklywouldyousayhewouldcomeXinchunreturnedfromabroadadifferentman.Theitalicizedpartfunctionasa(n)inthesentence.A.appositiveB.objectC.adverbialD.complementWhich“of”inthefollowingsentencesindicatesasubject-predicaterelationshipA.theoccupationoftheislandB.thelawofNewtonC.thearrivalofthetouristsD.theplaysofOscarWildeWhichofthefollowingitalicizedpartsservesasanappositiveA.Heisnotthemantodrawback.Larryhasalargefamilytosupport.Tonyhitbacktheurgetotellalie.Thereisreallynothingtofear.重点总结：句子的主要成分是：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、补语、同位语。主语(subject):—般由名词性的成分充当，如名词、代词、名词性从句、动名词和不定式；要注意形式主语it与真正主语的辨析。Inthefollowingsentence“It'snousewaitingforme”,theitalicizedphraseis.(2010)A.theobjectB.anadverbialC.acomplementD.thesubject答案：D谓语(predicator)：由动词来充当，主要考察时态、语态。宾语(Object)：位于及物动词或介词之后，也是由名词性成分的词、短语或从句充当；动名词和不定式也可充当宾语；注意形式宾语it和真正宾语的辨析。In“Howmuchdoyouthinkheearns”howmuchisofthesentence.(2009)A.thesubjectB.theadverbialC.theobjectD.thecomplement特别提醒：双宾语和复合宾语的区别：双宾语是有的动词后面跟直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语指的是动词所涉及的物；间接宾语是受益于动词动作的人。复合宾语：在英语中，有些动词接了—个宾语后句子意思仍不完整，还需要再加上—个词或短语放在宾语之后来补充说明其身份、特征、状态或所做的动作，这种“宾语+宾语补足语”结构称为复合宾语(objectcomplement).注意：宾语和宾补之间存在逻辑主谓关系，间接宾语和直接宾语之间不存在。Whichofthefollowingsentencehasanobjectcomplement(2010)A.ThedirectorappointedJohnmanager.IgaveMaryaChristmaspresent.YouhavedonePeterafavor.SheisteachingChildrenEnglish.答案：A定语(attribute)：一般修饰名词，由形容词性质的词、短语或从句充当。状语(adverbial):—般修饰动词或整个句子，一般由副词性质的词、短语或从句充当；介词短语也可以充当句子状语；状语可用于表示时间、地点、原因、结果、方式、目的、让步、条件等。WhichofthefollowingitalicizedphrasesindicatesCAUSE(2010)Whydon'tyoudoitforthesakeofyourfriendsIwishIcouldwriteaswellasyou.Forallhisefforts,hedidn'tgetanA.Hereyeswereredfromexcessivereading.表语(subjectcomplement):用于联系动词后面，用于解释、说明、描述主语，一般由形容词、名词性质的词、短语或从句充当。语法核心考点三：虚拟语气真题解析：1.Iftherewerenosubjunctivemood,Englishmucheasiertolearn(2009，52)A.couldhavebeenB.wouldbeC.willbeD.wouldhavebeen答案：BItisnecessarythathetheassignmentwithoutdelay.(2010，60）A.handinB.handsinC.musthandinD.hastohandin答案：AIt'sgettinglate.I'dratheryounow.（2011，61）A.leftB.leaveC.areleavingD.willleave答案：AMybossorderedthatthelegaldocumentstohimbeforelunch.（2012，54）A.besentB.weresentC.weretobesentD.mustbesent答案:AWhichhofthefollowingsentencescontainssubjunctivemood（2013，54）Lucyinsistedthathersongethomebefore5o'clock.Sheusedtodrivetowork,butnowshetakesthecitymetro.Walkstraightahead,anddon'tturntillthesecondtrafficlights.PaulwillcancelhisflightifhecannotgethisvisabyFriday.答案：AIfittomorrow,thematchwouldbeputoff.（2013，63）A.wastorainB.weretorainC.wasrainingD.hadrained答案：B概念：虚拟语气是一种动词形式，表示说话人的一种愿望、假设、怀疑、猜测、建议等含义，用于强调怀疑或不可能，而不是客观存在的事实。虚拟语气重点小结：1普通虚拟条件句普通虚拟条件句叙述与事实相反的情况，不强调推测意味。虚拟情况条件从句结果主句

