考研考博-英语-乐山师范学院考试押题卷含答案详解2

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-乐山师范学院考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Superconductorsloseelectricalresistanceonly______subjectedtointensecold.

问题1选项

A.through

B.when

C.as

D.by

【答案】B

【解析】考查状语从句的省略。在表示时间、地点、条件、方式或让步等从句中，当从句中的主语和主句的主语相同，谓语含有动词be时，从句中的主语和谓语可以省略。从句可以还原为whensuperconductorsaresubjectedtointensecold，因此选D。句意：超导体只有在严寒下才会失去电阻。

2.单选题

Thesedayswehearalotofnonsenseaboutthe“greatclasslesssociety”.Theideathatthe20thcenturyistheageofthecommonmanhasbecomeoneofgreatclichesofourtime.

Thesameoldargumentsareputforwardinevidence.Herearesomeofthem:Monarchyasasystemofgovernmenthascompletelydiscredited.Themonarchiesthatsurvivehavebeendeprivedofallpoliticalpower.Inheritedwealthhasbeensavagelyreducedbytaxationand,intime,thegreatfortuneswilldisappearaltogether.Inanumberofcountriesthevictoryhasbeencomplete.Thepeoplerule;thegreatmillenniumhasbecomeapoliticalreality.Buthasit?Closeexaminationdoesn’tbearouttheclaim.

Itisafallacytosupposethatallmenareequalandthatsocietywillbeleveledoutifyouprovideeverybodywiththesameeducationalopportunities.(Itisdebatablewhetheryoucaneverprovideeveryonewiththesameeducationalopportunities,butthatisanotherquestion.)Thefactisthatnaturedispensesbrainsandabilitywithatotaldisregardfortheprincipleofequality.Theoldrulesofthejungle,“survivalofthefittest”，and“mightisright“arestillwithus.Thespreadofeducationhasdestroyedtheoldclasssystemandcreatedanewone.Rewardsarebasedonmeritfor“aristocracy”read“meritocracy”；inotherrespectssocietyremainsunaltered:theclasssystemisrigidlymaintained

Genuineability,animalcunning,skilltheknackofseizingopportunities,allbringsmaterialrewards.Andwhatisthefirstthingpeopledowhentheybecomerich?Theyusetheirwealthtosecurethebestpossibleopportunitiesfortheirchildren,togivethem“agoodstartinlife”.Forallthelipservicewepaytotheideaofequality.Wedonotconsiderthiswronginthewesternworld.Privateschoolswhichofferunfairadvantagesoverstateschoolsarenotbannedbecauseoneoftheprinciplesinademocracyisthatpeopleshouldbefreetochoosehowtheywilleducatetheirchildren.Inthisway,thenewmeritocracycanperpetuateitselftoacertainextent:anablechildfromawealthyhomecansucceedfarmorerapidlythanhispoorercounterpart.Wealthisalsousedindiscriminatelytofurtherpoliticalends.Itwouldbealmostimpossibletobecometheleaderofademocracywithoutmassivefinancialbacking.Moneyisaspowerfulaweaponaseveritwas.

Insocietieswhollydedicatedtotheprincipleofsocialequality.Privilegedprivateeducationisforbidden.Butevenherepeoplearerewardedaccordingtotheirabilities.Infact,sogreatistheneedforskilledworkersthattheleastablemaybeneglected.Brightchildrenarecarefullyandexpensivelytrainedtobecomefuturerulers.Intheend,allpoliticalideologiesboildowntothesamething:classdivisionspersistwhetheryouareruledbyafeudalkingoraneducatedpeasant.

1.Whatisthemainideaofthispassage?

2.Accordingtotheauthor,thesameeducationalopportunitiescan’tgetridofinequalitybecause（

）.

3.Whocanobtainmorerapidsuccess?

4.Whydoestheauthorsaythenewmeritocracycanperpetuateitselftoacertainextent?Because（

）.

5.Accordingtotheauthor,“classdivisions”refersto（

）.

问题1选项

A.Equalityofopportunityinthetwentiethcenturyhasnotdestroyedtheclasssystem.

B.Equalitymeansmoney.

C.Thereisnosuchsocietyasclasslesssociety.

D.Naturecan’tgiveyouaclasslesssociety.

问题2选项

A.theprinciple“survivalofthefittest”exists.

B.natureignoresequalityindispensingbrainsandability.

C.materialrewardsareforgenuineability.

D.peoplehavethefreedomhowtoeducatetheirchildren.

问题3选项

A.Thosewithwealth.

B.Thosewiththebestbrains..

