考研考博-英语-北京工业大学耿丹学院押题密卷附带答案详解篇

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-北京工业大学耿丹学院押题密卷附带答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第壹套一.全考点押题密卷-综合训练(共50题)1.单选题

Despitealmostuniversal_______ofthevitalimportanceofwomen’sliteracy,educationremainsadreamformanywomeninfartoomanycountriesoftheworld.

问题1选项

A.confession

B.identification

C.acknowledgement

D.compliment

【答案】C

【解析】名词词义辨析。confession“坦白，供认”；identification“鉴定；身份证”；acknowledgement“承认，确认”；compliment“赞美”。句意：尽管女性文化的重要性成为统一承认的事情，但是在世界的许多国家，教育仍然是许多女性的梦想。选项C符合题意。

2.单选题

Itismoreimportantto（）thewayforchildren’sdesiretoknowthantoputthemonadiet（）offactstheyarenotreadytoassimilate.

问题1选项

A.tackle

B.submit

C.shield

D.pave

【答案】D

【解析】考查固定搭配。tackle“应付，处理”；submit“使服从，主张”；shield“遮蔽，包庇”；pave“铺砌，铺路”。pavethewayfor…为…做好准备，为…铺平道路。句意：对于孩子们来说，更重要的为他们想要了解的东西铺平道路，而不是让他们去接受那些他们还没有准备好去吸收的事实。

3.单选题

TheJapanesepersonnelmanagerhadto（）keepingachemistonthepayrolleventhoughthecompanynolongerneededhisexpertise.

问题1选项

A.modify

B.justify

C.sustain

D.launch

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。modify“修改，修饰”；justify“证明…是正当的”；sustain“维持，支撑”；launch“发起，发动”；句意：尽管不再需要化学家的专业才能，这位日本人事经理仍然把他留下。eventhough表明前后句为让步关系，由后半句“尽管不再需要该化学家的专业才能”可推知前半句“仍然将其留下”符合句意。故C项正确。

4.单选题

Thenormalhumandailycycleofactivityisofsome7-8hours’sleepalternatingwithsome16-17hours’wakefulness.Broadlyspeaking,thesleephoursnormally（）withthehoursofdarkness.

问题1选项

A.conform

B.coincide

C.collide

D.comply

【答案】B

【解析】动词词组辨析。conformwith符合，与...一致；coincidewith符合，与...一致（强调时间上的一致性）；collidewith冲突；complywith遵守。句意：人类正常的日常活动周期是7-8小时的睡眠和16-17小时的清醒交替进行。广义上说，睡眠时间通常与黑暗的时间相一致。选项B正确。

5.单选题

Dr.Smithfailedmanytimesbuthefinally（

）tofindasuccessfulwaytosolvetheproblem.

问题1选项

A.brokeoff

B.brokedown

C.brokeout

D.brokethrough

【答案】D

【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项breakoff“（使）分离”；B选项breakdown“失败”；C选项breakout“突然发生，爆发”；D选项breakthrough“突围，突破”。根据转折连词but可知句子前面表示转折关系，由failedmanytimes（多次失败）与finally（最终）可知D选项符合语境。句意：史密斯医生失败了很多次，但他最终突破了，找到了解决问题的成功方法。

6.单选题

Alltherows,alltheethicalproblemsandallthemoneyspentinpursuingthehumancodeforlifewillhavebeenwellworthitifitfulfillsevenmoreofitsmedicalpromise.

Thepotentialprizescertainlyglitter.Inthefarfuture,itmaybepossibletopreventgeneticdiseasesfrombeinginheritedbycuttingthemoutofthegenepoolonceandforall,so-calledgerm-lineengineering.Atthenearerendofthetimescale,genetictestsareallowingpeopletochoosesuitabletherapiesandlifestylestobeatdisease.Aninbetween,liefurthertantalizingprospects,thousandsofnewdrugsforpreviouslyuntreatablediseases;drugstailoredtoindividuals,sowithfarfewersideeffects,theabilitytoreplacefaultygenes,short-circuitingdiseasesatsource.

