翻译研究笔记重要

翻译研究笔录重要翻译研究笔录重要翻译研究笔录重要优选文档Chapter1:Mainissuesoftranslationstudies:Jacobson’scategoriesoftranslation:a.Intralingual;b.Interlingual;c.Intersemiotic(verbal-non-verbal).2.Historyofthediscipline:a.Fromthelate18thtothe1960s–grammar-translationmethod(replacedbycommunicativeapproachinthe1960sand1970s);b.TheUSA1960s–translationworkshopconceptbasedonRichards’readingworkshopsandpracticalcriticismapproachthatbeganin1920s;runningparalleltothisapproachwasthatofcomparativeliterature;c.TheUSA1930s-1960s/70s–contrastiveanalysis;d.Moresystematic,andmostlylinguistic-oriented,approach1950s-1960s:J.-P.VinayandJ.Darbelnet(French/English);A.Malblanc(French/German);G.Mounin(linguisticissuesoftranslation);E.Nida(basedonChomskygenerativegrammar).v.JamesS.Holmes’“Thenameandnatureoftranslationstudies”isconsideredtobethefoundingstatementofanewdiscipline.vi.HermansManipulationSchoolvii.VieiraBraziliancannibalistschoolPostcolonialtheoryviii.Venuticultural-studies-orientedanalysisTheHolmes/Tourymapoftranslationstudies1:Translationstudies:1Pure2Applieda)Theoretical(translationtheory)a)Translatortrainingi)Teachingevaluationmethodsi)Generalii)Testingtechniquesii)Partialiii)Curriculumdesignb)Translationaids。1优选文档(1)Mediumrestrictedi)ITapplications(a)Bymachine:Alone/Withhumanaid(1)translationsoftware(b)Byhumans:Written/Spoken:(2)on-linedatabasesconsecutive/simultaneous(3)useofinternet(2)Arearestricted(specificlanguages)(3)Rankrestricted(word/sentence/text)ii)Dictionaries(4)Text-typerestricted(genres:literary,business,technicaliii)Grammarstranslations)(5)Timerestricted(periods)c)Translationcriticism(6)Problemrestricted(specificproblemsi)Evaluationoftranslationse.g.equivalence)ii)Revisionofstudentstranslationsiii)Reviewsofpublishedtranslationsb)Descriptive(DTS)i)Productoriented(examinesexistingtranslations)ii)Processoriented(whathappensinthemindofatranslator)iii)Functionoriented(astudyofcontext/socio-translationstudies/cultural-studies-orientedtranslation)。2优选文档Chapter2:Translationtheorybeforethe20thcentury:LiteralFreeAdaptationUpuntilsteriledebatethesecondoverthetriadofhalfoftheliteral,freeand20thfaithfulcenturytranslation1stcent.Cicero1西赛罗InterpreterOratorBC他坚持他是以演说家而不是以解释者来翻译的。他提议意译4thcenturyStJerome哲罗姆Word-for-wordSense-for-sens他采用意译而不e是直译的翻译方法AncientChina750-1250BaghdadMorethanWesternsocietyHeretical1000years(EtienneDolet)afterStJeromeTheFrenchEtienneDolet多Avoidhumanist,雷他提出了翻译五whowas原则burntin154616thMartinLuther马经过翻译将精英everydayspeechcentury丁路德平时化styleBefore17thFidelityTruthcenturyLetterSpiritFrom17thcentury17thCowleyImitationcenturyEngland17thJohnDryden约翰德莱顿MetaphraseParaphraseImitationcentury提出了翻译。3优选文档England三分法：逐字对译，活译，拟作18thA.F.Tytler亚历山大Adopttheverycentury泰特勒souloftheEnglandauthor(spirit)19thSchleiermacher(divideThereadertowardthewriterThewritercenturydtextsintobusiness(alienating;foreignizationtowardtheandphilosophical)施–Venuti)提议保留原作的原味reader莱尔马赫(naturalizing;domestication-Venuti)19th-earlF.Newman弗朗西斯纽重申原作的forawidey20th曼异味audiencecent.M.Arnold马修阿诺德foreliteBritain提议透明的翻译方法Throughoutthecenturiesdebateonformvs.contentoccurred.Traduttore,traditore=thetranslatorisatraitor。