C.Thosewiththebestopportunities.

D.Thosewhohavetheabilitytocatchatopportunities.

问题4选项

A.moneydecideseverything.

B.privateschoolsofferadvantagesoverstateschools.

C.peoplearefreetochoosethewayofeducatingtheirchildren.

D.wealthisusedforpoliticalends.

问题5选项

A.therichandthepoor.

B.differentopportunitiesforpeople.

C.oppressorandtheoppressed.

D.geniusandstupidity.

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:A

第5题:A

【解析】1.主旨大意题。A项Equalityofopportunityinthetwentiethcenturyhasnotdestroyedtheclasssystem(20世纪的机会均等并没有破坏阶级制度)能更好概括本文主旨。

2.细节题。作者指出:自然在分配大脑和能力的时候，完全不考虑平等的原则。有智慧能力才能生存，才能获报偿，这已经是不平等，因此即使获同样的受教育的机会，也不可能铲除不平等。

3.细节题。第三段指出:英才教育在某种程度上是永存的。一个来自富有家庭的有能力的孩子要比其对立面获得成功要快得多得多。因此推测,有钱人能够快速获得成功。

4.细节题。英才教育在某种程度上是永存的。因为有钱,才上得起私立学校。故选A。

5.推断题。作者强调穷人,富人在天赋、教育机会等方面的差异造成即使是同样的教育机会也不可能铲除不平等,因此在作者眼里,真正的阶级分化在于贫富差距。

3.单选题

Aburningmatchappliedtopaperwillmakeit（

）.

问题1选项

A.heatup

B.catchfire

C.disintegrate

D.glow

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项“加热”；B选项“着火”；C选项“分解”；D选项“发光，发红”。句意：燃烧的火柴放在纸上会让纸（）。根据生活常识，燃烧的物品放在纸上肯定是会让纸燃烧的，所以答案选B。

4.单选题

（

）withtheheightoftheskyscraper,thismountaindoesn’tseemhighatall.

问题1选项

A.Whencompared

B.Whilecomparing

C.Compare

D.Comparing

【答案】A

【解析】句意:当与摩天大楼的高度相比吋，这座山看起来根本不高。

语法题。考查过去分词做状语。此句主语为thismountain,前半句为动词compare的过去分词做比较状语。分句中动词compare与逻辑主语thismountain之间是被动关系,故选A。

5.单选题

Advertiserstendtothinkbigandperhapsthisiswhytheyarealwayscominginforcriticism.Theircriticsseemtoresentthembecausetheyhaveaflairforself-promotionandbecausetheyhavesomuchmoneytothrowaround."It'siniquitous,"theysay,"thatthisentirelyunproductiveindustryshouldabsorbmillionsofpoundseachyear.Itonlygoestoshowhowmuchprofitthebigcompaniesaremaking.Whydon'ttheystopadvertisingandreducethepriceoftheirgoods?Afterall,it'stheconsumerwhopays.."

Thepooroldconsumer!He'dhavetopayagreatdealmoreifadvertisingdidn'tcreatemassmarketsforproducts.Itispreciselybecauseoftheheavyadvertisingthatconsumergoodsaresocheap.Butwegetthewrongideaifwethinktheonlypurposeofadvertisingistosellgoods.Anotherequallyimportantfunctionistoinform.Agreatdealoftheknowledgewehaveabouthouseholdgoodsderiveslargelyfromtheadvertisementsweread.Advertisementsintroduceustonewproductsorremindusoftheexistenceofoneswealreadyknowabout.Supposingyouwantedtobuyawashing-machine,itismorethanlikelyyouwouldobtaindetailsregardingperformance,price,ere,fromanadvertisement

Lotsofpeoplepretendthattheyneverreadadvertisements,butthisclaimmaybeseriouslydoubted.Itishardlypossiblenottoreadadvertisementsthesedays.Andwhatfuntheyoftenare,too!Justthinkwhatarailwaystationoranewspaperwouldbelikewithoutadvertisements,wouldyouenjoygazingatablankwallorreadingrailwaybye-lawwhilewaitingforatrain?Wouldyouliketoreadonlyclosely-printedcolumnsofthenewsinyourdailypaper?Acheerfulwilyadvertisementmakessuchadifferencetoadrabwalloranewspaperfullofthedailyrationofcalamities.

Wemustnotforget,either,thatadvertisingmakesapositivecontributiontoourpockets.Newspapers,commercialsradioandtelevisioncompaniescouldnotsubsistwithoutthissourceofrevenue.Thefactthatwepaysolittleforourdailypaper,orcanenjoysomanybroadcastprogramsisdueentirelytothemoneyspentbyadvertisers.Justthinkwhatanewspaperwouldcostifwehadtopayitsfullprice.