Buttheworkofturningthebasepairdataintothegoldofnewtreatmentshasalreadybegun,accordingtoDr.FrancisCollins,headoftheUSNationalHumanResearchInstitute,“Ikeepatallyofthegenesthatareresponsibleforhumandiseasesthatareidentifiedoverthecourseofayear.”Inagoodyear,intimesgoneby,theremighthavebeentwoorthree.Lastyear,therehavebeen29discovered.

Privatecompanieshavealsocombedthedatatofindgenesthatplayrolesindiabetes,asthma,psoriasisandmigraines.ThemostextremesuggesteduseforthehumangenomedataiseditingtheDNAinheritancepasseddownfromonegenerationtothenext.Suchascenarioinvolvesidentifyinganabnormalgeneandthecorrectingitinthecellswhichareusedtopassgeneticinformationtooffspring.Nosubsequentgenerationwouldthenbeaffectedbytheirancestors’genedefect.However,suchirreversibleinterventionwiththecodeforlifewillonlybeallowedaftermajorethicalreservationsandsafetyconcernsoverpossibleunexpectedresultsofthechangesareaddressed.

Thereislittledoubtthattherevelationofthehumangenomewillbenefithealthcareintheshortandlongterm.Butmanyofthetreatmentswillbeexpensiveandwilldonothingtoavoidthedamagecausedbyviralandbacterialdiseases.IthasbeensuggestedthatabravenewworldawaitsusinwhichallailmentscanbemonitoredfromadailymouthswabinsertedintoaDNAreaderinourbathroomcabinets.ButDr.IanPurvissays,itcouldbethatlike,alongtimeinthefuture,butthatisbasedontheratherarrogantviewhumanityhasthatitwillunderstandeverythingwefind…andweneverhaveinthepast.

61.Bysayingthatthe“potentialprizescertainlyglitter”,theauthormeansthat______.

62.Thechiefpurposeofgerm-lineengineeringisto______.

63.Fromthefirstsentenceofthethirdparagraphwelearnthat______.

64.Theauthorwarnsthatintryingtoalterhumangenes,specialattentionshouldbepaidto______.

65.AccordingtoDr.Purvis,humanbeings______.

问题1选项

A.pursuingthehumancodeforlifecertainlyprovokesmuchdebate

B.germ-lineengineeringfailstofulfillsomeofitsmedicalpromises

C.germ-lineengineeringwillcertainlyprovetobeafruitfulresearch

D.potentialprizesforgeneresearchhaveactuallyprovedtobesmall

问题2选项

A.developdrugssuitedtoeachindividualwithfewersideeffects

B.preventfaultygenesfrompassingontothenextgeneration

C.developdrugsforpreviouslyuntreatablediseases

D.workoutthebesttherapyfortheterminallyill

问题3选项

A.actualworkongerm-lineengineeringhasbeenunderway

B.gettingawaywithfaultygeneshasprovedtobeatoughtask

C.theprospectoffindingthenewtreatmentsseemsbright

D.researchershavebeguntocollectthehumangenomedata

问题4选项

A.ethicalproblemsinvolved

B.abnormalgenestobealtered

C.thecodeoflifetobesearchedfor

D.protectinghealthygenes

问题5选项

A.aremorearrogantthanwewereinthepast

B.willbeabletomonitorallailmentsinthenearfuture

C.understandourpastbetterthanwedoourfuture

D.maynotunderstandeverythingwediscovered

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:A

第5题:A

【解析】61.推理判断题。题干意思是“通过说‘潜在的奖励肯定会闪闪发光’，作者的意思是……”。根据题干可定位到第二段，第二段第一句Thepotentialprizescertainlyglitter.（潜在的奖励定将闪闪发光）是本段落的中心句，随后讲到了基因研究的美好前景，制造更好的药物，让人们选择治疗疾病的合适的疗法，第二段最后两句提到Aninbetween,liefurthertantalizingprospects,thousandsofnewdrugsforpreviouslyuntreatablediseases;drugstailoredtoindividuals,sowithfarfewersideeffects,theabilitytoreplacefaultygenes,short-circuitingdiseasesatsource.（在两者之间，还有更诱人的前景，数以千计的新药用于以前无法治疗的疾病；为个人量身定制的药物，副作用少得多，能够替换有缺陷的基因，从源头上消除疾病），由此我们可以推断，这种基因研究会成为一项颇有成效的研究，即胚系工程研究；故C项“胚系工程必将证明是一项卓有成效的研究”符合题意。A项“追寻人类的生命密码肯定会引发很多争论”该段没有提到争论；B项“胚系工程不能履行它的一些医疗承诺”和D项“基因研究的潜在奖金实际上被证明是很小的”都与原文不符。因此，该题选择C项正确。

