考研考博-英语-上海海事大学考试押题卷含答案详解1

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-上海海事大学考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.填空题

AHaveyouseenmydictionary?Ican’tfindit（1）.

BIsthatitovertherebythedoor?

CItis!I（2）haveleftitthereyesterdayafternoonaswewereleavingfortheday.

句意:

你有看见我的字典吗？我到处都找不到它。

在门口的那个是你的字典不？

是的！在昨天下午我们放学时，我有可能把它放在那里了。

【答案】1.anywhere

2.probably

【解析】1.语义题。anywhere:任何地方，到处。

2.语法题。副词修饰动词left（动词leave的过去分词）。

2.单选题

Directions:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordtablefollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthetableisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthetablemorethanonce.

ManyAmericanstudents（1）highereducationtoprepareforprofessionalemployment.Inyouracademictrainingyouwillneedtobeginplanningforthe（2）fromcollegetocareer.Acareerisreallyaprocess—itishowyouprogressthrougha（3）ofjobsandoccupationsduringyourworkingyears.Acollegeeducationcanhelpyougetstartedonyourcareerjourney.

InAmericasociety,thetypeofoccupationalfieldsyouchooseandjobsyouhold（4）yourentirelifestyle:yourconcept,income,prestige,choiceoffriends,andwhereyouwilllive.Thisfreedomtochoosefromthousandsofemploymentchoicescanbe（5）ortroubling—ifyoudon’tknowwhereandhowtobegin.

Careerplanningisacomprehensiveprocessthattakesmuchtimeand（6）.Careerplanningcangreatlyincreaseyour（7）ofobtainingemploymentintheoccupationyouchoose.However,careerplanningincludesmuchmorethanajobsearch.Itbeginswithcarefullyconsideringwhatyouwantandneedinlife.

Careerplanningcanbedividedintofour（8）stepsthatincludeself-assessment,occupationalexplorationandselection,careerpreparation,andjobseeking.Althougheachstudent’sgoalwillbe（9）,onesuggestedtimetabletohelpyoukeeponcourseistocompleteonestepineachuniversityyear.Your（10）maybelongerorshorterdependingonyourcareergoal.

