安全工程专业英语Unit1-9翻译

Unit11。Becauseoftheveryrapidchangesinthesejobsandprofessions,itishardforstudentstolearnaboutfuturejobopportunities.Itisevenmore

difficulttoknowaboutthetypeofpreparationthatisneededforaparticularprofession-orthequalitiesandtraitsthatmighthelpindividuals

succeedinit.感谢阅读精品文档放心下载感谢阅读精品文档放心下载功适应未来的社会。2。Thepurposeofthisarticleistoprovideindepthinformationaboutthesafetyprofessionthatshouldhelpstudentsconsideringacareerinthis

challengingandrewardingfield.感谢阅读精品文档放心下载安全专业的学生们在这个充满挑战也蕴含着发展机遇的职业中获得感谢阅读良好的发展而提供帮助。3。Whiletheseeffortsbecamemoresophisticatedandwidespreadduring感谢阅读thetwentiethcentury,realprogressonawidefrontdidnotoccurintheU.S。untilafterWordWarⅡ。谢谢阅读尽管这些专业手段在20世纪已经发展的较为成熟，也具有一定的广感谢阅读泛适应性，但在美国,这些都是第二次世界大战以后才取得的突破性精品文档放心下载进展。4.Thislegislationwasimportantbecauseitstressedthecontrolof

workplacehazards。This,inturn,definedaclearareaofpracticeforthe

previouslylooselyorganizedsafetyprofession.Otherlegislationpassed

duringthenexttwentyyearshasincreasedthescopeofsafetypractice

intoareasofenvironmentalprotection,productsafety,hazardous

materialsmanagementanddesigningsafetyintovehicles，highways，processplantsand。精品文档放心下载精品文档放心下载为以前不成体系的安全业务划定了工作范围.此后20年中通过的一些精品文档放心下载立法,将安全业务的范围扩大到了环境保护、产品安全、危险物料管感谢阅读理以及机动车辆、高速公路、加工厂和房屋的安全设计等方面。感谢阅读5。Asaresult，thesafetyprofessionhasrespectfromotherestablishedprofessionssuchasengineering，medicineandlaw（allofwhichhad

traditionallybeeninvolvedinhazard，buthadnospecialtraininginit).感谢阅读因此安全专业受到了其他发展已经较为成熟的工医药及法律这样的精品文档放心下载感谢阅读乏专业化的训练。6.Safetyprofessionalsapplyprinciplesdrawnfromsuchdisciplinesas精品文档放心下载engineering，education，psychology,physiology，enforcement,精品文档放心下载hygiene，health，physics,andmanagement.Theyuseappropriate谢谢阅读methodsandtechniquesoflosspreventionandlosscontrol.“Safety感谢阅读science”isatwenty—firstcenturytermforeverythingthatgoesintothepreventionof，illnesses，fires，explosionsandotherevents

whichharmpeople,propertyandthe。谢谢阅读卫生、健康、物理、以及管理学等学科的基本原理,选择适当的方法

和技术进行损失预防和控制.作为21世纪术语安全科学”泛指对事故、疾病、火灾、爆炸以及一切危及人们生命、财产和环境的事件的预防.精品文档放心下载7.Illnesscausedbyexposingpeopletoharmfulbiological,physicaland感谢阅读chemicalagentsproducegreatlosseseachyearandaccurateestimatesof谢谢阅读theirimpactarehardtomake.精品文档放心下载精品文档放心下载则更是惊人其负面影响已无法精确估算。8.Ergonomicshelpspeopleunderstandtheperformancelimitsofhumans感谢阅读andhelpsthemdesigntasks，machines，workstationsandfacilitieswhichimproveperformanceandsafety.感谢阅读人机工程学有助于人们理解人类自身的局限性,从而致力设计能够有感谢阅读效提高安全性和绩效的作业任务、设备、设施、以及工作站。谢谢阅读9。Fromthecarefuldesignandoperationofnuclearpowergenerating精品文档放心下载stationstotheeliminationoflead-basedpaintsinhomes,theeffortsto谢谢阅读reducethreatstopublicsafetygoonnonstop.谢谢阅读从核电站的精心设计到家居无铅材料,人们致力于降低对公众威胁的精品文档放心下载努力从未停止。10.Theapplicationofsafetyscienceprinciplesoccursinmanyplaces:in

theworkplace，inallmodesoftransportation,inlaboratories,，

andhospitals,atconstructionsites，onoildrillingrigsatsea，in

undergroundmines，inthebusiestcities,inthespaceprogram，on

farms,andanywhereelsewherepeoplemaybeexposedtohazards.感谢阅读安全科学原理在人们可能暴露危险的工作场所、交通场所、实验室、