62.细节事实题。题干意思是“胚系工程的主要目的是……”。根据第二段第二句Inthefarfuture,itmaybepossibletopreventgeneticdiseasesfrombeinginheritedbycuttingthemoutofthegenepoolonceandforall,so-calledgerm-lineengineering.（在遥远的将来，通过将遗传疾病一劳永逸地从基因库中剔除，也就是所谓的胚系工程，就有可能防止遗传疾病）可知，胚系工程的目的是防止遗传疾病，故B项“防止有缺陷的基因传给下一代”正确。A项“开发适合每个人的副作用更少的药物”和C项“为以前无法治愈的疾病开发药物”是通过基因工程的研究来实现的，不是主要的目的；D项“为绝症患者找出最好的治疗方法”文章未提到。因此，该题选择B项正确。

63.推理判断题。题干意思是“从第三段的第一句话我们可以知道……”。根据题干可以定位到第三段第一句，文章说Buttheworkofturningthebasepairdataintothegoldofnewtreatmentshasalreadybegun（但是将碱基对的数据转化为新疗法的核心工作已经开始了），接着又继续提到Inagoodyear,intimesgoneby,theremighthavebeentwoorthree.Lastyear,therehavebeen29discovered.（在过去的好年景里，可能会有两三个；去年，已经发现了29个）可推断，将碱基对的数据转化为新疗法的前景很好，故C项“找到新疗法的前景似乎很光明”符合题意。A项“胚系工程的实际工作正在进行中”，文章说的是已经开始一段时间了，与原文不符；B项“摆脱有缺陷的基因被证明是一项艰巨的任务”在该段没有体现；第三段提到Ikeepatallyofthegenesthatareresponsibleforhumandiseasesthatareidentifiedoverthecourseofayear.（在一年的时间里，我记录了一份与人类疾病有关的基因记录）可知研究人员已经开始收集与人类疾病有关的基因数据，D项“研究人员已经开始收集人类基因组数据”表述不够准确。因此，该题选择C项正确。

64.细节事实题。题干意思是“作者警告说，在试图改变人类基因时，应特别注意……”。第四段最后一句指出However,suchirreversibleinterventionwiththecodeforlifewillonlybeallowedaftermajorethicalreservationsandsafetyconcernsoverpossibleunexpectedresultsofthechangesareaddressed.（然而，只有在处理了重大伦理保留意见和对可能出现的意外结果的安全担忧之后，才允许对生命守则进行这种不可逆转的干预），由此可知，在试图改变人类基因时，应该特别注意人类之间的伦理和可能出现的意外结果，所以A项“涉及的道德问题”符合题意。B项“被改变的异常基因”，这属于改变人类基因的结果而非注意的地方；C项“寻找生命的密码”和D项“保护健康基因”在该段没有体现。因此，该题选择A项正确。

65.推理判断题。题干意思是“根据珀维斯博士的说法，人类……”。最后一段作者阐述人类基因组的探索将在短期和长期内造福于医疗保健，但是价格昂贵且无法避免病毒和细菌疾病造成的损害；随后引出一个abravenewworld（一个勇敢的新世界），并用珀维斯博士的话回答：itcouldbethatlike,alongtimeinthefuture,butthatisbasedontheratherarrogantviewhumanityhasthatitwillunderstandeverythingwefind…andweneverhaveinthepast.（在未来的很长一段时间可能是这样的，但这是基于人类相当傲慢的观点，即人们会理解我们发现的一切，而我们过去从来没有这种想法），可以推断，人类比我们过去要傲慢，所以A项“比我们过去更傲慢”符合题意。B项“在不久的将来将能够监测所有疾病”表述太绝对；C项“比我们更了解我们的未来”和D项“可能不理解我们发现的一切”表述与文章不符。因此，该题选择A项正确。

