2022年江苏GRE考试考前冲刺卷

2022年江苏GRE考试考前冲刺卷（本卷共分为2大题50小题,作答时间为180分钟,总分100分,60分及格。）单位:姓名: 考号:题号单选题多项选择判断题综合题总分分值得分ー、单项选择题(共25题,每题2分。每题的备选项中,只有一个最符合题意){(BHSet5{{/B|}{{B}]TheScienceofAnthropology{{/B|)Throughvariousmethodsofresearch,anthropologiststrytofittogetherthepiecesofthehumanpuzzle-todiscoverhowhumanitywasfirstachievedvwhatmadeitbranchoutindifferentdirections,andwhyseparatesocietiesbehavesimilarlyinsomeways,butquitedifferentlyinotherways,Anthropology,whichemergedasanindependentscienceinthelateeighteenthcentury,hastwomaindivisions:PhysicaIAnthropologyandCulturalAnthropology.PhysicaIAnthropologyfocusesonhumanevoIutionandvariationandusesmethodsofphys!〇Iogy,genetics,andecoIogy.CulturalanthropologyfocusesoncultureandincIudesArchaeoIogy,sociaIanthropoIogy,andIinguistics.Physicalanthropologistsaremostconcernedwithhumanb!〇Iogy.PhysicaIanthropologistsaredetectiveswhosemissionistosolvethemysteryofhowhumanscametobehuman.Theyaskquestionsabouttheeventsthatledatree-dwelIingpopuIationofanimalstoevoIveintotwo-1eggedbeingswithpowertolearn-apowerthatweca11inteIIigence.PhysicaIanthropologistsstudythefossiIsandorganicremainsofonce-livingprimates.Theyalsostudytheconnectionsbetweenhumansandotherprimatesthatarestillliving.Monkeys,apes,andhumanshavemoreincommonwithoneanotherphysicallythantheydowithotherkindsofanimals,Inthelabanthropologistsusethemethods,ofphys!〇Iogyandgeneticstoinvestigatethecompositionofbloodchemistryforcluestotherelationshipofhumanstovariousprimates.SomestudytheanimalsinthewiIdtofindoutwhatbehaviorstheysharewithhumans.OthersspecuIateabouthowthebehaviorofnonhumanprimatesmighthaveshapedhumanbodiIyneedsandhabits.Awe11-knownfamiIyofphysicaIanthropologists,theLeakeys,conductedresearchinEastAfricaindicatingthathumanevoIutioncenteredthereratherthanAsia.In1931.LouisLeakeyandhiswifeMaryLeakeybeganexcavatingatOlduvaiGorgeinTanzania,whereoverthenextfortyyearstheydiscoveredstonetoolsandhorninidevidencethatpushedbackthedatesforearlyhumanstoover375millionyearsago.Theirson,RichardLeakey,discoveredyetothertypesofhominidskulIsinKenya,whichhewroteaboutinOrigins(1979)andOriginsReconsidered(1992),Likephysicalanthropologists,culturalanthropologistsstudycluesabouthumanIifeinthedistantpast;however,culturalanthropologistsalsolookatthesimilaritiesanddifferencesamonghumancommunitiestoday.Someculturalanthropologistsworkinthefield,livingandworkingamongpeopIeinsocietiesthatdifferfromtheirown.AnthropoIogistsdoingfieIdworkoftenproduceaIIethnography,awrittendescriptionofthedailyactivitiesofmen,women,andchiIdrenthattellsthestoryofthesociety1scommunityIifeasawhoIe.SomeculturalanthropologistsdonotworkinthefieldbutratheratresearchuniversitiesandMuseumsdoingthecomparativeandinterpretivepartofthejob.Theseanthropologists,calledethnologists,siftthroughtheethnographieswrittenbyfieldanthropologistsandtrytodiscovercrossculmturalpatternsinmarriage,childrearing,reIigiousbeIiefsandpractices,warfare-anysubjectthatconstitutesthehumanexperience.TheyoftenusetheirfindingstoarguefororagainstparticularhypothesesaboutpeopIeworldwide.AculturalanthropologistwhoachievedworldwidefamewasMargaretMead.In1923,MeadwenttoSamoatopursueherfirstfieldworkassignment-astudythatresultedinherwidelyreadbookComingofAgesinSamoa(1928).MeadpubIishedtenmajorworksduringherlongcareer,movingfromstudiesofchildrearinginthePacifictotheculturalandbiologicalbasesofgender,thenatureofculturalchange,thestructureandfunctioningofcompIexsocieties,andracerelations.Meadremainedapioneerinherwillingnesstotacklesubjectsofmajorinte11ectuaIconsequence,todeveIopnewtechnologiesforresearch,andtothinkofnewwaysthatanthropologycouldservesociety.Glossary:primates:theorderofmammaIsthatincludesapesandhumanshorninid:thefamilyofprimatesofwhichhumansaretheonlylivingspeciesThephrasebranch,outinparagraph1isclosestinmeaningtoseparate.hurry.look.originate.{{BHSet3{{/B}}{{B}}OrganicArchitecture{{/B}}OneofthemoststrikingpersonalitiesinthedeveIopmentofearly-twentiethcenturyarchitecturewasFrankLloydWright(1867-1959).WrightattendedtheUniversityofWisconsininMadisonbeforemovingtoChicago,whereheeventua11yjoinedthefirmheadedbyLouisSulIivan.Wrightsetouttocreate"architectureofdemocracy”.EarlyinfIuenceswerethevolumetricshapesinasetofeducationaIbIockstheGermaneducatorFriedrichFroebeldesigned,theorganicunityofaJapanesebuiIdingWrightsawattheCoIumbianExpositioninChicagoin1893,andaJeffersonianbeliefinindividuaIismandpopuIism.AlwaysabeIieverinarchitectureas"natural"and"organic",Wrightsawitasservingfreeindividualswhohavetherighttomovewithinafreespace,envisionedasanonsymmetricaldesigninteractingspatia11ywithitsnaturalsurroundings.HesoughttodeveIopanorganicunityofplanning,structure,materials,andsite.WrightidentifiedtheprincipleofcontinuityasfundamentaItounderstandinghisviewoforganicunity:"ClassicarchitecturewasalIfixations.NowwhynotletwaIIs,ceiIingstfloorsbecomeseenascomponentpartsofeachotherThisideaI,profoundinitsarchitecturalimpIicationsIcalledcontinuity."Wrightmanifestedhisvigorousoriginalityearly,andby1900hehadarrivedatastyleandentirelystartedhisown.Inhisworkduringthefirstdecadeofthetwentiethcentury,hiscross-axialplanandhisfabricofcontinuousroofplanesandscreensdefinedanewdomesticarchitecture.WrightfullyexpressedtheseeIementsandconceptsinRobieHouse,builtbetween1907and1909.LikeotherbuiIdingsintheChicagoareahedesignedataboutthesametime,thiswascalledaprairiehouse.Wrightconceivedthelong,sweepingground-huggingIines,unconfinedbyabruptwalIIimits,asreachingouttowardandcapturingtheexpansivenessoftheplacegreatflatlands.StartingabandoningalIsymmetry,thearchitecteIiminatedafacade,extendedtheroofsfarbeyondthewalls,andalIbutconceaIedtheentrance.Wrightfilledthe"wandering"planoftheRobieHousewithintricatelyjoinedspaces(somelargeandopen,otherscIosed),groupedfreelyaroundagreatcentralfireplace.(HebeIievedstronglyinthehearth'sage-oIddomesticsignificance.)WrightdesignedencIosedpatiosfoverhangingroofs,andstripwindowstoprovideunexpectedIightsourcesandglimpsesoftheoutdoorsaspeopIemovethroughtheinteriorspace.Theseelements,togetherwiththeopengroundplan,createasenseofspace-inmotioninsideandout.HesetmassesandvoidsinequiIibrium;thefIowofinteriorspacedeterminedtheexteriorwalIplacement.Theexterior1ssharpangularplanesmeetatapparentlyoddangles,matchingthecompIexplayofinteriorsolids,whichfunctionnotasinertcontainingsurfacesbutaseIementsequivaIentinroletothedesign1sspaces.TheRobieHouseisagoodexampIeofWright's"naturalism”,hisadjustingofabuiIdingtoitssite.However,inthisparticularcase,theconfinesofthecitylotconstrainedthebuiIding-to-siterelationshipmorethandidthesitesofsomeofWright'smoreexpansivesuburbanandcountryhomes.TheKaufmannHouse,nicknameed"FaiIingwater"anddesignedasaweekendretreatatBearRunnearPittsburghisastartprimeexampIeofthelatter.Perchedonarockyhillsideoverasma11waterfa11,thisstructureextendstheRobieHouse'sbIockymassesinalIfourdirections.Thecontrastintexturesbetweenconcrete,paintedmetaI,andnaturalstonesinitswallsenIivenitsshapes,asdoesWright'suseoffulI-lengthstripwindowstocreateastunninginterweavingofinteriorandexteriorspace.TheimpliedmessageofWright'snewarchitecturewasspace,notmass—aspacedesignedtofitthepatron'sIifeandenclosedanddividedasrequired.Wrighttookspecialpainstomeethisclient'srequirements,oftendesigningalItheaccessoriesofahouse.Inthelate1930s,heactedonacherisheddreamtoprovidegoodarchitecturaldesignforlessprosperouspeopIebyadaptingtheideasofhisprairiehousetoplansforsmaIler,Iessexpensivedwe11ings.ThepubIicationofWright'spIansbroughthimameasureoffameinEurope,especiallyinHo11andandGermany.TheissuanceinBerIinin1910ofaportfoIioofhisworkandanexhibitionofhisdesignsthefollowingyearstimuIatedyoungerarchitectstoadoptFixation.Ideal.Continuity.Classic.{{B}}Narrator{{/B}}ListentoapartofaconversationinIibrary.Whatisthestudent'shometeIephonenumber94561309.98351309.98356712.94566712.{{B}}ReadingSectionDirections{{/B})InthissectionyouwiIIreadfivepassagesandanswerreadingcomprehensionquestionsabouteachpassage.Mostquestionsareworthonepoint,butthelastquestionineachsetisworthmorethanonepoint.Thedirectionsindicatehowmanypointsyoumayreceive.Youwi11have60minutestoreadalIofthepassagesandanswerthequestions.SomepassagesincIudeawordorphrasethatisunderIinedinblue.CIickonthewordorphrasetoseeadefinitionoranexplanation.Whenyouwanttomoveontothenextquestion,cIickon{{B}}Next{{/B}}.Youcanskipquestionsandgobacktothemlateraslongasthereistimeremaining.Ifyouwanttoreturntopreviousquestions,clickon{{B}}Back{{/B}}・Youcanclickon{{B}}Review{{/B}}atanytimeandthereviewscreenwi11showyouwhichquestionyouhaveansweredandwhichyouhavenot.Fromthisreviewscreen,youmaygodirectIytoanyquestionyouhavealreadyseeninthereadingsection.Whenyouarereadytocontinue,cIickonthe{{B}}Continue{{/B}}icon.{IB}}Set1{{/B}}{{B}}New-AgeTransport{{/B}}ItlooksasifitcamestraightfromthesetofStarWars.Ithasfour-wheeldriveandrisesaboverockysurfaces.Itlowersandraisesitsnosewhengoingupanddownhills.Andwhenitcomestoariver,itturnsamphibious:twohydrojetspoweritalongbyblastingwaterunderitsbody.Thereisroomfortwopassengersandadriver,whositinsideaglassbubbIeoperatingelectronic,aircraft-typecontrols.AvehicIesodaringonlandandwaterneedswindscreenwipers-butitdoesn'thaveany.Watermoleculesaredisintegratedonthescreen'ssurfacebyultrasonicsensors.ThisunusuaIvehicleistheRacoon.ItisaninventionnotofHo11ywoodbutofRenault,aratherconservativeFrenchstate-ownedcarmaker,betterknownforitsfamilyhatchbacks.RenaultbuilttheRacoontoexplorenewfreedomsfordesignersandengineerscreatedbyadvancesinmaterialsandmanufacturingprocesses.RenaultisthinkingaboutstartIinglydifferentcars;otherproducershaveradicalnewideasfortrains,boatsandaeroplanes.Thefirstofthenewfreedomsisindesign.Powerfulcomputer-aideddesign(CAD)systemscanreplacewithaclickofacomputermousehoursoflaboriousworkdoneonthousandsofdrawingboards.Sonewproducts,nomatterhowcompIicated,canbedeveIopedmuchfaster.Forthefirsttime,Boeingwi11nothavetobuiIdagiantrepIicaofitsnewairIiner,the777,tomakesurealIthebitsfittogether.ItsCADsystemwi11takecareofthat.ButRenaultistakingCADfurther.ItclaimstheRacoonistheworld9sfirstvehicletobedesignedwithinthedigitisedworldofvirtualreality.CompIexprogramswereusedtosimuIatethevehicIeandtheterrainthatitwasexpectedtocross.ThisaIIowedateamledbyPatrickLeQuement,Renault9sindustrial-designdirector,to"drive"itlongbeforeaprototypeexisted.Renau11isnotaloneinthinkingthatvirtualrealitywi11transformautomotivedesign.InDetroit,Fordisalsoinvestigatingitspotential.JackTelnac,thefirm1sheadofdesign,wouldIikedesignersindifferentpartsoftheworldtoworkmorecloselytogether,Iinkedbycomputers.Theywoulddomorethanstylecars.Virtualrealitywi11allowengineerstopeerinsidetheworkingpartofavehicle.Designerswi11watchbearingsmove,oiIflow,gearsmeshandhydraulicspump.Asthesetechniquescatchon,evenstrangervehiclesarelikelytocomealong.TransformingthesecreationsfromvirtuaIrealitytoactuaIrealitywi11alsobecomeeasier,especiallywithadvancesinmaterials.Firmsthatoncebashedeverythingoutofsteelnowfindthatnewa11oysorcompositematerials(whichcanbemadefrommixturesofplastic,resin,ceramicsandmetals,reinforcedwithfibressuchasglassorcarbon)arechangingtherulesofmanufacturing.Atthesametime,〇Idmaterialskeepgettingbetter,astheirproducerstrytosecuretheirplaceinthefactoryofthefuture.ThiscompetitionisincreasingthepaceofdeveIopmentofalImaterials.OnecompanyinthisfieldisSeaIedComposites.Itwasstartedin1982byBurtRutan,anaviatorwhohasdevisedmanyunusualaircraft.IthasalsoworkedoncompositesailsfortheAmerica1sCupyachtraceandonGeneralMotors'Ultralite,a100-milesper-galIonexperimentalfamiIycarbuiltfromcarbonfibre.Again,theRacoonreflectsthisracebetweentheoldandthenew.ItusesconventionaIsteelandwhatRenaultdescribesasanewMhigh-IimitelasticsteeIMinitschassis.ThiA.adventurous.fearless.spiritual.cowardly.{(BUSet2{{/B}}{{B}}JobSatisfactionandPersonneIMobiIity{{/B}}Europe,andindeedalIthemajorindustrializednations,iscurrentlygoingthrougharecession.ThisobviousIyhasseriousimpIicationsforcompaniesandpersonnelwhofindthemselvesvictimsofthedownturn.AsBritainapparentlyeasesoutofrecession,therearealsopotentia11yequallyseriousimpIicationsforthecompanieswhosurvive,associatedwiththeempIoymentandrecruitmentmarketingeneral.Duringarecession,voluntarystaffturnoverisboundtofa11sharply.Staffwhohavebeenwithacompanyforsomeyearswi11clearlynotwanttorisklosingtheiraccumuIatedredundancyfights.Furthermore,theywi11beunwe11ingtogotoaneworganizationwheretheymayweIIbejoiningona"lastin,firstout"basis.ConsequentIy,evenifthereisIittIeornojobsatisfactionintheircurrentpost,theyaremostlikelytoremainwheretheyare,quietlysittingitoutandwaitingforthingstoimprove.InBritain,thissituationhasbeenaggravatedbythelengthandnatureoftherecession——asmayalsoprovetobethecaseintherestofEuropeandbeyond.Inthepast,companiesusedtotakeonstaffatthelowerIeveIsandrewardloyalempIoyeeswithinternalpromotions.ThisopportunityforaIifetimecareerwithonecompanyisnolongeravaiIable,owingtodownsizing"ofcompanies,structuralreorganizationsandredundancyprogrammes,alIofwhichhaveaffectedmiddlemanagementasmuchasthelowerlevels.Thisreducetioninthelayersofmanagementhasledtoflatterhierarchies,which,inturn,hasreducedpromotionprospectswithinmostcompanies.Whereasambitiouspersonnelhadbecomeusedtoregularpromotion,theynowfindtheirprogressisblocked.Thissituationiscompoundedbyyetanotherfactor.Whenstaffatanylevelaretakenon,itisusuallyfromoutsideandpromotionisincreasinglythroughcareermovesbetweencompanies.Recessionhascreatedanewbreedofbrightyounggraduates,muchmoreself-interestedandcynicaIthaninthepast.Theytendtobemorewary,scepticaIofwhatisonofferandconsequentIymuchtoughernegotiators.ThosewhojoinedcompaniesdirectIyfromeducationfeeltheeffectsmoststronglyandnowfeeluncertainandinsecureinmid-1ife.Inmanycases,thishasresultedinstaffdissatisfaction.Moreover,managementitselfhascontributedtothisgenerali11-feeIingandfrustration.Thecaringimageoftherecentpasthasgoneandthefearofredundancyisoftenusedastheprimemotivator.AsaresultofalIthesefactors,whentherecessioneasesandpeopIefindmoreconfidence,therewi11beanexplosionofempIoyeesseekingnewopportunitiestoescapetheircurrentjobs.Thiswi11beledbyyounger,Iess-experiencedempIoyeesandthehard-headedyounggraduates."Headhunters"confirmthatolderstaffarestillcautious,havingseensomanygoodcompanies"gotothewalI",andarereluctanttojeopardizetheirredundancyentitlements.Pastexperience,however,suggeststhat,oncetriggered,theexpansioninrecruitmentwi11beveryrapid.Theproblemwhichfacesmanyorganizationsisoneofstrategicplanning;ofnotknowingwhowi11leaveandwhowi11stay.Oftenitisthebestpersonnelwhomoveonwhilsttheworstclingtothelittlesecuritytheyhave.WhilstthisexpansionintherecruitmentmarketisIikeIytohappensooninBritain,mostemployersaresimplynotprepared.Withthelossofmiddlemanagement,inastaticmarketplace,personnelmanagementandrecruitmentareoftenconductedbyjuniorpersonnel.TheyhaveonlyknownrecessionandlacktheexperiencetoplanaheadandtoimpIementstrategiesforgrowth.Thisistreeofmanyotherfunctions,Ieavingcompanyieswithouttheskills,abilityorvisiontostructurethemselvesforlong-termgrowth.WithoutthisabilitytorecruitcompetitiveIyforstrategicplanning,andgiventhespeedatwhichthesechangesarelikelytooccur,arealcrisisseemsimminent.Accordingtoparagraph2,manystaffarenotIeavingtheirjobsbecausetheywilllosetheirredundancyrights.wouldjoinanewcompanyona“lastin,firstout"basis.arewaitingfortheeconomytopickup.aredissatisfiedwiththeircurrentposition.{{B}}Narrator{{/B}}Listentoapartofalectureinabusinessclass.WhatdoestheprofessorsayaboutaweakhandshakeformenItisapolitewaysinceitavoidstheriskofmakingothershurt.Ittellsthatoneofthehandshakersisnotinterestedintheother.Itshowsthatoneofthehandshakersisveryaggressive.Itisbetterthannohandshakeatall.