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Internet协议栈Protocol“Layers”Networksarecomplex!many“pieces”:hostsrouterslinksofvariousmediaapplicationsprotocolshardware,softwareQuestion:Isthereanyhopeoforganizingstructureofnetwork?Oratleastourdiscussionofnetworks?Organizationofairtravelaseriesofstepsticket(purchase)baggage(check)gates(load)runwaytakeoffairplaneroutingticket(complain)baggage(claim)gates(unload)runwaylandingairplaneroutingairplaneroutingLayeringofairlinefunctionalityticket(purchase)baggage(check)gates(load)runway(takeoff)airplaneroutingdepartureairportarrivalairportintermediateair-trafficcontrolcentersairplaneroutingairplaneroutingticket(complain)baggage(claimgates(unload)runway(land)airplaneroutingticketbaggagegatetakeoff/landingairplaneroutingLayers:eachlayerimplementsaserviceviaitsowninternal-layeractionsrelyingonservicesprovidedbylayerbelowWhylayering?Dealingwithcomplexsystems:explicitstructureallowsidentification,relationshipofcomplexsystem’spieceslayeredreferencemodelfordiscussionmodularizationeasesmaintenance,updatingofsystemchangeofimplementationoflayer’sservicetransparenttorestofsysteme.g.,changeingateproceduredoesn’taffectrestofsystemlayeringconsideredharmful?Internetprotocolstackapplication:supportingnetworkapplicationsFTP,SMTP,HTTPtransport:process-processdatatransferTCP,UDPnetwork:routingofdatagramsfromsourcetodestinationIP,routingprotocolslink:datatransferbetweenneighboringnetworkelementsPPP,Ethernetphysical:bits“onthewire”applicationtransportnetworklinkphysicalProtocolHierarchiesLayers,protocols,andinterfacesISO/OSIreferencemodelpresentation:allowapplicationstointerpretmeaningofdata,e.g.,encryption,compression,machine-specificconventionssession:synchronization,checkpointing,recoveryofdataexchangeInternetstack“missing”theselayers!theseservices,ifneeded,mustbeimplementedinapplicationneeded?applicationpresentationsessiontransportnetworklinkphysicalACritiqueoftheOSIModelandWhyOSIdidnottakeovertheworldBadtimingBadtechnologyBadimplementationsBadpoliticsTCP/IPRMACritiqueoftheTCP/IPReferenceModelProblems:Service,interface,andprotocolnotdistinguishedNotageneralmodelHost-to-network“layer”notreallyalayerNomentionofphysicalanddatalinklayersMinorprotocolsdeeplyentrenched,hardtoreplaceHybridModelTCP/IPModel:Five-layerstructureInternetprotocolstackThehybridreferencemodeltobeusedinthisbook.Theprocessofdatatransfer5432154321Computer
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2passdatatotheapplicationlayeraddtheapplicationhead,becomesmsg5432154321Computer
1AP2AP1Computer
2passthemsgtotransport
layeraddthetransportheadTheprocessofdatatransfer5432154321Computer
1AP2AP1Computer
2passthesegmenttonetworkaddthenetworkhead,becomesdatagramTheprocessofdatatransfer5432154321Computer
1AP2AP1Computer
2passthedatagramtothedatalinklayeraddthelinkheadandtail,becomesframeTheprocessofdatatransfer5432154321Computer
1AP2AP1Computer
2passtheframetothephysicallayerphysicallayerspassesthebitstreamtothemediaTheprocessofdatatransfer5432154321physicalmediaComputer
1AP2AP1electronicsignalistransmittedinphysicalmediafromthesenderPHYtothereceiverPHYComputer
2Theprocessofdatatransfer5432154321Computer
1AP2AP1Computer
2thephysicallayerreceivesthebitstream,andhandsoverframetotheabovedatalinklayerTheprocessofdatatransfer5432154321Computer
1AP2AP1Computer
2datalinklayerpicksoutthedatagramandhandsovertothenetworklayerTheprocessofdatatransfer5432154321Computer
1AP2AP1Computer
2networklayerpicksoutthesegmentandhandsovertothetransportlayerTheprocessofdatatransfer5432154321Computer
1AP2AP1Computer
2transportlayerpicksoutthemsgandhandsovertotheapplicationlayerTheprocessofdatatransfer5432154321Computer
1AP2AP1Computer
2applicationlayerpicksoutthedataandhandsovertotheapplicationTheprocessofdatatransfer5432154321Computer
1AP2AP1Computer
2IreceivedthedatasentbyAP1！Theprocessofdatatransfer5432154321Computer
1AP2AP1Computer
2applicationdataappheadH510100110100101bitstream110101110101applicationdataH5applicationdataH4H5applicationdataH3H4H5applicationdataH4transheadH3netheadH2linkheadT2linktailTheprocessofdatatransfer5432154321Computer
1AP2AP1Computer
210100110100101bitstream110101110101Afterreceivingthebitstream,thephysicallayerofcomputer
2handsitovertothelinklayerH2T2H3H4H5applicationdataTheprocessofdatatransferH3H4H5applicationdata5432154321Computer
1AP2AP1Computer
2Afterremovingtheheadandtailoftheframe,linkLayerhandsoverthedatatothenetworklayer.H2T2H3H4H5applicationdataTheprocessofdatatransferH4H5applicationdataH3H4H5applicationdata5432154321Computer
1AP2AP1Computer
2Afterremovingthehead,thenetworklayerhandsoverthedatatothetransportlayer.TheprocessofdatatransferH5applicationdataH4H5applicationdata5432154321Computer
1AP2AP1Computer
2Afterremovingthehead,thetransportlayerhandsoverthedatatotheapplicationlayer.TheprocessofdatatransferapplicationdataH5applicationdata5432154321Computer
1AP2AP1Computer
2Afterremovingthehead,theapplicationlayerhandsoverthedatatotheapplication.Theprocessofdatatransfer5432154321Computer
1AP2AP1Computer
2IreceivedthedatasentbyAP1！TheprocessofdatatransferEncapsulationsourceapplicationtransportnetworklinkphysicalHtHnMsegmentHtdatagramdestinationapplicationtransportnetworklinkphysicalHtHnHlMHtHnMHtMMnetworklinkphysicallinkphysicalHtHnHlMHtHnMHtHnMHtHnHlMrouterswitchmessageMHtMHnframeFunctionsofeachlayerphysicallayerestablish,maintainandreleasephysicalconnectionbetweentwoentitiesofdatalinklayer.prescribetheelectronicparameterofthephysicallayer.prescribetheconnectorbitTotr
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