农场等得到了广泛的应用。感谢阅读11。Tobecalledprofessionals，theymustacquiretheessential

knowledgeofsafetysciencethrougheducationandexperiencesothat

otherscanrelyontheirjudgmentsandrecommendations.精品文档放心下载全科学知识以使其他人可以信赖他们的判断和建议。感谢阅读12。Regardlessoftheindustry,safetyprofessionalshelptoachieve

safetyintheworkplacebyidentifyingandanalyzinghazardswhich

potentiallycreateinjuryandillnessproblems，developingandapplying

hazardcontrols,communicatingsafetyandhealthinformation，measuringtheeffectivenessofcontrols，andperformingfollow-up

evaluationstomeasurecontinuingimprovementin。精品文档放心下载谢谢阅读险、提出并实施危险控制方案、交流安全健康信息、测量控制方案实谢谢阅读施有效性、评估持续改进项目等一系列工作以保障工作场所的安全。谢谢阅读13.EmergencyResponse:organizing，trainingandcoordinatingskilled精品文档放心下载employeeswithregardtoauditoryandvisualcommunicationspertainingtoemergenciessuchasfires,accidentsorother。精品文档放心下载谢谢阅读突发事件的听觉和视觉交流。14.ManagementSafetyPrograms：planning，organizing,budgeting,谢谢阅读andtrackingcompletionandeffectivenessofactivitiesintendedto谢谢阅读achievesafetyobjectivesinanorganizationortoimplement精品文档放心下载administrativeortechnicalcontrolsthatwilleliminateorreducehazards。谢谢阅读安全管理方案：规划、组织、预算、跟踪项目的完成情况与有效性，精品文档放心下载以实现组织的安全目标或通过管理或技术手段消除或减少危险.精品文档放心下载15.Thesatisfactionofknowingthatpeoplehavebeenprotectedbecause精品文档放心下载harmfulaccidentsandotherincidentshavebeenpreventedisjustoneof精品文档放心下载themanyrewardsassociatedwith“whatsafetyprofessionalsdo”.感谢阅读精品文档放心下载满足是所谓的安全专业人士”得到的诸多奖励之一.Unit21.Safetyandhealthprofessionalswhoworkinindustrialsettings

concentrateprimarilyonensuringcompliancewith,attheveryleast，the

minimumsafetyandhealthstandardpromulgatedundertheOccupational

SafetyandHealthActof1970,asenforcedbyOccupationalSafetyand

Health感谢阅读在工业生产中,安全和健康专业人士主要工作集中于在确保生产至少

1970职业安全与健康法案》发布的各项安全与健康标准，

这些标准由职业安全及健康管理局强制执行。精品文档放心下载2。Althoughnumerousareasareaddressedandaminimumlevelof

workerprotectionisensuredbyimplementationofthesemany，

itisimportanttonotethatthemajordrivingfactorforworkersafetyis

containednotintheCodeofFederalRegulationsbutinSection5ofthe

OccupationalSafetyandHealthActitself。精品文档放心下载虽然众多的领域都强调并且通过执行这些标准以确保保护工人最低的安全水平，但值得注意的是:真正推动工人安全的主要驱动因素在

于《职业安全与健康法案》的第五部分而不是在于《联邦法规条例》

中所包含的内容。感谢阅读3。Thisfactor，betterknownastheGeneralDuty，Section5(a)

（simplystatesthat:Eachemployershallfurnishtoeachofhis

employeesemploymentandaplaceofemploymentwhicharefreefrom

recognizedhazardsthatarecausingorarelikelytocausedeathorserious

physicalharmtohisemployees，andshallcomplywithoccupationalsafetyandhealthstandardspromulgatedunderthisact.感谢阅读这一因素，即《职业安全与健康法案》第5(a)）部分——一般责任谢谢阅读条款，简明地阐述如下:每个雇主必须为其雇员提供安全健康的就业精品文档放心下载谢谢阅读害的可辨识的危险,并必须遵守基于本法案颁布的职业安全和健康标感谢阅读准。4.Infact,theGeneralDutyClausehasbeentheprecursorformanyoftheregulationsthathavefollowedsince1970andcontinuestoensureworker

safetyintheabsenceofaspecificstandardforaspecificoccupationalsituation。感谢阅读事实上，一般责任条款已经被1970年以来许多法规采纳而成为母法,精品文档放心下载它同样在因缺少特定标准的特定职业情况下确保工人的安全。精品文档放心下载5。Lessclear，butequallyimportanttoworkersafety,isthatthe