Anotherthingwemustn'tforgetisthe"smallads",whichareinvirtuallyeverynewspaperandmagazine.Whatatremendouslyusefulservicetheyperformforthecommunity!Justaboutanythingcanbeaccomplishedthroughthesecolumns.Forinstance,youcanfindajob,buyorsellahouse,announceabirth,marriageordeathinwhatusedtobecalledthe"hatchmatchanddispatch"columns;butbyFarthemostfascinatingsectionis!hepersonalor"agony"columns.Nootheriteminanewspaperprovidessuchentertainingreadingorofferssuchadeepinsightintohumannature.It'sthebestadvertisementforadvertisingthereis!

1.Advertisersshouldstopadvertisingandreducepriceofgoodsbecause（）.

2.Thepurposeofadvertisingisto（）.

3.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?

4.Thebesttitleforthispassagecouldbe（）.

5.Regardingadvertisements,wecanconcludethatthetoneoftheauthorofthispassageseemstobe（）.

6.Theword"they"inline3ofparagraph3,refersto（）.

7.Wecaninferfromthepassagethattheauthorseemstosuggestthat（）.

问题1选项

A.criticsresentthem

B.theyhavesomuchtothrowaround

C.theconsumerpaysforallthecosts

D.advertiserscomeinforcriticisms

问题2选项

A.informthatconsumergoodsarecheap

B.inform

C.provideagreatdealofknowledge

D.bothsellgoodsandinform

问题3选项

A.Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves.

B.Everythinghastwosides.

C.Wastenot,wantnot.

D.it'snousecryingeverspiltmilk.

问题4选项

A.AdvertisersPerformaUsefulServicetotheCommunity

B.EntirelyUnproductiveIndustry

C.ThinkBig

D.GoodQualityProductsDon'tNeedtoBeAdvertised

问题5选项

A.critical

B.positive

C.negative

D.neutral

问题6选项

A.lotsofpeople

B.thesedays

C.advertisements

D.“they”inthefirstsentence

问题7选项

A.advertisementsareeverywhere

B.advertisementsarealotoffun

C.advertisementsareunnecessarilycostly

D.advertisementsmakeproductscheaper

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:D

第3题:B

第4题:A

第5题:B

第6题:C

第7题:B

【解析】1.根据第一段最后一句“Whydon'ttheystopadvertisingandreducethepriceoftheirgoods?Afterall,it'stheconsumerwhopays..”可知,选项C符合原文。

2.根据第二段的四五句“Butwegetthewrongideaifwethinktheonlypurposeofadvertisingistosellgoods.Anotherequallyimportantfunctionistoinform.”可知,广告除了推销产品,还有提供信息的功能,所以选项D正确。

3.选项A“上帝帮助自助之人”；选项B“每一样事物都有两个方面”；选项C“不浪费,不匮乏”；选项D“覆水难收”。根据第四段的第一句“Wemustnotforget,either,thatadvertisingmakesapositivecontributiontoourpockets.”前两段作者描述了广告对消费者的负面影响,最后两段又讲述了广告的积极影响,所以选项B最为恰当。

4.作者在文章前两段讲述了广告对消费者的负面影响,但又提到广告可以提供信息等其他积极作用。这是先抑后扬的写作手法,目的是为了突出后面的积极作用,所以选项A正确。

5.根据最后一段末句“It'sthebestadvertisementforadvertisingthereis!”可以看出,作者的态度是积极的,选项B正确。

6.根据原文,“they”很有趣,接下来列举了一下例子,由此可推测,这里的“they”指的是广告,选项C正确。

7.根据最后一段最后两句,报纸上没有任何其他文章能提供如此有趣的阅读,或提供对人性如此深刻的洞察。这是最好的广告!由此可知,作者主要强调的是广告的有趣性,所以选项B正确。

6.单选题

Oneofthechieffunctionsofslangwordsistoconsolidateone’s（）withagroup.

问题1选项

A.introduction

B.superstition

C.identification

D.specification

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项introduction“介绍；引进；入门”；B选项superstition“迷信”；C选项identification“辨认；认同；身份”；D选项specification“规格；说明书”。句意：俚语的主要功能之一增强与其一伙人的（）。根据语境，俚语主要是拉近人和人之间的距离，identification“认同”比较合理。因此C选项正确。

7.单选题

It’snogood（

）remembergrammaticalrules.Youneedtopracticewhatyouhavelearned.

问题1选项

A.tryingto

B.tryto

C.totryto

D.triedto

【答案】A

【解析】考查固定用法。It’snogooddoingsth.做...是没用的。所以选项A正确。

8.单选题

Itdidnottakelongforthecentralbankto（）theirfears.

问题1选项

A.soothe

B.snub

C.smear

D.sanctify

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。soothe“使平静，安慰，缓和”；snub“冷落，斥责”；smear“涂上，抹掉，诽谤”；sanctify“使神圣”。句意：银行并没有花费很长时间就缓解了人们的忧虑。选项A符合题意。

9.单选题

Asseriousassheisaboutthebullfight,shedoesnotallowrespectto（

）hersenseofwhimsywhenpaintingit.

问题1选项

A.inspire

B.provoke

C.suppress

D.satisfy

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项inspire“激发；鼓舞”；B选项provoke“驱使；激怒”；C选项suppress“抑制；镇压；废止”；D选项satisfy“满足；说服”。句意：尽管她认为斗牛是一件严肃的事，但在绘画斗牛时，她并没有让敬意······自己的奇思异想。“敬意”与“奇思异想”在本句中应为“抑制与被抑制”的关系，才可体现句中的转折含义。因此C选项正确。

10.单选题

Itis（）toexpectanadultreactionfromachild.

问题1选项

A.prospective

B.effective

C.irrational

D.farcical

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项prospective“未来的，预期的”；B选项effective“有效的，实际的”；C选项irrational“不合理的”；D选项farcical“滑稽的，闹剧的，引人发笑的”。句意：指望一个孩子做出成年人的反应是不合理的。由选项意思和句意可知，C选项符合句意。

11.单选题

Don'ttrustthespeakeranymore,sincetheremarkshemadeinhislecturesarenever（）withthefacts.

问题1选项

A.symmetrical

B.comparative

C.compatible

D.harmonious

【答案】C

【解析】形容词词义辨析。symmetrical“匀称的，对称的”；comparative“比较的，相当的”；compatible“可兼容的”；harmonious“和谐的”。句意：不要再相信演讲者了，因为他在演讲中所讲的永远与事实不符。选项C符合题意。

12.单选题

SeveralofAsianprofessorswhospokeattheconferenceexpressedtheirsupportfortheideaofholdingaspecialmeetinginPerthtofacilitatemultinationalresearchontheeconomicAproblemsfacingthecountriesaroundtheIndianOcean.

问题1选项

A.SeveralofAsianprofessors

B.attheconference

C.problemsfacingthe

D.countriesaroundthe

E.没有错误

【答案】A

【解析】介词多余。Several后面去掉Of。

13.单选题

Yourmathinstructorwouldhavebeenhappytogiveyouamakeupexaminationhadyougoneandexplainedthatyourparents（）atthetime.

问题1选项

A.hadbeenill

B.wereill

C.wouldhavebeenill

D.shouldhavebeenill

【答案】B

【解析】语法题。句子是对过去的虚拟,

但“父母病了”是客观事实,

故不需要用虚拟形式hadbeen,

直接用过去式即可,

选项B正确。

14.单选题

Overthepastdecade,Americancompanieshavetriedhardtofindwaystodiscourageseniormanagersfromfeatheringtheirownnestsattheexpenseoftheirshareholder.Thethreemostpopularreformshavebeenrecruitingmoreoutsidedirectorsinordertomakeboardsmoreindependent,linkingbosses’paytovariousperformancemeasures,andgivingbossesshareoptionssothattheyhavethesamelong-terminterestsastheirshareholders.

ThesereformshavebeenwidelyadoptedbyAmerica’slargercompanies,andsurveyssuggestthatmanymorecompaniesarethinkingoffollowingtheir,lead.Buthavetheydoneanygood?ThreepaperspresentedattheannualmeetingoftheAcademyofManagementinBostonthisweeksuggestnot.Asisusuallythecasewithboardroomtinkering,theconsequenceshavedifferedfromthoseintended.

Startwiththoseindependentboards.Onthefaceofit,dismissingtheboss’sfriendsfromtheboardandreplacingthemwithoutsiderslooksaperfectwaytomakeseniormanagersmoreaccountable.ButthatisnottheconclusionofastudybyProfessorJamesWestphal.Instead,hefoundthatbosseswithaboardroomfullofoutsidersspendmuchoftheirtimebuildingalliances,doingpersonalfavorsandgenerallypleasingtheoutsiders.

Alltoooften,theseseductionssucceed.Mr.Westphalfoundthat,toaremarkabledegree,“independent”boardspursuestrategiesthatarelikelytofavorseniormanagersratherthanshareholders.Suchcompaniesdiversifytheirbusiness,increasethepayofexecutivesandweakenthelinkbetweenpayandperformances.

Toassesstheimpactofperformance-relatedpay,Mr.Westphalaskedthebossesof103companieswithsalesofover1billiondollarswhatmeasurementswereusedtodeterminetheirpay.Themeasurementsvariedwidely,rangingfromsalestoearningspershare.Buttheresearcher’sbigdiscoverywasthatbossesattendtomeasuresthataffecttheirownincomesandignoreorplaydownotherfactorsthataffectacompany’soverallsuccess.

InShort,bossesarequicktoturneveryimaginablesystemofcorporategovernmenttotheiradvantage—whichisprobablywhytheyarethepeoplewhoareputinchargeofthings.Hereisaparadoxforthemanagementtheorists:anybosswhocannotbeatasystemdesignedtokeephimundercontrolisprobablynotworthhaving.

25.Thephrase“featheringtheirownnests”inthefirstparagraphisclosestinmeaningto____.

26.Whatisthepurposeofthelargecompaniesinrecruitingoutsidersandputtingthemontheboardofdirectors?

27.WhatdoesProfessorJamesWestphal’sstudysuggests?

28.Theword“seduction”(Para.4)probablymeans____.

29.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

30.Howdoestheauthorfeelabouttheeffortstocontrolseniorexecutives?

问题1选项

A.sacrificethemselves

B.decoratetheirhomes

C.usetheirpositionforpersonalgains

D.investalotofmoney

问题2选项

A.Todiversifythebusinessofthecorporation.

B.Toenhancethecooperationbetweentheseniormanagersandtheboarddirectors.

C.Tointroduceeffectivereformsinbusinessmanagement.

D.Toprotecttheinterestsoftheshareholders.

问题3选项

A.boardroomreformshavefailedtoachievethedesiredresult

B.outsideboarddirectorstendtobemoreindependent

C.withaboardroomfullofoutsiders,seniormanagersworkmoreconscientiously

D.cooperationbetweenseniormanagersandboarddirectorssufferedfromthereforms

问题4选项

A.effortstoconquer

B.attemptstowinover

C.endeavorstoincreaseprofits

D.exertionstounderstand

问题5选项

A.Corporateexecutivesingeneralareworththehighpaytheyreceive.

B.Theincomeofcorporateexecutivesisproportionaltothegrowthofcorporateprofits.

C.Corporateexecutivestendtotakeadvantageoftheirpositiontoenrichthemselves.

D.Theperformanceofcorporateexecutivesaffectstheirowninterestsmorethanthoseoftheshareholders.

问题6选项

A.doubtful

B.optimistic

C.positive

D.approving

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:B

第5题:C

第6题:A

【解析】25.词汇推测题。

1）句中前后信息衔接：根据题干“第1段中的词组‘feathertheirownnest’的意思最接近于”，可定位到第1段第1句Overthepastdecade,Americancompanieshavetriedhardtofindwaystodiscourageseniormanagersfromfeatheringtheirownnestsattheexpenseoftheirshareholder.（在过去的十年里，美国公司一直在努力寻找方法，以阻止高级管理人员以牺牲股东利益为代价____。）由此可知，feathertheirownnest是企业高级经理人的行为，并且这种行为是以牺牲股东利益为代价的。另外，该词组字面的意思是“用羽毛装饰他们的巢”。

2）上下文语义衔接：后文Thethreemostpopularreformshavebeenrecruitingmoreoutsidedirectorsinordertomakeboardsmoreindependent,linkingbosses’paytovariousperformancemeasures,andgivingbossesshareoptionssothattheyhavethesamelong-terminterestsastheirshareholders.（最受欢迎的三项改革是招募更多外部董事，使董事会更加独立、将老板们的薪酬与各种绩效指标挂钩和给老板们股票期权，这样他们就和股东们有同样的长期利益。）由此可知，后文讲的是针对1）中的问题，采取的应对措施，这些应对措施都是限制或规范企业高级管理者行为的。

3）篇章主旨：本文的主题是企业经营管理的改革，B选项“装饰他们家”与主题无关，排除。

4）搭配用法：本题无需参考

综上所诉，企业高级管理者的行为：feathertheirownnest“用羽毛装饰他们的巢”，牺牲了企业股东的利益，并且给自己带来了好处，C选项“利用职位谋取私利”最符合语境。A选项“牺牲自己”，表述错误，他们牺牲的是股东的利益，而不是他们自己的利益；D选项“投资很多钱”，没有依据，属于无中生有。因此，本题最佳选项为C。