7.单选题

Aidedbytherecentabilitytoanalyzesamplesofairtrappedglaciers,scientistsnowhaveaclearerideaoftherelationshipbetweenatmosphericcompositionandglobaltemperaturechangeoverthepast160,000years.Inparticular,determinationofatmosphericcompositionduringperiodsofglacialexpansionandretreat(coolingandwarming)ispossibleusingdatafromthe2,000-meterVostokicecoredrilledinAntarctica.Thetechniqueinvolvedissimilartothatusedinanalyzingcoresofmarinesediments,wheretheratioofthetwocommonisotopesofoxygen,180and160,accuratelyreflectspasttemperaturechanges.IsotopicanalysisofoxygenintheVostokcoresuggestsmainglobaltemperaturefluctuationsofupto10degreescentigradeoverthepast160,000years.DatafromtheVostokcorealsoindicatethattheamountofCarbondioxidehasfluctuatedwithtemperatureoverthesameperiod:thehigherthetemperature,thehighertheconcentrationofcarbondioxideandthelowerthetemperature,thelowertheconcentration.Althoughchangeincarbondioxidecontentcloselyfollowschangeintemperatureduringperiodsofdeglaciation,itapparentlylagsbehindtemperatureduringperiodsofcooling.Thecorrelationofcarbondioxidewithtemperature,ofcourse,doesnotestablishwhetherchangesinatmosphericcompositioncausedthewarmingandcoolingtrendsorwerecausedbythem.ThecorrelationbetweencarbondioxideandtemperaturethroughouttheVostokrecordisconsistentandpredictable.Theabsolutetemperaturechanges,however,arefrom5to14timesgreaterthanwouldbeexpectedonthebasisofcarbondioxide’sownabilitytoabsorbinfraredradiation,orradiantheat.Thisreactionsuggeststhat,quiteasidefromchangesinheat-trappinggases,commonlyknownasgreenhousegases,certainpositivefeedbacksarealsoamplifyingthetemperaturechange.Suchfeedbacksmightinvolveiceonlandandsea,clouds,orwatervapor,whichalsoabsorbradiantheat.OtherdatafromtheVostokcoreshowthatmethanegasalsocorrelatescloselywithtemperatureandcarbondioxide.Themethaneconcentrationnearlydoubled,forexample,betweenthepeakofthepenultimateglacialperiodandthefollwinginterglacialperiod.Withinthepresentinterglacialperiodithasmorethandoubledinjustthepast300yearsandisrisingrapidly.Althoughtheconcentrationofatmosphericmethaneismorethantwoordersofmagnitudelowerthanthatofcarbondioxide,itcannotbeignored:theradiativepropertiesofmethanemakeit20timesmoreeffective,moleculeformolecule,thancarbondioxideinabsorbingradiantheat.Onthebasisofasimulationmodelthatclimatologicalresearchershavedeveloped,methaneappearstohavebeenabout25percentasimportantascarbondioxideinthewarmingthattookplaceduringthemostrecentglacialretreat8,000to10,000yearsago.

50.Thepassageprovidesinformationtosupportwhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutmethane?

51.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsbestdescribestherelationshipbetweencarbondioxideandglobaltemperature?

52.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatalong-termdecreaseintheconcentrationofcarbondioxideintheEarth’satmospherewould______.

53.ThepassagesuggeststhatwhenthemethaneconcentrationintheEarth’satmospheredecreases,whichofthefollowingalsohappens?

问题1选项

A.Methaneismoreeffectivethancarbondioxideinabsorbingradiantheat.

B.Thelessthemethaneconcentration,themorethecloudsformedintheEarth’satmosphere.

C.ThehighertheconcentrationofcarbondioxideintheEarth’satmosphere;thelowertheconcentrationofmethane.