4优选文档Chapter3:Equivalenceandequivalenteffect:Inthe1950sand1960stheplaceofcirculardebatesaroundliteralandfreetranslationtookthenewdebaterevolvedaroundcertainkeylinguisticissues,amongthemthoseofmeaningandequivalence,discussedbyR.Jakobsonin1959.Overthefollowing20yearsmanyfurtherattemptsweremadetodefinethenatureofequivalence.Jakobson:Meaning:thesignifier=thesignalofthesignified(theconcept).Thereisnofullequivalencebetweencode-unitsofdifferentlanguages.So,weshouldsubstitutenotwords,butmessages.4.Onlypoetryisconsidered‘untranslatable’andrequires‘creativetransposition’.Nida’s‘scienceoftranslating(subjective):Meaning:a.Linguistic;b.Referential(dictionarymeaning);c.Emotive(connotative).Waysofdeterminingmeaning:a.Hierarchicalstructuring(animaldog,cowetc);b.Componentialanalysis(grandmother,mother,cousinetc);c.Semanticstructureanalysis(spiritcanmeandemon,angel,god,ghost,ethos,alcoholetc)meaningdependingoncontext.3.3-stagesystemoftranslation(Chomsky’sinfluence:deep/surfacestructureofalanguage):SL1(analysis)X(transfer)Y(restructuring)TL2Equivalence:a.Formal(formandcontent);b.Dynamic(equivalentresponseof:t2readeront2ast1readeront1)(closestnaturalequivalent).Correspondenceinmeaningmusthavepriorityovercorrespondenceinstyle.Reader-basedorientation.主要理论1：同等和等效（1950s－1960s）1．代表人物（1）罗曼雅各布逊A．描述了翻译的三种类：语内翻译，语际翻译和符际翻译B．提出语际翻译指用一种语言代替另一种语言种的整个信息C．重申同等的差异性（2）尤金奈达提出形式同等和动向同等。5优选文档提出出名的读者反应理论他的理论以乔姆斯基的变换生成语法为基础（3）皮特纽马克A．提出语义同等和交际同等（4）韦内科勒A．区分了对应和同等B．描述了五种同等：外延意义，隐含意义，文本规则，语用及形式对等Newmark’ssemanticandcommunicativetranslation:1.ReplacesNida’sdivisionwithsemantic(resemblesformalequivalence)andcommunicative(resemblesdynamicequivalence)translation.Nida’sdivisioninoperantifthetextisoutofTLspaceandtime.3.Dynamicequivalence:arereaders‘tobehandedeverythingonaplate’?4.Semantictranslationdiffersfromliteralinthatit‘respectscontext’,interpretsandexplains(metaphors).Literaltranslationistobethebestapproachinbothsemanticandcommunicativetranslation.Ifsemantictranslationwouldresultinan‘abnormal’TTorwouldnotsecureequivalenteffectintheTL,thencommunicativetranslationshouldwinout.。6优选文档Tertiumcomparationis,aninvariantagainstwhich2textsegmentscanbemeasuredtodeterminevariation.Chapter4:Thetranslationshiftapproach:1.VinayandDarbelnet’staxonomy:Direct(=literal)translation:(1).Borrowing(2).Calque(3).literaltranslation(word-for-word).Obliquetranslation:(4).Transposition(5).modulation6(6)..equivalence(7).adaptationThe7categoriesoperateon3levels:thelexicon2.syntacticstructures3.themessage9context)4.wordorderandthematicstructure[cohesivelinks,discoursemarkers,deixis(pronounsanddemonstrativepronouns)andpunctuation]2possibilities:servitude(obligatory4and5)2.option(non-obligatory)Catford’slinguisticapproach(shifts)Distinctionbetween:formalcorrespondence(aparticularST-TTpair)andtextualequivalence(apairoflgs).b.Whenthe2conceptsdiverge,atranslationshiftoccurs–adeparturefrom。