26.推理判断题。

1）句中线索：根据题干“大企业把外来者招进董事会的目的是什么”，可定位到第1段第2句Thethreemostpopularreformshavebeenrecruitingmoreoutsidedirectorsinordertomakeboardsmoreindependent,…（最受欢迎的三项改革是招募更多外部董事，使董事会更加独立……）由此可知，企业这么做是企业改革的措施之一，并且这项措施是为了“使董事会更加独立”，因此B选项“加强高级管理人员与董事会之间的合作”表述错误，该选项的“合作”与原文的“独立”相矛盾，属于反向干扰，排除。

2）上下文线索：本文第1段第1句Overthepastdecade,Americancompanieshavetriedhardtofindwaystodiscourageseniormanagersfromfeatheringtheirownnestsattheexpenseoftheirshareholder.（在过去的十年里，美国公司一直在努力寻找方法，阻止高级管理人员以牺牲股东利益为代价谋取私利。）由此可知，为了“阻止高级管理人员以牺牲股东利益为代价谋取私利”，美国的企业采取了改革措施，那么改革的目的应该是为了限制高级管理人员的权力，以保护股东的利益，D选项“保护股东利益”，表述符合原文；C选项“对企业管理进行有效改革”，表述也正确，但是，对企业管理进行改革的目的也是为了保护股东的利益，D选项表述更好。A选项“使公司业务多样化”，没有依据，属于无中生有，排除。因此，本题最佳选项为D。

27.事实细节题。

1）精准定位：根据题干“JamesWestphal教授的研究表明”，可定位到文章第3-5段，这3段详细介绍了JamesWestphal教授的研究结果。

第3段最后一句Instead,hefoundthatbosseswithaboardroomfullofoutsidersspendmuchoftheirtimebuildingalliances,doingpersonalfavorsandgenerallypleasingtheoutsiders.（相反，他发现，董事会里满是外部人士的老板们会花很多时间与外部人士建立联盟，做个人恩情，并且通常会取悦外部人士。）由此可知，董事会里的外部董事与老板们建立了同盟，B选项“外部董事往往更独立”表述错误，该选项属于反向干扰，排除；老板们会花大部分的时间精力取悦外部董事，而不是认真工作，C选项“在董事会里挤满了外部人员的情况下，高级经理们工作起来会更加认真”，表述错误，该选项属于反向干扰，排除；改革使高层管理人员与董事会之间建立了同盟，反而加强了两者之间的合作，D选项“高层管理人员和董事会之间的合作受到了改革的影响”，表述错误，该选项属于反向干扰，排除。

A选项“董事会改革未能达到预期效果”，可定位到原文第2段最后两句Threepaperspresentedat…thisweeksuggestnot.Asisusuallythecasewithboardroomtinkering,theconsequenceshavedifferedfromthoseintended.（本周在……上发表的三篇论文给出的答案是否定的。就像通常的董事会修修补补一样，结果与预期不同。）由此可知，研究表明改革没有达到预期效果，该选项表述符合原文。

2）综合理解：本文第2段总述研究表明改革没有达到预期效果，第3-5段展开详细介绍研究结论，所以A选项“董事会改革未能达到预期效果”表述正确。因此，本题最佳选项为A。

28.词汇推测题。

1）句中前后信息衔接：根据题干“‘seduction’这个词的意思可能是”可定位到原文第4段第1句Alltoooften,theseseductionssucceed.（这些____往往会成功。）

2）上下文语义衔接：

根据上文第3段最后一句Instead,hefoundthatbosseswithaboardroomfullofoutsidersspendmuchoftheirtimebuildingalliances,doingpersonalfavorsandgenerallypleasingtheoutsiders.（相反，他发现，董事会里满是外部人士的老板们会花很多时间与外部人士建立联盟，做个人恩情，并且通常会取悦外部人士。）可知，theseseductions指的应该是老板们为了取悦外部董事而做的个人恩情，为了跟他们建立联盟花的很多时间和精力。

根据后文第4段第2句Mr.Westphalfoundthat,toaremarkabledegree,“independent”boardspursuestrategiesthatarelikelytofavorseniormanagersratherthanshareholders.（Westphal发现，在很大程度上，“独立”董事会采取的策略可能更有利于高管而不是股东。）可知，“成功”指的是企业高管们的行为成功地让董事会做出有利于高管自己的决策。

