高中英语语法讲义-特殊句式

高中英语语法讲义特殊句式倒装句通常句式为自然语序“主语+谓语”，有时为了强调句子的某一部分，或者出于词汇用法、语法结构或修辞上的需要，将这种比较固定的语序加以颠倒，就形成了倒装。分为完全倒装，部分倒装和形式倒装。完全倒装：谓语动词完全置于主语之前，主语为名词不为代词，谓语不用进行时。一些表示地点、时间或方位等的副词或介词短语。如：here,there,now,then,up,down,in,out,away,off,intheroom,onthewall等置于句首。Downcametherainandupwenttheumbrella.Thenfollowedthreedaysofheavyrain.Outrushedthechildrenlaughingloudly.Awayflewtheplane.such位于句首。SuchwasAlbertEinstein,asimplemanandthe20thcentury'sgreatestscientist.注：此句型中的such多被认为是表语，所以such后的be动词应与其后真正的主语保持一致。Sucharethefacts;noonecandenythem.部分倒装：只把谓语的一部分（助动词，情态动词或be动词）置于主语之前so+be动词/助动词/情态动词+主语，意为“...也是如此”。Theylovemakinglotsoffriends;sodoI.neither/nor+be动词/助动词/情态动词+主语，意为"...也不这样"。Lilycan'trideabicycle;neither/norcanLucy.否定词never,seldom,nor,not,little,hardly,scarcely等或表示否定意义的介词短语atnotime,under/innocircumstances,innocase,bynomeans,onnocondition等置于句首时。Notasinglemistakedidhemake.=Hedidn'tmakeasinglemistake.4.only修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句，且放在句首时。OnlythendidIbegintounderstandhim.Onlyinthiswaycanwesolvetheproblem.Onlyifyouworkhardwillyoubeadmittedtoatopuniversity.5.so...that...和such...that...句式中，so或such及其所修饰的部分置于句首时，主句用部分倒装。SoclearlydoeshespeakEnglishthathecanalwaysmakehimselfunderstoodSuchprogressdidhemakethathewonmuchrespect.形式倒装：在语法上称为前置。只把强调的内容提至句首，主谓并不倒装。感叹句Whataninterestingtalktheyhad!=Howinterestingatalktheyhad!the+比较级,the+比较级句型ThemoreyoulistentoEnglish,theeasieritbecomes.whatever+n.或however+adj./adv.引导的让步状语从句Whateverreasonsyouhave,youshouldcarryoutyourpromise.Howeverdifficulttheproblemmaybe,wemustworkitoutthisevening.4,as/though引导让步状从，表语、状语、含情态动词的谓语提前，表语为单数名词提前不用冠词。Youngas/thoughhewas,hewassuccessful.Childas/thoughheis,heknowsmuch.题组训练Onlywhenyoucanfindpeaceinyourheartyoukeepgoodrelationshipswithothers.Atnotimetheyactuallybreaktherulesofthegame.Itwasunfairtopunishthem.OnlyafterMaryreadhercompositionthesecondtimeshenoticethespellingmistake.It'ssogood.NeverbeforeIhadsuchanicemeal!Iamgladyoulikeit.答案：1.will2.did3.did4.have强调句1.强调句型的陈述句形式：Itis/was+被强调部分+that/who+其他部分。被强调部分为人”时可用who/that，被强调部分是“事物”时用that.被强调部分不能为谓语定语。ItisIwho/thatamright（强调主语）Itwashimthat/whowemetattheschoolgate.（强调宾语）ItwasintheparkthatTomlosthiswatch.（强调状语）2.强调句型的一般疑问句形式：Is/Wasit+被强调部分+that/who+其他成分Wasitin1939thattheSecondWorldWarbrokeout?IsitProfessorWangwhoteachesyouEnglish?强调句型的特殊疑问句形式：特殊疑问词+is/wasitthat+其他成分。Whowasitthatbrokethewindow?Whenwasitthatyoucalledmeyesterday?Whatisitthatyouwantmetodo?有时可用Itmightbethat/who，Itmusthavebeenthat/who句型表示强调。Itmightbehisfatherthat/whoyou'rethinkingof.Itmusthavebeenhisbrotherthat/whoyousaw.notuntil结构的强调句型。