{(B}}Set3{{/B}}{{B}}OrganicArchitecture{{/B}}OneofthemoststrikingpersonalitiesinthedeveIopmentofearly-twentiethcenturyarchitecturewasFrankLloydWright(1867-1959).WrightattendedtheUniversityofWisconsininMadisonbeforemovingtoChicago,whereheeventua11yjoinedthefirmheadedbyLouisSulIivan.Wrightsetouttocreate"architectureofdemocracyM.EarlyinfIuenceswerethevolumetricshapesinasetofeducationaIbIockstheGermaneducatorFriedrichFroebeldesigned,theorganicunityofaJapanesebuiIdingWrightsawattheColumbianExpositioninChicagoin1893,andaJeffersonianbeliefinindividuaIismandpopuIism.AlwaysabeIieverinarchitectureas"naturalHand"organic",Wrightsawitasservingfreeindividualswhohavetherighttomovewithinafreespace,envisionedasanonsymmetricaldesigninteractingspatiallywithitsnaturalsurroundings.HesoughttodeveIopanorganicunityofpIanning,structure,materials,andsite.WrightidentifiedtheprincipleofcontinuityasfundamentaItounderstandinghisviewoforganicunity:"CIassicarchitecturewasa11fixations.NowwhynotletwaIIs,ceiIings,floorsbecomeseenascomponentpartsofeachotherThisideal,profoundinitsarchitecturalimpIicationsIcalledcontinuity."Wrightmanifestedhisvigorousoriginalityearly,andby1900hehadarrivedatastyleandentirelystartedhisown.Inhisworkduringthefirstdecadeofthetwentiethcentury,hiscross-axialplanandhisfabricofcontinuousroofplanesandscreensdefinedanewdomesticarchitecture.WrightfullyexpressedtheseeIementsandconceptsinRobieHouse,builtbetween1907and1909.LikeotherbuiIdingsintheChicagoareahedesignedataboutthesametime,thiswasca11edaprairiehouse.Wrightconceivedthelong,sweepingground-huggingIines,unconfinedbyabruptwalIIimits,asreachingouttowardandcapturingtheexpansivenessoftheplacegreatflatlands.StartingabandoningalIsymmetry,thearchitecteIiminatedafacade,extendedtheroofsfarbeyondthewalIs,andalIbutconceaIedtheentrance.Wrightfilledthe"wandering”planoftheRobieHousewithintricatelyjoinedspaces(somelargeandopen,otherscIosed),groupedfreelyaroundagreatcentralfireplace.(HebeIievedstronglyinthehearth'sage-oIddomesticsignificance.)WrightdesignedencIosedpatios,overhangingroofs,andstripwindowstoprovideunexpectedIightsourcesandglimpsesoftheoutdoorsaspeopIemovethroughtheinteriorspace.Theseelements,togetherwiththeopengroundplan,createasenseofspace-inmotioninsideandout.HesetmassesandvoidsinequiIibrium;thefIowofinteriorspacedeterminedtheexteriorwalIplacement.Theexterior'ssharpangularplanesmeetatapparentlyoddangles,matchingthecompIexplayofinteriorsolids,whichfunctionnotasinertcontainingsurfacesbutaseIementsequivaIentinroletothedesign'sspaces.TheRobieHouseisagoodexampIeofWright's"naturalism",hisadjustingofabuildingtoitssite.However,inthisparticularcase,theconfinesofthecitylotconstrainedthebuiIding-to-siterelationshipmorethandidthesitesofsomeofWright'smoreexpansivesuburbanandcountryhomes.TheKaufmannHouse,nicknameed"FaiIingwater"anddesignedasaweekendretreatatBearRunnearPittsburghisastartprimeexampIeofthelatter.Perchedonarockyhillsideoverasma11waterfa11,thisstructureextendstheRobieHouse'sbIockymassesinalIfourdirections.Thecontrastintexturesbetweenconcrete,paintedmetaI,andnaturalstonesinitswallsenlivenitsshapes,asdoesWright'suseoffulI-lengthstripwindowstocreateastunninginterweavingofinteriorandexteriorspace.TheimpliedmessageofWright,snewarchitecturewasspace,notmass—aspacedesignedtofitthepatron*sIifeandenclosedanddividedasrequired.WrighttookspeciaIpainstomeethisclient,srequirements,oftendesigningalItheaccessoriesofahouse.Inthelate1930s,heactedonacherisheddreamtoprovidegoodarchitecturaldesignforlessprosperouspeopIebyadaptingtheideasofhisprairiehousetoplansforsmalIer,lessexpensivedwe11ings.ThepubIicationofWright,splansbroughthimameasureoffameinEurope,especiallyinHo11andandGermany.TheissuanceinBerIinin1910ofaportfolioofhisworkandanexhibitionofhisdesignsthefollowingyearstimuIatedyoungerarchitectstoadoptA.style.originality.work.plan.