与现在事实相反If+主语+过去时(be动词通常用were)主语+would/could/mightdo与过去事实相反If+主语+haddone主语+wouldhavedone与将来事实相反⑴If+主语+过去时(be动词通常用were)If+主语+shoulddoIf+主语+weretodo注意：shoulddo比weretodo实现的可能性大主语+would/shoulddo2推测虚拟条件句用来推测未来事件，即讲话人认为实现的可能性极小。所以与将来事实相反的虚拟形式适用于推测虚拟条件句。虚拟情况条件从句结果主句与将来事实相反If+主语+过去时(be动词通常用were)If+主语+shoulddoIf+主语+weretodo注意：shoulddo比weretodo实现的可能性大主语+woulddo错综时间条件句错综时间条件句即虚拟条件从句和主句动作发生的时间不一致，因此主句和从句时态的选择上不能拘泥于上表所列的时态构成，需视具体情况而定。IfIwereyou,Iwouldn'thavegoneoutwithhimlastnight.（现在-过去）IfIhadhadbreakfastthismorning,Iwould'ntbesohungrynow.（过去-现在）含蓄条件句含蓄条件句指句中没有出现明显表示虚拟语气的条件句，而是使用一些词、短语、从句或其它结构来表示条件，但句中仍然使用了虚拟语气。短语通常有：butfor（要不是），without,with,or（否则），otherwise（否则），incaseof（在…的情况下），whatif（如果……将会怎样）等。Butforhisfather'sencouragement,hewouldn'thavewonthefirstprize.Withbetterequipment,wewouldhavesucceeded.名词性从句中若含有表示“命令、建议、请求、意愿、主张、目的”等意义的词时，需使用虚拟语气，通常用should+动词原形，should可以省略。详见名词性从句部分。6.由wish引导的从句需要用虚拟语气。通常用过去时表示对现在的虚拟。用过去完成时表示对过去的虚拟，用would+动词原形表示对将来的虚拟。IwishIcouldflylikeabird.IwishIhadn'tlenthimmycomputer.IwishIwouldaffordtotravelthewholeworld.7在wouldrather，hadrather，wouldsooner和wouldprefer弓I导的从句中要使用虚拟语气,即用过去时表示现在或将来的情况，用完成时表示过去的情况，希望或委婉的责备。I'dratheryoutoldmeaboutitrightaway.8在固定句型itis（high）time…中，谓语动词要用过去时。Itishightimeyoutoldmeaboutit.9.Ifonly…引导的从句表示没有实现的愿望或遗憾，要使用虚拟语气。用过去时表示现在没有实现的愿望，用过去完成时表示过去没有实现的愿望。IfonlyIwereabirdandcouldflyfreelyinthesky.IfonlyIhadknownitearlierandIcouldhavestoppedit.10在让步状语从句中，whether…or…结构通常用倒装语序，谓语动词用be的原形来表示。Beitfineornot,Iwillinspectthefactorymyselftomorrow.=Whetheritisfineornot,Iwillinspectthefactorymyselftomorrow11在forfearthat，inorderthat，sothat引导的目的状语从句中，谓语动词通常使用should/might/could+动词原形。Hetiptoedforfearthathemightdisturbhisfather.12在lest引导的目的状语从句中，谓语动词通常用should+动词原形。Shedidn'tallowherlittledaughtergooutlestsheshouldcatchflu.定义：虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，而不表示客观存在的事实，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。应用条件：在表示虚假的、与事实相反的或难以实现的情况时用虚拟语气，表示主观愿望或某种强烈情感时，也用虚拟语气。即当一个人说话时欲强调其所说的话是基于自己的主观想法，愿望，假想，猜测，怀疑或建议，而不是根据客观实际，就用虚拟语气。虚拟语气误区1•混合条件句的主从句时态不会灵活变化；2•省略if时，句子调整不正确；3•不会去找意思中的“应该”含义；4•陷在虚拟中出不来，把真实条件句当成虚拟条件句语法核心考点五非谓语动词真题解析Whataniceday!Howaboutthethreeofusawalkintheparknearby(2009，51)A.totalkB.takeC.takingD.tobetaking答案：C2.shouldnotbecomeaseriousdisadvantageinlifeandwork(.2010，65)A.TobenottallB.NotbeingtallC.BeingnottallD.Nottobetall答案：B(—)不定式(infinitive)I■基本形式：“to+动词原形”有时to可省略。不能作谓语，没有人称和数的变化。既具有动词的特征可以有自己的宾语和状语，又具有名词，形容词和副词的句法功能。不定式可以做主语，宾语，表语，定语，状语，同位语和宾语补足语主动语态被动语态一般式towritetobewritten元成式tohavewrittentohavebeenwritten进行式tobewriting完成进行式tohavebeenwriting不定式的否定式为：not+todo不定式的主动语态与被动语态：一般式：表示谓语动词的动作与不定式的动作几乎同时发生，或发生在谓语动作之后。WemustlearntospeakEnglishIwanttobeascientistwhenIgrowup.完成式：表示不定式的动作早于谓语动词的动作发生。I'msorrytohavegivenyousomuchtrouble.It'sagoodthingforhimtohavebeencriticized.c进行式：表示谓语动词的动作发生的时候，不定式的动作正在进行。Heseemstobewaitingforsomebody.Hepretendedtobelisteningattentively.注：在某些结构中（尤其做宾语时，不定式虽然表被动，但是用主动形式表示。1）在的therebe句式中，不定式的主动式可表被动的意思。Thereisnomattertodrinkhere.2）当不定式与前面的名词构成动宾关系，又与另一代词或名词构成主谓关系，这时不定式的主动可以表被动。Wehavemanydifficult