其强调句式为：Itis/wasnotuntil+被强调部分+that+主句的肯定式Hedidn'tgotobeduntilteno'clock.i=>Itwasnotuntilteno'clockthathewenttobed.Ididn'trealizeshewasafamousfilmstaruntilshetookoffherdarkglasses.l=-^>ItwasnotuntilshetookoffherdarkglassesthatIrealizedshewasafamousfilmstar.二对谓语动词的强调Itis/waswho/that结构不能强调谓语动词。强调谓语动词，用助动词do,does或did加原形。Docomethisevening.Hedidwritetoyoulastweek.Tomdoesstudyhardnow.三特殊疑问句中以“thedevil”“onearth”“intheworld”表“究竟；到底”之意来起强调的作用。Whatonearthareyoudoing.？题组训练WasbecauseJackcamelateforschoolMr.Smithgotangry?ItonlyafterhehadreadthepapersMr.Grossrealizedthetaskbeforehimwasextremelydifficulttocomplete.ItwasnotuntilIcamehereIrealizedthisplacewasfamousfornotonlyitsbeautybutalsoitsweather.Itwasfromonlyafewsuppliesthatshehadboughtinthevillagethehostesscookedsuchanicedinner.答案：1.it;that2.was;that3.that4.that其他特殊句式一省略与代替定语从句中的省略现象限制性定语从句中宾语的关系代词that,which,whom常可以省略。如Sheisthegirl(whom/who/that)Iwouldliketoworkwith.状语从句中的省略现象当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致，可以省略状语从句中的主语和be动词，这时从句中可以出现下列结构：(1)连词(though,if,when等)+形容词Workhardwhen(youare)young,oryou'llregret.(2)连词(asif,while等)+介词短语Helookedeverywhereasif(hewas)insearchofsomething.(3)连词(when,while,though)+现在分词While(Iwas)walkingalongthestreet,Iheardmynamecalled.(4)连词(when,if,unless,once,than等)+过去分词Theexhibitionismoreinterestingthan(itwas)expected.(5)连词(asif,asthough等)+不定式Heopenedhismouthasif(hewere)tosaysomething.注：当主从句的宾语一致时，有时也可以这样省略。如：Herfathertoldhertobecarefulwhen(shewas)crossingthestreet.2.当从句中的主语是it,谓语部分又含有be动词时，也可把it和be动词一起省略，构成“连词(if,unless,when,whenever等)+形容词”的结构。Makeacarefulplanif(itis)possible.Unless(itis)necessary,you'dbetternotrefertothedictionary.不定式的省略，单独使用不定式符号to代替动词不定式后被省略的动词，常用在beafraid,expect,forget,hope,intend,like,love,mean,prefer,reuse,seem,try,want,wish等后面。Iaskedhimtoseeafilm,buthedidn'twantto.在have,need,ought,begoing,used等后面Ididn'twanttogothere,butIhadto.在某些形容词，如glad,happy,pleased,delighted后面。Willyoujoininthegame?I'dbegladto.否定形式的省略用notto.ShallIgoinsteadofhim?Ipreferyounotto.用so或not代替前面提到的句子。在if条件句中，常用so/that代替前面提到的句子。Getupearlytomorrow.Ifnot(=Ifyoudon'tgetupearly),youwillmissthefirstbus.Hemaynotbeathomethen.Ifso(=Ifheisnotathome),leavehimanote.think,hope,suppose,believe,imagine,beafraid,expect,guess等词后常用not代替否定句，so代替短语或从句。Shemustlooklikeaprettygirl.Yes,Iimagineso.IsProfessorSmithverysick?I'mafraidso.Islippedonthestairs.Ithinkmyarmisbroken.Oh!Ihopenot.Hewantedtogowithus,buthedidn'tsayso.题组训练:将下列句子中的省略成分补全Hewasdeterminedtocarryouttheplan,whateverthecost.Whensplit,anatomcanreleaseenergy.Theywerescoldedwheneverlateforschool.Ifnotwellorganized,themeetingwillbeafailure.二祈使句否定式和强调式Don'tbesosure.（否定式）Dobecareful.（强调式）2.祈使句+and+陈述句=If,+主句祈使句+or+陈述句=If...not,+主句Workhardandyouwillsucceed.=Ifyouworkhard,youwillsucceed.Hurryuporwewillbelate.=Ifyoudon'thurryup,wewillbelate.