methodsandtechniquesassociatedwiththesystemsafetyeffortarean

excellentmeansofassuringthattheintentoftheGeneralDutyClauseis

metattheearliestpossibletimeintheprojectorprogramdevelopment

process。精品文档放心下载对于工人安全同样重要,但表达不太清楚的地方在于有关系统安全的

方法和技术是项目早期阶段或研发过程方案中确保符合一般责任条

款的极好的手段。感谢阅读6.However,asnotedearlier,moststandardandregulationsreflect

minimumrequirementsforsafeoperationsanddonotplaceany

additionalresponsibilitiesonemployerstobesaferthanwhatisrequired

bythesestandards.精品文档放心下载然而,如前所述，大多数标准和法规反映了安全操作的最低要求，他精品文档放心下载们并没有提出比这些标准的要求更能确保安全的有关雇主责任的内感谢阅读容。7。Itiswellknownwithintheoccupationalsafetyarenathat,inordertoensurecontinuedsafetyinagivensituation,itisoftennecessaryto

exceedtheminimumrequirementsestablishedbylaw.精品文档放心下载在职业安全领域,众所周知的是：为了确保在给定的条件下持续保持感谢阅读安全的状况超过法律规定的最低要求通常是必要的。8。Eventhoughamajorityofindustrialaccidentsorincidentshave精品文档放心下载historicallybeenattributedtotheunsafeactsortheunsafeconductof感谢阅读workers，theimportanceofunsafephysicalconditionsandequipment感谢阅读canshouldnotbeminimizedinanydiscussionconcerningaccidentrisk感谢阅读potential。虽然大多数工业事故或事件在历史上被归因于工人的不安全行为或

安全状态最小化。感谢阅读9.Injuriesand/orpropertydamagecausedbymechanicalhazards

generallyhaveahighpotentialseverity，sincetheyoftenresultina

permanenttotaldisability（e.g.,lossofmotionoruseofabodymember,

amputations，lossofsight,damagesto）and/orlosstoessential

equipmentorfacilities.精品文档放心下载机械性危险造成的伤害和/或财产损失一般具有较高的潜在严重性，感谢阅读精品文档放心下载体某部位失能，截肢，失明听力损害）和/或基础设备或设施的巨大感谢阅读破坏或损坏。10。Furthermore,manyoftheso-calledunsafeactsthatcausesuch

injuriesordamagemaynotresultinanaccidentifthepotentialforriskis

properlyassessedwellinadvancedandsaferphysicalconditionsare

implementedtocontrolthehazardsassociatedwiththelevelof

ascertained。精品文档放心下载此外，如果能够事先对潜在风险进行恰当的评价,并且控制与该风险感谢阅读水平相关的危险以提供一个较为安全的物理条件,那么，所谓的导致谢谢阅读伤害的或损害的不安全行动就不会导致事故。11.Therefore,accurateevaluationofapplicableoccupationalandenvironmentalstandardsandregulations,aswellasananalysisof

specificworkertasks,areabsolutelyessentialindeterminingappropriatelevelsofprotection。感谢阅读因此，如果能够事先对潜在风险进行恰当的评价,并且控制与风险水精品文档放心下载感谢阅读害或损害的不安全行动就不会导致事故。12。Sincethegoalsandobjectivesofboththeindustrialsafetyand

systemsafetydisciplinestendtoserveeachother’sbestinterests，it感谢阅读wouldnotbeprudentmanagementpracticetoignoretheintegrationof精品文档放心下载thesystemsafetyprogramwiththeindustrialsafetyeffort.感谢阅读以忽视系统安全方案和工业安全方面的整合都是不严谨的管理做法。感谢阅读13.Therefore，inordertofullycomprehendtherelationshipbetween

systemsafetyandindustrialsafety,onemustalsounderstandhowsystem

safetycanbesuccessfullyutilizedintheanalysisofthehumanfactors

elementoftaskperformance.谢谢阅读安全是如何成功的运用于任务绩效中的人因分析精品文档放心下载14。Ifthisbasicconceptofhuman-systeminterfaceisnotproperly

consideredinthedesignphase,thenallthesafetyincentivesand

motivationalprogramsthatmoneycanbuywillnotencouragean

individualtooperatepoorlydesignedequipmentatadesignatedlevelof

effectiveness。谢谢阅读谢谢阅读安全动机以及金钱可以购买的激励方案都不能鼓励个体员工在指定感谢阅读有效性要求下操作一台设计糟糕的设备.15.Also，ifpersonnelaretrainedtooperateinadequatelydesignedequipmentundernormaloperating，theywilltypicallyrevert