D.Mostoftheglobalwarmingthathasoccurredduringthepast10yearshasbeenassociatedwithincreasedmethaneconcentration.

问题2选项

A.Carbondioxidelevelschangeimmediatelyinresponsetochangesintemperature.

B.Carbondioxidelevelscorrelatewithglobaltemperatureduringcoolingperiodsonly.

C.Oncecarbondioxidelevelsincrease,theyremainhighregardlessofchangesinglobaltemperature.

D.Duringcoolingperiods,carbondioxidelevelsinitiallyremainhighandthendecline.

问题3选项

A.increasemethaneconcentrationintheEarth’satmosphere

B.accompanyaperiodofglaciation

C.encouragetheformationofmoreoxygenisotopesintheEarth’satmosphere

D.promotetheformationofmorewaterintheEarth’sglobalenvironment

问题4选项

A.Glaciersmeltfaster.

B.Theconcentrationofcarbondioxideincreases.

C.Theglobaltemperaturedecreases.

D.Carbondioxideabsorbsmoreradiantheat.

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:D

第3题:B

第4题:C

【解析】50.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“这篇文章提供了信息来支持下面关于甲烷的哪个陈述？”。根据倒数第二句Althoughtheconcentrationofatmosphericmethaneismorethantwoordersofmagnitudelowerthanthatofcarbondioxide,itcannotbeignored:theradiativepropertiesofmethanemakeit20timesmoreeffective,moleculeformolecule,thancarbondioxideinabsorbingradiantheat.（尽管大气中甲烷浓度的数量级，比二氧化碳低两个量级还多，但不能忽略：单个分子比较来看，甲烷的辐射特性，导致它吸收辐射热的效率是二氧化碳的20倍。）可知，A项“甲烷在吸收辐射热方面比二氧化碳更有效”正确；B项“甲烷浓度越少，地球大气中形成的云就越多”、C项“地球大气中二氧化碳的浓度越高，甲烷的浓度越低”和D项“过去10年发生的大部分全球变暖都与甲烷浓度增加有关”都没有提到。因此，该题选择A项正确。

51.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“根据文章，下面哪个陈述最好地描述了二氧化碳和全球温度之间的关系？”。根据文中的DatafromtheVostokcorealsoindicatethattheamountofCarbondioxidehasfluctuatedwithtemperatureoverthesameperiod:thehigherthetemperature,thehighertheconcentrationofcarbondioxideandthelowerthetemperature,thelowertheconcentration.Althoughchangeincarbondioxidecontentcloselyfollowschangeintemperatureduringperiodsofdeglaciation,itapparentlylagsbehindtemperatureduringperiodsofcooling.（Vostok岩心的数据还表明，同一时期二氧化碳的含量随温度波动：温度越高，二氧化碳浓度越高，温度越低，二氧化碳浓度越低。尽管二氧化碳含量的变化紧跟在冰川消退时期的温度变化之后，但在冷却时期，二氧化碳含量的变化明显滞后于温度。）可知，在冷却期间，二氧化碳的水平先是保持之前的高水平，随后下降，D项“在冷却期间，二氧化碳水平最初保持在高位，然后下降”正确；A项“二氧化碳水平会随着温度的变化而立即变化”错误，在冷却时期二氧化碳水平明显滞后于温度；B项“只有在冷却期间，二氧化碳水平才与全球温度相关”和C项“一旦二氧化碳水平增加，无论全球温度如何变化，它们都保持高水平”均不符合原文。因此，该题选择D项正确。