题组训练：句型转换Workhardandyouwillbeadmittedtoakeyuniversity.youworkhard,youadmittedtoakeyuniversity.Ifyoudon'thurryup,youwillbelateforthebus.youwillbelateforthebus.三感叹句What（+a/an）+形容词+名词+主语+谓语！How+形容词+a/an+可数名词单数+主语+谓语!How+形容词/副词+主语+谓语Whatacleverboyheis!=Howcleveraboyheis!Whatbeautifulflowerstheyare!Howhighthemountainis!Howfastheruns!题组训练：用what,how填空aninterestingbookitis!interestingabookitis!interestingbookstheyare!deliciousfoodIhad!kindofyoutohelp!IwishIwereabird!四therebe句型therebe句型在英语中表示“什么地方或什么时间存在什么事物”。be后面是主语，句子结尾是地点（时间）状语.Thereisatalltreeinfrontoftheclassroom.Therewillbeameetingintheconferenceroomat8o'clocktomorrowmorning.如果有两个或两个以上的主语，谓语动词be与主语采用就近原则。Thereisapen,twobooks,andmanypencilsonthedesk.therebe结构有不同的时态形式，而且可以和各种助动词、情态动词连用。Therewasameetinginourschoolyesterday.TherewillbeanewfilmshowonSunday.Therehavebeenmanygreatchangesinourcountrysincethen.Therecan'tbeanymistakesinhispassage.4，therebe结构中的谓语动词be有时可用seemtobe,happentobe,belikelytobe,remain,stand,lie,go,exist,follow,live,come,occur等替换。Thereislikelytobesomethingwrongwithhiscomputer.Onceuponatimetherelivedamonkinthetemple.五反意疑问句（一）陈述部分含有must/may（might）的反意疑问句当must+do，用needn't反问;当mustn't+do时，其反意疑问句部分用must/may.Youmustgonow,needn'tyou?Youmustn'tsmokehere,must/mayyou?当must/may（might）+be表推测，去掉must/may/might用be和主语搭配反问，musthavedone有过去时间状语当过去时反问，否则当现在完成时反问。Youmust/may（might）behungrynow,aren'tyou?Youmusthaveheardaboutit,haven'tyou?Youmusthaveheardaboutitjustnow,didn'tyou?（二）陈述部分含有usedto的反意疑问句其反意疑问句部分用usedn't或didn't均可Youusedtosleepwiththewindowopen,usedn't/didn'tyou?（三）陈述部分含有oughtto的反意疑问句其反意疑问部分用oughtn't或shouldn't均可Heoughttoattendthelecture,oughtn't/shouldn'the?（四）陈述部分含有否定词或半否定词的反意疑问句当陈述部分带有seldom,hardly‘scarcely,never,few,little,nothing,nobody等否定词或半否定词时，反意疑问部分的动词用肯定形式。Hecouldhardlywalkwithoutastick,couldhe?（五）如果陈述部分含有表示“否定”意义的前缀构成的词，其反意疑问部分一般用否定形式。Tomdislikeplayingtennis,doesn'the?It'sunfair,isn'tit?（六）陈述部分带有宾语从句的反意疑问句宾语从句的反意疑问句，一般变主句Hesaidthathewouldcometomybirthdayparty,didn'the?Tomdoesn'tbelieveJanewillsucceed,doeshe?但由I/wethink,believe,suppose,guess,expect,imagine,引导宾从时，反意疑问句需变从句。注意否定前移。Idon'tbelievehewillsucceed,willhe?（七）陈述部分为祈使句的反意疑问句祈使句后的反意疑问句部分不表示反意，而表示一种语气否定祈使句，+willyou?肯定祈使句，+will/won'tyou?Let's...,+shallwe?Letus...,+willyou?Let+第三人称...+willyou?Openthedoor,will/won'tyou?Let'sgooutforawalk,shallwe?Letusgohomenow,willyou?（八）therebe句型的反意疑问句其反意疑问句部分用be/情态动词/助动词+thereTherewillberaintomorrow,won'tthere?Thereshouldbenoproblem,shouldthere?（九）回答反意疑问句时应遵循的原则不管陈述部分为否定，还是反意疑问句部分为否定，回答时只看所．提．到．的．事．情．是．否．已．．/会．发．生．。如果发生了，用肯定回答，否则用否定回答。答案就两个，要么肯定，要么否定，不会出现类似Yes,Idon't或No,Ido的形式。前否后肯时，yes/no反过来译。