{{B}}ListeningComprehensionSectionDirections{{/B}}ThissectionmeasuresyourabilitytounderstandconversationsandlecturesinEnglish.Youwi11heareachconversationorlectureonlyonetime.Aftereachconversationorlecture,youwi11answersomequestionsaboutit.ThequestionstypicallyaskaboutthemainideaandsupportingdetaiIs.Somequestionsaskaboutaspeaker*spurposeorattitude.Answerthequestionsbasedonwhatisstatedorimpliedbythespeakers.YoumaytakenoteswhileyouIisten.Youmayuseyournotestohelpyouanswerthequestions.Yournoteswi11notbescored.IfyouneedtochangethevoIumewhileyouIisten,clickonthe{{B}}VoIume{(/B}}iconatthetopofthescreen.Insomequestions,youwi11seethisicon:.Thismeansthatyouwi11hear,butnotseepartofthequestion.Someofthequestionshavespecialdirections.Thesedirectionsappearinagrayboxonthescreen.Mostquestionsareworthonepoint.Ifaquestionisworthmorethanonepoint,itwi11havespeciaIdirectionsthatindicatehowmanypointsyoucanreceive.Youmustanswereachquestion.Afteryouanswer,clickon{(B)}Next{{/B}}.ThencIickon{{B}}OK{{/B}}toconfirmyouranswerandgoontothenextquestion.AfteryoucIickon{{B}}OK{{/B}},youcannotreturntopreviousquestions.Youwi11have20minutestoanswerthequestionsinthissection.Aclockatthetopofthescreenwi11showyouhowmuchtimeisremaining.Theclockwi11notcountdownwhileyouareIisteningtotestmaterial.{{B})ClickonProceedtocontinue.{{/B}}Tochangethevolume,clickonthe{{B}}VoIume{{/B}}iconatthetopofthescreen.ThevoIumecontrolwi11appear.Movethevolumeindicatortotheleftortotherighttochangethevolume.ToclosethevoIumecontrol,movethemousepointertoanotherpartofthescreen.Youwi11beabletochangethevoIumeduringthetestifyouneedto.{{B}}Set1Conversation:LectureArrangements{{/B}}{{B}}Narrator{{/B}}ListentoapartofaconversationaboutLectureArrangementsbetweenastudentandateacher.Whatisthetimeforthetwolectures4p.m.onTuesdayandThursday.4:30p.m.onTuesdayandThursday.9a.m.onWednesdayandFriday.9a.m.onMondayandWednesday.{{BUSet4{(/B)}{{B}}Lichens{{/B}}Tobecertain,aIichenisnotthemostconspicuousofplants.Lichensgrowinunassumingfashiononrocks,logsandotherexposedsurfacesinawiderangeofhabitatsaroundtheworld.TotheuntrainedeyetheylookIikeIittIemorethancrustypatchesthat,atfirstglance,mighteasilybemistakenforadiscolorationofthesurface.EveniftheaveragepersonshouIdhappentonoticethelichen'spresenceandcorrectlyidentifyitassomeformofIife,heisunIikeIytogomuchfurtherincontempIatingit.Thoughalmosttota11yignoredbythelayperson,forthebotanist,IichensareoneofthemostfascinatingofalIplants,andoneofthemostintenselystudied.TheyarethesubjectofsomuchscientificscrutinyprimarilybecauseaIichenisnotjustoneplant.Itis,infact,acompositeorganismmadeupoffungusandalgaelivingtogetherinacloseassociationthatis,presumably,beneficialtoboth.Whenthesetwoverydifferentplantscombine,theresultisauniqueandveryIong-1ivedcompositeorganismthatappears,atleastonamacroscopicscale,tobeaunitaryplant.Itisanorganismthatbearsnoresemblancetoeitherofitsconstituentswhentheyareobservedindividually.TheseparatefungaIandalga)elementscanberecognizedonlywhenthebodyofth