52.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“从这篇文章中可以推断出，地球大气中二氧化碳浓度的长期下降将会……”。根据Althoughchangeincarbondioxidecontentcloselyfollowschangeintemperatureduringperiodsofdeglaciation,itapparentlylagsbehindtemperatureduringperiodsofcooling.（尽管二氧化碳含量的变化紧跟在冰川消退时期的温度变化之后，但在冷却时期，二氧化碳含量的变化明显滞后于温度。）来推断，在冰消时期，二氧化碳的含量变化是紧跟冰消时期的温度变化而变化，冰消时期温度是升高的，所以二氧化碳含量会增高；而在冷却时期，即冰川时期，温度下降二氧化碳含量也会下降，只是滞后于温度的变化；由此可以推断，如果二氧化碳的含量长期下降，温度肯定是比二氧化碳的含量下降的更明显，所以将会伴随着冰川时期，故B项“伴随冰川时期”正确；根据最后一句methaneappearstohavebeenabout25percentasimportantascarbondioxideinthewarmingthattookplaceduringthemostrecentglacialretreat8,000to10,000yearsago.（在8000到10000年前的最近一次冰川消退中，甲烷大约提供了相当于二氧化碳25%的贡献。）可知，甲烷和二氧化碳一样，二氧化碳浓度的长期下降，甲烷可能也会下降，A项“增加地球大气中的甲烷浓度”错误；文中并没有阐述氧同位素和温度的关系，C项“鼓励地球大气中更多氧同位素的形成”错误；文中没有提到二氧化碳的含量和水有直接关系，D项“促进地球环境中更多水的形成”不选。因此，该题选择B项正确。

53.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“文章指出，当地球大气中的甲烷浓度降低时，下列哪一种情况也会发生？”。根据文中的OtherdatafromtheVostokcoreshowthatmethanegasalsocorrelatescloselywithtemperatureandcarbondioxide.（Vostok核的其他数据显示，甲烷气体也与温度和二氧化碳密切相关。），以及最后一句methaneappearstohavebeenabout25percentasimportantascarbondioxideinthewarmingthattookplaceduringthemostrecentglacialretreat8,000to10,000yearsago.（在8000到10000年前的最近一次冰川消退中，甲烷大约提供了相当于二氧化碳25%的贡献。）可推断，当大气中甲烷浓度降低时，二氧化碳含量可能同样的下降了，那么可能会伴随冰川时期，所以温度会下降，C项“全球气温下降”正确；由此也知A项“冰川融化得更快”和B项“二氧化碳浓度增加”错误；二氧化碳吸收辐射热的多少和甲烷浓度没有直接关系，D项“二氧化碳吸收更多的辐射热”不选。因此，该题选择C项正确。

8.单选题

Theteacherblamedhisstudentsforplayingpranksintheclassroom.

问题1选项

A.tricks

B.nudes

C.cribs

D.quips

【答案】A

【解析】句意：老师责备他的学生在教室里搞恶作剧。pranks指“恶作剧”。tricks诡计，骗局；nudes肉色针织物；cribs婴儿床，栅栏；quips妙语，讽刺语。选项A与之意思相近。

9.翻译题

Passage1

肝脏是人体最大的腺体,它位于右上腹部。肝脏表面光滑,因血液供应丰富而呈暗红色。大约25%的心输出量流向肝脏。肝脏有许多重要的功能：1)营养物(蛋白质、碳水化合物和脂肪)、药物和毒素的摄取、储存和代谢。2)合成蛋白的产生和机体物质的代谢。

Passage2

100多年前,世界上第一辆汽车的诞生让人们感受到速度带来的震撼。然而,汽车在给人类社会带来便捷的同时,消耗了大量的石油,而且每天排放大量污染物,对人类健康和生态环境造成严重危害。因此,研发节能与新能源汽车成为全球汽车业发展的主题。

Passage3

管理是一种社会职能,隐藏在习俗、信念等传统里,以及政府政策和政治制度中,管理也是‘文化'。人与人的关系正代替人与自然或人与物之间的关系成为相互交往的首要方式。人文文化从科学寻找自信心、理智能意念；科学从人文文化吸取朝向人的情感、价值观念。

ChooseONLYONEtextformthefollowingandtranslateitintoEnglish.WriteyourtranslationontheAnswerSheetprovidedifmorethanONEtranslationappearsontheAnswerSheet,onlythefirstortheindicatedonewouldbescored

【答案】Passage1

Theliveristhelargestglandinthebodyandislocatedintherightupperquadrantoftheabdomen.Itisglossyinappearanceanddarkredincolorfromtherichsupplyofbloodflowingthroughit.Approximately25%ofthecardiacoutputflowstotheliver.Itperformsmanyimportantfunctions:First,theuptake,storage,anddisposalofnutrients(protein,carbohydratesandfat),drugs,toxins.Second,theproductionofsyntheticproteinsandthemetabolismofsubstancesproducedbythebody.