7优选文档formalcorrespondenceintheprocessofgoingfromtheSLtotheTL.Thereare2kindsofshift:1.Alevelshift(sthisexpressedbygrammarinonelgandbylexisinanother)2.Acategoryshift:shifts;shifts(wordcategory);shifts(sentence,clause,group,word,morpheme);iv.Intra-systemshifts(systemsaresimilar,butnotalwayscorresponding).3.vanLeuven-Zwart’smicrolevel/macrolevertranslationshifts:comparativemodel(adetailedcomparisonofSTandTTandclassificationofallthemicrostructuralshiftswithinsentences,clausesandphrases);descriptivemodel(amacrostructuralmodel,designedfortheanalysisoftranslatedliterature)Chapter5:Functionaltheoriesoftranslation:K.Reiss’stexttypesNordaddsto3typesoflanguagefunctionafourth‘phatic’function,coveringlgthatestablishesormaintainscontactbetweenpartiesinvolvedinthecommunication(e.g.greetings).Holz-Manttari’stranslationalactionmodelfornon-literarytranslationswithitsrolesandplayers:aTheinitiator;bb.Thecommissioner(contactsthetranslator);c.TheSTproducer;d.TheTTproducer;e.TheTTuser;f.TheTTreceiver.Content:aFactualinformation;b.Overallcommunicativestrategy.Form:a.Terminology;b.Cohesiveelements.J.Vermeer’sskopostheory:knowingthepurposeandthefunctionoftranslationiscrucial(adequacyoverequivalence).。8优选文档Ch.Nord’stranslation-orientedtextanalysis:1.2kindsoftranslation:a.Documentarytranslation(a)readerknowsthathe’sreadingatranslation;(b)Instrumentaltranslation(areaderdoesn’tknowthat).2.3aspectsoffunctionalistapproachesparticularlyusefulintranslatortraining:Theimportanceofthetranslationcommission;TheroleofSTanalysis;ThefunctionalhierarchyoftranslationproblemsChapter6:Discourseandregisterapproaches:Halliday’smodeloflanguageanddiscoursebasedonsystemicfunctionalgrammar(lg=communication):Influence:House’smodeloftranslationqualityassessment:1.Schemeforanalyzingandcomparingoriginalandtranslationtexts:。9优选文档Translation:a.Overt;b.Covert.Baker’stextandpragmaticlevelanalysis:1.Textualfunction2.Cohesion3.Pragmatics:a.Coherence(dependsonreceiver’sexpectationsandexperienceoftheworld);b.Presupposition(whatthespeakersupposesalistenershouldknow);c.Implicature(whatthespeakerimplies).HatimandMason’ssemioticlevelofcontextanddiscourse:Textelements:Stable(translatedfairlyliterally);2.Dynamic(not).Chapter7:Systemstheories:脚注：Whatisbeingwrittenabout.Whoiscommunicatingandtowhom.Theformofcommunicatione.g.writtenEven-Zohar’spolysystemtheory:aliteraryworkasapartofaliterarysysteminthesocial,cultural,literaryandhistoricalframework.It’simportant[forchoosingthetranslationstrategy]iftranslatedliteraturehasaprimaryorsecondarypositioningivenliterature.Touryanddescriptivetranslationstudies(DTS):1.Situatethetextwithinthetargetculturesystem,lookingatitssignificanceoracceptability;。