十）反意疑问句部分的主语和陈述部分的主语在人称、数上保持一致的几种情况陈述部分主语反意疑问句部分主语例句one（指人）one或heOnecan'tbecarefulenough,canhe/one?this,that,these,thoseit或theyThisisn'tafasttrain,isit?everything,anything,something,nothingitNothinghappenedtohim,didit?everyone,everybody,someone,somebody,nobody,anyone,anybodyhe或they（更常见）Nobodylikestobelaughedat,doeshe/dothey?不定式，动名词，其他短语itLearningEnglishwelltakesusalotoftime,doesn'tit??题组训练l.Youhaven'tbeenherelong,haveyou?——.Iamanewcomerhere.NeitheryounorIhavedonesuchsillythings,Whatalongtimewe'vebeenwaiting,Mrs.?题组训练l.Youhaven'tbeenherelong,haveyou?——.Iamanewcomerhere.NeitheryounorIhavedonesuchsillythings,Whatalongtimewe'vebeenwaiting,Mrs.Blackdoesn'tbelievehersonisabletodesignadigitalcamera,5.Itmusthaverainedlastnight,?Johntoldyouthattherewasn'tanyoneintheroomatthattime,John,youmopthefloor,?&Let'shaveabreak,?答案1.No,Ihaven't2.havewe3.isn'tit4.doesshe5.didn'tit6.didn'the7.will/won'tyou8.shallwe9.willyou10.isthere9.Mr.Smith,letushaveabreak,1O.Thereisnodoubtaboutit,特殊句式练习练习一OnlywhenLilywalkedintotheofficesherealizethatshehadleftthecontractathome.OnlyaftertalkingtotwostudentsIdiscoverthathavingstrongmotivationisoneofthebiggestfactorsinreachinggoals.ItwaswhenwewerereturninghomeIrealizedwhatagoodfeelingitwastohavehelpedsomeoneintrouble.Bachdiedin1750,butitwasnotuntiltheearly19thcenturyhismusicalgiftwasfullyrecognized.If(accept)forthejob,you'llbeinformedsoon.Videogamescanbeapoorinfluenceif(leave)inthewronghands.Alwaysinmindthatyourmaintaskistogetthiscompanyrunningsmoothly.Itwastheculture,ratherthanthelanguage,madeithardforhimtoadapttothenewenvironmentabroad.It'snotdoingthethingswelike,butlikingthethingswehavetodomakeslifehappy.(observe)carefullyifanychangeoccurswhendoingexperimentsinthelab.Givemeachance,I'llgiveyouawonderfulsurprise.Theclimatehereisquitepleasant,thetemperaturerarely,ever,reaching30°Cinsummer.(make)whatyou'redoingtodayimportant,becauseyou'retradingadayofyourlifeforit.Thedriverwantedtoparkhiscarneartheroadsidebutwasaskedbythepolice(not).Everyday(read)aproverbaloudseveraltimesuntilyouhaveitmemorized.byincreasingthenumberofdoctorsby50percentcanthepatientsbetreatedproperlyinthishospital.Notuntilhewentthroughrealhardshipherealizethelovewehaveforourfamiliesisimportant.“Neverforasecond,"theboysays.“Idoubtthatmyfatherwouldcometomyrescue."NotonceitoccurMichaelthathecouldonedaybecomeatopstudentinhisclass.OnlywhenheapologizesforhisrudenessIspeaktohimagain.Notuntilheretiredfromteachingthreeyearsagoheconsiderhavingaholidayabroad.Littleshecarewhatshelookslike;allshecaresaboutisherjobperformance.NeverbeforeheseenanybodywhocanplaytennisaswellasRobert.Thisisnotmystory;noritthewholestory.Mystoryplaysoutdifferently.Itwas80yearsbeforeChristopherColumbuscrossedtheAtlanticZhengHehadsailedtoEastAfrica.