3）篇章主旨：本文的主题是企业经营管理的改革，A选项“为了征服的努力”、D选项“为了理解付出的努力”与本文主旨无关，排除。

4）搭配用法：本题无需参考。

综上所述，B选项“为了赢得支持的尝试”表述最符合原文；C选项“为了增加利润的努力”表述错误，企业高管们的目的仅仅是为了自己的利益，而不是增加整个企业的利润，该选项属于偷换概念，排除。因此，本题最佳选项为B。

29.事实细节题。

1）精准定位：题干“下列表述正确的是？”

A选项“一般来说，公司主管们的高薪是值得的”，可定位到原文第4段最后两句Mr.Westphalfoundthat,toaremarkabledegree,“independent”boardspursuestrategiesthatarelikelytofavorseniormanagersratherthanshareholders.Suchcompaniesdiversifytheirbusiness,increasethepayofexecutivesandweakenthelinkbetweenpayandperformances.（Westphal发现，在很大程度上，“独立”董事会采取的策略可能更有利于高管而不是股东。这类公司将业务多元化，增加高管薪酬，并削弱薪酬与业绩之间的联系。）由此可知，董事会被高管们收买，而做出有利于高管们利益的决策，增加高管的薪酬，所以选项表述是错误的，该选项属于反向干扰。

B选项“公司高管的收入与公司利润的增长成正比”，可定位到第5段最后一句Buttheresearcher’sbigdiscoverywasthatbossesattendtomeasuresthataffecttheirownincomesandignoreorplaydownotherfactorsthataffectacompany’soverallsuccess.（但研究人员的重大发现是，老板们关注影响自己收入的指标，忽视或淡化其他影响公司整体成功的因素。）由此可知，高管们更关注自身的利益，而忽视公司整体的利益，那么高管的收入和公司利润成正比就没有依据，该选项表述错误，属于无中生有。

C选项“公司高管们往往利用他们的职位来使自己富有”，可定位到原文第1段第1句Overthepastdecade,Americancompanieshavetriedhardtofindwaystodiscourageseniormanagersfromfeatheringtheirownnestsattheexpenseoftheirshareholder.（在过去的十年里，美国公司一直在努力寻找方法，阻止高级管理人员以牺牲股东利益为代价谋取私利。）由此可知，选项表述正确。

D选项“公司高管的业绩对其自身利益的影响大于对股东利益的影响”，可定位到第5段最后一句Buttheresearcher’sbigdiscoverywasthatbossesattendtomeasuresthataffecttheirownincomesandignoreorplaydownotherfactorsthataffectacompany’soverallsuccess.（但研究人员的重大发现是，老板们关注影响自己收入的指标，忽视或淡化其他影响公司整体成功的因素。）原文是说高管们更关注绩效评估体系中影响自己体系的指标，忽视影响公司整体利益的指标，但是选项说的却是高管们的业绩的不同影响，属于偷换概念，排除。

2）综合理解：题干要求选择表述正确的选项，A、B、D选项均表述错误，只有C选项正确，因此，本题最佳选项为C。

30.观点态度题。

1）精准定位：根据题干“作者如何看待限制高级管理人员的努力”，可定位到原文第2段最后3句Buthavetheydoneanygood?Threepapers…suggestnot.Asisusuallythecasewithboardroomtinkering,theconsequenceshavedifferedfromthoseintended.（但是他们产生了好的结果吗？……三篇论文表明，答案是否定的。就像通常的董事会修修补补一样，结果与预期不同。）

2）综合理解：由此可知，对于企业进行的限制高级管理人员的改革，作者的态度的否定的，消极的，A选项“怀疑的，靠不住的”符合原文。B选项“乐观的”、C选项“肯定的”、D选项“满意的”，三个选项的情感基调与原文不符，排除。因此，本题最佳选项为A。

15.单选题

()，wirelesscommunicationswillincreasinglybecomepartofthefabricofeverydaylife.

问题1选项

A.Inyearstocome

B.Sincecomingyears

C.Foryearstocome

D.Overcomingyears

【答案】A

【解析】考查短语辨析。Inyearstocome“在未来的几年中”；sincecomingyears无此表达方式；foryearstocome无此用法；overcomingyears无此用法。因此A选项符合题意。

16.翻译题

世界上一些国家发生问题，从根本上来说，都是因为经济上不去，没有饭吃，没有衣穿，没有房住，工资增长被通货膨胀抵消。

【答案】

Basically,problemsinsomecountriesarecausedbypooreconomy,nofoodandnoclothingandnoshelter.Meanwhile,wagegrowthisoffsetbyinflation,whichalsoresultsintheseproblems.