Passage2

100yearsago,theworld'sfirstcarwasborntomakepeoplefeelthethrillofspeed.However,thecarbringconveniencetothehumansociety,itconsumesalotofoilatthesametime,anddischargelargequantitiesofpollutantseveryday,causingseriousharmtohumanhealthandecologicalenvironment.Therefore,thedevelopmentofenergy-savingandnewenergyautomobilehasbecomethethemeofglobalautomotiveindustrydevelopment.

Passage3

Managementisakindofsocialfunction,hiddenintraditionalcustom,faith,aswellasthegovernmentpolicyandpoliticalsystem.Managementisalsoa'culture'.Interpersonalrelationshipisreplacingtherelationshipbetweenhumanandthenatureorhumanandmaterialandbecometheprimarymodeofinteraction.Humanisticculturelookingforself-confidence,rationalideasfromscience;scienceabsorbinghumanemotionsandvaluesfromthehumanisticculture.

10.单选题

Fungi,ofwhichthereareover100,000species,includingyeastsandothersingle-celledorganismsaswellasthecommonmoldsandmushrooms,wereformerlyclassifiedasmembersoftheplantkingdom.However,inrealitytheyareverydifferentfromplantsandtodaytheyareplacedinaseparategroupaltogether.Theprincipalreasonforthisisthatnoneofthempossesseschlorophyll,andsincetheycannotsynthesizetheirowncarbohydrates.Theyobtaintheirsupplieseitherfromthebreakdownofdeadorganicmatterorfromotherlivingorganisms.Furthermorethewallsoffungalcellsarenotmadeofcellulose,asthoseofplantsare,butofanothercomplexsugar-likepolymercalledchitinthematerialfromwhichthehardouterskeletonsofshrimps,spiders,andinsectsaremade.Thedifferencebetweenthechemicalcompositionofthecellwallsoffungiandthoseofplantsisofenormousimportancebecauseitenablesthetipsofthegrowinghyphae,thethreadlikecellsofthefungus,tosecreteenzymesthatbreakdownthewallsofplantcellswithouthavinganyeffectonthoseofthefungusitself.Itisthesecellulose-destroyingenzymesthatenablefungitoattackanythingmadefromwood,woodpulp,cotton,flax,orotherplantmaterial.

Thedestructivepoweroffungiisimpressive.Theyaremajorcauseofstructuredamagetobuildingtimbers,acauseofdiseaseinanimalsandhumans,andoneofthegreatestcausesofagriculturallosses.Entirecropscanbewipedoutbyfungalattacksbothbeforeandafterharvesting.Somefungicangrowat+50℃,whileotherscangrowat-50℃,soevenfoodincoldstoragemaynotbecompletelysafefromthem.Ontheotherhand,fungibringaboutthedecompositionofdeadorganicmatter,thisenrichingthesoilandreturningcarbondioxidetotheatmosphere,TheyalsoenterintoanumberofmutuallybeneficialrelationshipswithplantsandotherorganismsInaddition,lungarethesourceofmarryofthemostpotentantibioticsusedinclinicalmedicine,includingpenicillin.

1.Whatdoesparagraphonemainlydiscuss?

2.Whichofthefollowingismentionedasamajorchangeinhowscientistsapproachthestudyoffungi?

3.Theskeletonsofshrimps,spidersandinsectsarementionedinparagraphonebecausethey（）

.

4.FungihaveallthefollowingcharacteristicsEXCEPT（）

.

5.Thepassagementions"penicillin"(lastline)asanexampleof（）.

问题1选项

A.differencesbetweensimpleandcomplexfungi.

B.functionsofchlorophyllinplants.

C.functionsofsugarinthewallsoffungalcells.

D.differencesbetweenfungiandplants.

问题2选项

A.Fungiarenolongerclassifiedasplants.

B.Somesingle-celledorganismsarenolongerclassifiedasfungi.

C.Newmethodsofspeciesidentificationhavebeenintroduced.