(knock)atthedoorbeforeyouentermyroom,please.Beforeyouquityourjob,(consider)howyourfamilywouldfeelaboutyourdecision.Wasitonalonelyislandhewassavedonemonthaftertheboatwentdown?Itisnothowmuchwedobuthowmuchloveweputintowhatwedobenefitsourworkfast.Itisnotwhatwedoonceinawhileshapesourlives,butwhatwedoconsistently.Bringtheflowersintoawarmroomthey'llsoonopen.Findwaystopraiseyourchildrenoften,you'llfindtheywillopentheirheartstoyou.练习二1.1havenothingtodeclare.Whatisityouwantmetosay?Sosudden(be)thetrainthatpeopleinthestreetallrushedinalldirectionstofindashelter.Thegroundiswetallover,soI'msureitmusthaverainedlastnight,it?Itwasinthepark,wherestandsanoldtemple,weaskedourguidetotakeaphotoforthetwoofus.Theseproblems,ifnotproperly(solve),willseriouslyaffectthegrowthofteenagersandeventhenation'sfuture.isthegravityofthesituationthatwecan'tunderlinetheimportanceofpublicattentionenough.Unjustthepunishmentwas,heaccepteditwithoutanycomplaint.Accustomedwearetospeakingofthefilmsmadebefore1927as“silent",thefilmhasneverbeen,inthefullsenseoftheword,silent.Mr.Mikedidn'tunderstandwhatitwasmadehiswifesoupsetthismorning.Heswitchedoffthelightandwasabouttoleavetheclassroomandonlythenitbegintorainheavily.Davidhasmadegreatprogressrecently.Sohe,andhaveyou.WasBill,whoplayedbasketballverywell,helpedtheblindmancrosstheroad?Yes,ofcourse.Heisalwaysreadytohelpothers.Theyfeltitwashightaxandlowincomecontributedtotheextrememiseryoftheworkingpeopleatthebottomoftheladder.Hi,Tom.DoesJohnhaveanyhobbies?If,swimmingwillappealtohimmoststrongly.Johnhasnotyetpassedthedrivingtest,andneitherHenry.It'snice.beforehaveIhadsuchaspecialdrink!I'mgladyoulikeit.Absurditmightsound,everyonepresentwasamusedbyhisadventurestoryinAfrica.Ilikethisdressbetterthanthatone.doI,butitcostsalmosttwiceasmuch.Asisknowntous,itwasover100yearsagoTsinghuaUniversitywasfounded.Betweenthetwogenerations,itisoftennottheirage,buttheireducationcausesmisunderstanding.Oneofmyfavoritesayingis,“(laugh)andtheworldlaughswithyou."Wasitin1969theAmericanastronautsucceededinlandingonthemoon?Idon'tthinkhecouldhavefinishedwritinghispaperlastnight,he?AsfarasIcansee,isnopossibilitythathewillwinthetennismatchthistime.Mydaughterwouldliketohaveherphotostakenwhere(lie)alake.Onlythensherealizehowseriousthesituationhadbeen.NeverbeforeIseensuchawonderfulpark,whereI'dliketopayavisitagain.Foramomentnothinghappened;then(come)cheersfromtheexcitedaudience.NotonlyHunanTV'SrealityshowDad,WhereAreWeGoingeceivedhighpraise,butalsoithasmadethestarsandtheirlovelykidsmorepopular.Itisattitudemattersmuchindailywork.Ihavenoideawhyitishewillgotherewithher.Ifparentsneverexpecttheirchildrentobehelpfulathome,theyaresure(be).Haveyougotanyparticularplansforthecomingwintervacation?Yes,possible,I'mgoingtovis