toveryineffectiveoperationsunderemergencyorotherstress—includeconditions.精品文档放心下载精品文档放心下载情况或其他应激性条件下他们所表现的就是进行非常无效的操作。谢谢阅读Unit31。Thehazardanalysiswillalsoassisttheengineerinfurtherassessing精品文档放心下载whichhazardsareimportantandwhicharenotandthereforedonotneed精品文档放心下载furtherstudy.危险分析也将有助于工程师进一步评估哪些危险是重要的,哪些危险感谢阅读不重要从而不必要进一步研究。2.Withthisinformation，theassociatedrisksarethenrankedand谢谢阅读engineeringmanagementisbetterabletodeterminewhichrisksareworthcontrollingandwhichrisksrequireless。精品文档放心下载精品文档放心下载风险是值得控制的，哪些风险是可以较少地关注。3。Someexampleengineeringcontrolsinclude:addingareliefvaluetoa精品文档放心下载2000-psioxygensystem；buildingabermaroundanoilstoragetank；usingonlyhermeticallysealedswitchesinanexplosiveenvironment;orputtinginhardstopsinrotatingmachinerytoprevent。精品文档放心下载工程控制包括这样一个例子：给2000-psi的氧气系统增加一个安全谢谢阅读精品文档放心下载转机械设置强行停止开关以防止扭矩过大。4。Developingandimplementingaplantsafetyplanisa感谢阅读goodmethodofapplyingmanagementcontrolstohazards。感谢阅读制定和实施工厂安全计划是应用风险管理控制的一种方法。谢谢阅读5.Oncecontrolsareinplace,amethodneedstobeusedtoverifythat谢谢阅读thecontrolsactuallycontrolthehazardsormitigatetheriskstoan感谢阅读acceptablelevel。精品文档放心下载险减小到可以接受的水平。6.Afterthesystemhasbeenstudiedandhazardsidentified,thenanalyzed精品文档放心下载andevaluatedwithcontrolsinplace，managementmustmaketheformaldecisionsofwhichriskstheyarewillingtotakeandwhichonestheywillnottake.感谢阅读感谢阅读价,管理者必须做出正式的决定,哪些风险他们能够接受，哪些风险精品文档放心下载他们不可以接受。7。Thismeansthattheengineeringandmanagementorganizations感谢阅读periodicallyreviewthesafetyprogram,engineeringprocesses,谢谢阅读managementorganizations,andproductfielduse.精品文档放心下载这意味着，工程管理机构定期审查安全方案，工程流程，管理组织和感谢阅读产品的现场使用情况。8.TheAmericanautomobileindustryhaslostbillionsofdollars精品文档放心下载inautomobilerecallsduetosafetyproblems，someofwhichpossiblycouldhavebeenavoidedbyperiodic谢谢阅读reviewofproductuse。感谢阅读一些问题可以通过定期审查产品的使用情况来避免。Unit41Notethatallmethodsareabstractions—-theysimplifythethin

beingmodeledbyabstractingawaywhatareassumedtobeirrelevant

detailsandfocusingonthefeatureofthephenomenonthat

areassumedtobethemostrelevant感谢阅读节，关注假定最相关现象的特征从而简化了被建的模型谢谢阅读2Thatselectionprocessinmostcasesisarbitraryand

dependentirelyonthechoiceofmodeler,butitiscriticalin

determiningtheusefulnessandaccuracyofthemodelin

predictingfutureevents感谢阅读感谢阅读他在确定该模型预测未来事件的有效性和准确性方面是至关重要的.精品文档放心下载3Becausetheaccidentmodelinfluencewhatcause(s）is

ascribedtoanaccident,thecountermeasurestakentopreventfuture

accidentsandtheevaluationoftheriskinoperatingasystemthe

powerandfeaturesofthemodelwillgreatlyaffectourabilitytoidentifyandcontrolhazardsandthuspreventaccidents精品文档放心下载因为事故模型影响着导致事故的原因、预防未来事故所采取的措施精品文档放心下载以及操作系统中的风险评价，所以,该模型的威力和特点建大大大影谢谢阅读响我们辨识和控制危险，从而阻止事故发生的能力。4.Atthesametimethatthedevelopmentofnewtechnologyhassprinted谢谢阅读forward,thetimeto/r