17.单选题

Ishallexplaintherules______wehavereceivedmanyobjections.

问题1选项

A.towhich

B.towhere

C.towho

D.towhom

【答案】A

【解析】考查语法。空格处需要选择一个定语从句的引导词，而先行词是物，所以只能用which或者that，但是先行词在从句中充当的宾语，objectionto表示“反对”，因此前面引导词要用towhich。句意：我将解释一下之前收到许多反对意见的条例。因此A项正确。

18.单选题

Manyartistsbelievethatsuccessfulimitation,farfrombeingsymptomaticofalackof（

）,isthefirststepinlearningtobecreative.

问题1选项

A.elegance

B.resolution

C.sympathy

D.originality

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项elegance“典雅；高雅”；B选项resolution“分辨率；解决；决心”；C选项sympathy“同情；赞同”；D选项originality“创意；独创性；原始”。句意：许多艺术家认为，成功的模仿远不是缺乏······的表现，而是学会创造的第一步。句中出现的“模仿”、“学会创造”表明，此处应表示“模仿成功不是缺乏创造力的表现”。D选项正确。

19.单选题

Mostcharismatic（有魅力的）leadersmakeextensiveuseofanecdotes（趣闻轶事）.Message-sendinganecdotesrelatetosuchsubjectsasacompanypresidentgoingoutofhiswaytohelpanindividualcustomer,oralower-rankingemployeewhodefiedhigherauthorityinordertomeetherjobresponsibilities.Inthelatterinstance,areceptionistatIBMdeniedadmissiontothecompanychairman,TomWatson,becausehewasnotwearingasecuritybadge.Insteadoffiringtheyoungwoman,Watsonpraisedherdevotiontoduty.

Severalyearsago,theFordMotorCompanyannouncedfar-reachingchangesthatwouldaffecthowcarsweremanufacturedandhowemployeeswouldworktogether.AseniorFordexecutivewaschosentodelivertheclosingremarkstoagroupof300Fordmanagersgatheredtolearnaboutthechanges.

Towardthecloseofthespeech,theexecutivetoldastoryaboutWillieB.,agorillawholivedfortwenty-sevenyearsinisolationinadrearyAtlantazoo.Hesaidthathehadraisedmoneyforastate-of-the-artgorillahabitat.WillieB.,forthefirsttimeinhislife,wouldnowliveinagorilla-friendly,close-to-natureenvironment.Yetsomehow,WillieB.wasslowtoadapttohisnewenvironment.

Ittookthegorillaseveraldaystofullyexplorehisnewhabitat.AphotographercaughtthemomentwhenWillieB.testedthegrasswithatoe.TheFordexecutivehangsaframedphotographofthisincidentinhisoffice.“It'sthere,”hesaid,“toremindmethatnomatterhowattractivethenewsurroundingsmightappear,ittakestimeandcouragetoleavethecomfortablesecurityofaplace—evenanuglycramped（狭窄的）space---thatyouknowwell.”

Atthemomentthemeetingended,meetingparticipantscameovertothespeakertoexpresshowmuchthespeechhadtouchedthem.Thestoryaboutthegorillabroughttearstotheeyesofmany.Ofsignificancetotheorganization,manyprobablylefttheconferencewithanunderstandingofhowdifficultthecoiningchangesweregoingtobeforemployees.

Becominganeffectivestorytellerrequirespractice.However,theskilliswellworthdevelopingbecauseofitscontributiontoaperson’smagnetismandleadershipability.Createausefulanecdotefileofyourown.Collectanecdotesaboutthingsyouobservepersonally,thoseyouhearfromothers,andthoseyoureadinbooks,magazines,andnewsletters.Anecdotescanalsobefoundinbooksandnewslettersaboutspeechmaking.Attempttoscreenoutthoseanecdotesthatarewidelyusedbecausestaleanecdotesboreaudiences.

1.WhydidTomWatsonpraisethefemaleemployeeinthesecondexamplecitedinthefirstparagraph?

2.ThelifeofWillieB.usedtobe（

）.

3.ThestoryofWillieB.showsthat

（

）.

4.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?

5.WecansafelyconcludefromthepassagethattheFordseniorexecutive（

）.

问题1选项

A.Becauseshealwaysreceivesthecompanychairmanwarmly.

B.Becauseshedefied,lower-rankingemployees.

C.Becauseshewasaresponsibleemployee.

D.Becausesheneverforgetstowearasecuritybadge.

问题2选项

A.interesting

B.morecomfortable

C.closetonature

D.isolated

问题3选项

A.ittakestimeandcouragetofaceandadapttoanewenvir