D.Theoriesaboutthechemicalcompositionoffungihavebeenrevised.

问题3选项

A.canbedestroyedbyfungi

B.haveunusualchemicalcompositions

C.containamaterialfoundinthewallsoffungalcells

D.secretethesameenzymesasthewallsoffungalcellsdo

问题4选项

A.Theygrowhyphae

B.Theysecreteenzymes

C.Theysynthesizecellulose

D.Theydestroycrops

问题5选项

A.amedicinederivedfromplants

B.abeneficialuseoffungi

C.aproductoftherelationshipbetweenplantsandfungi

D.atypeoffungithatgrowsatextremetemperatures

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:C

第4题:C

第5题:B

【解析】第1题:通读第一段可知，本段主要是讲真菌和植物的区别。

第2题:根据第一段的一、二句可知，真菌以前被列入植物类，但事实上它们与植物完全不同，因为它们没有叶绿素。所以这是真菌在科学家们研究的过程中发现的最重要的变化。选项A符合原文。

第3题:根据第一段“Furthermorethewallsof...andinsectsaremade.”此外，真菌细胞的细胞壁不像植物那样是由纤维素构成的，而是由另一种复杂的糖状聚合物几丁质构成的。这种聚合物被称为几丁质，是虾、蜘蛛和昆虫坚硬外壳的材料。选项C正确。

第4题:根据第一段后半部分“becauseitenablesthetipsofthegrowinghyphae,thethreadlikecellsofthefungus,tosecreteenzymes...”以及“Entirecropscanbewipedoutbyfungalattacksbothbeforeandafterharvesting,”可知，选项A，B，D都是真菌的特点，根据“thewallsoffungalcellsarenotmadeofcellulose”可知真菌无法合成纤维素。所以本题选C。

第5题:根据第二段内容可知，前半部分是讲真菌的坏处，后半部分则是讲真菌的有益之处，penicillin是作为一个例子来阐明其益处，所以选项B正确。

11.单选题

Overthepastseveraldecades,theU.S.,Canada,andEuropehavereceivedagreatdealofmediaandevenresearchattentionoverunusualphenomenaandunsolvedmysteries.TheseincludeUFOsaswellassightingsandencounterswith“nonhumancreatures”suchasBigfootandtheLochNessmonster.OnlyrecentlyhasLatinAmericabeguntoreceivesomeattentionaswell.AlthoughthemysteriesoftheAztec,Mayan,andIncacivilizationshavebeenknownforcenturies,nowthepublicisalsobecomingawareofunusual,paranormalphenomenaincountriessuchasPeru.

TheNazca“lines”ofPeruwerediscoveredinthe1930s.Thesefinesaredeeplycarvedintoaflat,stonyplain,andformabout300intricatepicturesofanimalssuchasbirds,amonkey,andalizard.Seenatgroundlevel,thedesignsareajumbledsenselessmess.Theimagesaresolargethattheycanonlybeviewedataheightof1,000feet-meaningfromanaircraft.Yettherewerenoaircraftin300B.C.,whenitisjudgedthedesignsweremade.Norweretherethen,oraretherenow,anynearbymountainrangesfromwhichtoviewthem.SohowandwhydidthenativepeopleofNazcacreatethesemarvelousdesigns?Oneanswerappearedin1969,whentheGermanresearcherandwriterErichvonDanikenproposedthatthelinesweredrawnbyextraterrestrialsasrunwaysfortheiraircraft.ThescientificcommunitydidnottakelongtoscoffatandabandonvonDaniken’stheory.Overtheyearsseveralothertheorieshavebeenputforth,butnonehasbeenacceptedbythescientificcommunity.

TodaythereisanewandheightenedinterestintheNazcalines.ItisadirectresultofthecreationoftheInternet.Currentlythereareover60sitesdedicatedtothismysteryfromLatinAmerica’spast,andevenrespectedscientistshavejoinedthediscussionthroughe-mailandchatrooms.

WilltheInternethelpexplaintheseunsolvedmysteries?Perhapsitisastepintherightdirection.

1.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisINCORRECT?

2.Accordingtothe