10优选文档2.ComparetheSTandtheTTforshifts,identifyingrelationshipsbetween‘coupledpairs’ofSTandTTsegments,andattemptinggeneralizationsabouttheunderlyingconceptoftranslation;3.Drawimplicationsfordecision-makinginfuturetranslating.Normsoftranslationbehaviourcanbereconstructedfrom:Theexaminationsoftexts;2.2.Theexplicitstatementmadeaboutnormsbytranslators,publishers,reviewersandotherparticipantsinthetranslationactNorms:1.Initialnorm(generaltranslator’schoice):a.Subjectiontosourceculturenormsadequatetranslation;b.Subjectiontotargetculturenormsacceptabletranslation.Preliminarynorms:a.Translationpolicy(textselection);b.Directnessoftranslation(STTT;STt2TT).Operationalnorms(thepresentationandlinguisticmattersoftheTT):a.Matricialnorms(completenessofTT);b.Textual-linguisticnorms(TTlinguisticmaterial).‘Laws’oftranslation:Ofgrowingstandardization(tendingtoTTcommonoptions);Ofinterference(SToptionstransferredtoTT,negativelyorpositively).Chesterman’stranslationnorms:Productorexpectancynorms;2.Processorprofessionalnorms:a.Theaccountabilitynorm(anethicalnorm);b.Thecommunicationnorm(asocial‘relation’norm(alinguisticnorm).OtherDTSmodels:1.ManipulationSchool(‘acontinualinterplaybetweentheoreticalmodelsandpracticalcasestudies’);LambertandvanGorp–theschemeforthecomparisonoftheSTandTTliterarysystemsandforthedescriptionofrelationswithinthem:data;b.Macro-level;c.Micro-level;context(datacomparedandnormsidentified)Chapter8:Varietiesofculturalstudies:(p.126-127)Chapter8"Varietiesofculturalstudies"examinesLefevere(1992),whotreats。11优选文档translationas"rewriting"andidentifiesideologicalpressuresontranslatedtexts.ThischapteralsolooksatthewritingofSimon(1996)ongenderintranslation,andatpostcolonialtranslationtheorieswhichstressthepartthattranslationhasplayedinthecolonizationprocessandtheimageofthecolonized(cf.BassnettandTrivedi1999).Lefevere(1992)treatstranslationas"rewriting"andidentifiesideologicalandpoetologicalpressuresontranslatedtexts.Translationfunctionsarecontrolledbythefollowingfactors:Professionalswithintheliterarysystem;Patronageoutsidetheliterarysystem:a.Theideologicalcomponent;b.Theeconomiccomponent;c.Thestatuscomponent.d.Ifa-ccomefromthesamesource–patronageisundifferentiated;ifnot–differentiated.Thedominantpoetics:a.Literarydevices;b.Theconceptoftheroleofliterature.Simoncomparesthestatusoftranslationthroughoutthecenturiestothatofwomen’sandpresentspro-feministmethodsintranslation.Postcolonialtranslationtheories:Spivak:‘translationese’eliminatestheidentityofpoliticallylesspowerfulindividualsandcultures.2.Spivak:comparesthestatusoftranslationthroughoutthecenturiestothatofcolonies.3.Powerrelations:translationasthecolonizer’sdeviceusedagainstthecolonized.4.S.BassnettandH.Trivedi’stranslationallinkedtotransnational(translation=battleground).Braziliancannibalism:thecolonizersandtheirlgaredevoured,theirlifeforceinvigoratingthedevourers,whotransformitaccordingtotheirneeds.TheIrishcontext:postcolonialisminEurope.Chapter9:Translatingtheforeign:the(in)visibilityoftranslation:A.Berman’s‘negativeanalytic’oftranslationthatpreventstheforeigncomingthrough.‘Deformingtendencies’:Rationalization;Clarification;Expansion;Ennoblement;。12优选文档Qualitativeimpoverishment;Quantitativeimpoverishment;Thedestructionofrhythms;Thedestructionofunderlyingnetworksofsignification;Thedestructionoflinguisticpatternings;Thedestructionofvernacular1networ