问题1选项

A.transmission

B.continuous

C.enjoyable

D.series

E.perspective

F.varies

G.schedule

H.different

I.superficial

J.effort

K.prospects

L.influence

M.cultivate

N.pursue

O.transition

问题2选项

A.transmission

B.continuous

C.enjoyable

D.series

E.perspective

F.varies

G.schedule

H.different

I.superficial

J.effort

K.prospects

L.influence

M.cultivate

N.pursue

O.transition

问题3选项

A.transmission

B.continuous

C.enjoyable

D.series

E.perspective

F.varies

G.schedule

H.different

I.superficial

J.effort

K.prospects

L.influence

M.cultivate

N.pursue

O.transition

问题4选项

A.transmission

B.continuous

C.enjoyable

D.series

E.perspective

F.varies

G.schedule

H.different

I.superficial

J.effort

K.prospects

L.influence

M.cultivate

N.pursue

O.transition

问题5选项

A.transmission

B.continuous

C.enjoyable

D.series

E.perspective

F.varies

G.schedule

H.different

I.superficial

J.effort

K.prospects

L.influence

M.cultivate

N.pursue

O.transition

问题6选项

A.transmission

B.continuous

C.enjoyable

D.series

E.perspective

F.varies

G.schedule

H.different

I.superficial

J.effort

K.prospects

L.influence

M.cultivate

N.pursue

O.transition

问题7选项

A.transmission

B.continuous

C.enjoyable

D.series

E.perspective

F.varies

G.schedule

H.different

I.superficial

J.effort

K.prospects

L.influence

M.cultivate

N.pursue

O.transition

问题8选项

A.transmission

B.continuous

C.enjoyable

D.series

E.perspective

F.varies

G.schedule

H.different

I.superficial

J.effort

K.prospects

L.influence

M.cultivate

N.pursue

O.transition

问题9选项

A.transmission

B.continuous

C.enjoyable

D.series

E.perspective

F.varies

G.schedule

H.different

I.superficial

J.effort

K.prospects

L.influence

M.cultivate

N.pursue

O.transition

问题10选项

A.transmission

B.continuous

C.enjoyable

D.series

E.perspective

F.varies

G.schedule

H.different

I.superficial

J.effort

K.prospects

L.influence

M.cultivate

N.pursue

O.transition

【答案】第1题:N

第2题:O

第3题:D

第4题:L

第5题:C

第6题:J

第7题:K

第8题:B

第9题:H

第10题:G

【解析】第1题:1.此空应填一个动词，因此FMLN可选，此处句意为一些美国学生为了就业做准备而追求更高的教育。N项符合句意。

2.此空应填一个名词，transmission“传播，传染”；transition“过渡”。句意：在你求学时你应该做好从大学向就业的过渡。故O项正确。

3.aseriesof“一系列的”。

4.句意：在美国社会，你选择的职业领域和工作会影响你的整个生活方式。

5.由ortroubling可知此空应填与troubling意思相反的形容词，故C项正确。

6.由timeand可知此空应填名词，句意：职业规划是一个需要花时间和努力的复杂过程。

7.prospect“前途，前景”。句意：职业规划可以极大地增加你所选择的职业领域获得工作的前景。

8.由that从句的内容可知此空应填continual“持续不断的”。

9.句意：尽管每个学生的目标是不同的。

10.由longerorshorter可推知G项正确。句意：根据你的职业目标，你的日程表可能长也可能短。

第2题:

第3题:

第4题:

第5题:

第6题:

第7题:

第8题:

第9题:

第10题:

3.单选题

Corntariffs,whichthediplomathaddismissedas______issue,turnedouttobepertinentand______inthenegotiationsforanewtradeagreement.

问题1选项

A.anapt…pusillanimous

B.anaberrant...indomitable

C.atangential…trenchant

D.aningenious…acclaimed

【答案】B

【解析】【选项释义】

A.anapt…pusillanimous恰当的，灵敏的……胆怯的，懦弱的B.anaberrant...indomitable违反常规的，反常的……不屈不挠的

C.atangential…trenchant切线的，离题的……尖刻的，苛刻的D.aningenious…acclaimed有独创性的，机灵的……受到赞扬的

【答案】B

【考查点】形容词辨析。

【解题思路】根据句子意思“玉米关税曾被这位外交官斥为______事情，现在在新贸易协定的谈判中被证明是有意义的和______”可知，玉米关税现在被证明是有意义的，说明之前被认为是“不合常理的”，第一个空格填入anaberrant符合句意；第二个空格与pertinent为并列成分，可知第二个空格表示积极的意义，综合理解可知该题选择B项最恰当。

【干扰项排除】A、C、D项不符合句意。

【句意】玉米关税曾被这位外交官斥为一件违反常规的事情，现在在新贸易协定的谈判中被证明是有意义的、不可动摇的。

4.单选题

Diseasesofthetwenty-firstcenturyareinevitablybedifferentfromthoseofthetwentiethcentury;justasourpresentillnesseshavebeenquitedifferentfromthoseofthenineteenthcentury.Althoughourhealthisimprovinginmanywaysandwearelivinglongerthaninpreviousdecades,newdiseasesandconditionsthreatenthequalityofourlives.Wehavealreadyobservedsomesignificantchangesinthe1980sthatforetoldwhathealthproblemslieaheadinthetwenty-firstcentury:

Diseasesoftheimmunesystem,notjustAIDSbutvariousconditionsofadeficientoroveractiveimmunesystem,havereachedepidemicproportions.

Thenumberofpeoplesufferingfromviralconditionsthatareincurablewithconventionaltherapiesisincreasing,andthenumberofnewlydefinedviralconditions,suchastheEpstein-BarrVirusandcytomegalovirus,isalsoincreasingsignificantly.

Moreandmorebacterialinfectionsarebecomingresistanttocommonlyusedantibioticsandarerequiringstrongerantibiotics,whichalsoarenetalwayssuccessfulincuringtheinfections.

Allergiestofoods,tocommonsubstancessuchasanimalhairsandhousedust,andtonewchemicalsarebecomingmoreprevalent.OneinsevenAmericanshadanallergyin1950,asmanyasoneinfivehadanallergyin1970,andapproximately75millionAmericans,ornearlyoneinthree,hadanallergyin1985.

Chronicdisabilityisaffectingpeoplemorefrequentlyatyoungerandyoungerages.AccordingtotheNationalCenterforHealthStatistics,thepercentageofchildrenunder17yearsofagewhoarelimitedinactivityduetochronicconditionsincreasedby86%from1967to1979.

Mentaldiseaseisaffectingmoreandmorepeople.TheNationalInstituteofMentalHealthestimatedin1984thatoneineveryfiveAmericanshadamentaldisorder.Thissamestudyrevealedthat,duringasix-monthperiod,8.3%ofAmericanssufferedfromananxietydisorder,6.4%hadanalcoholordrugproblem,and6%hadamooddisorder.

Inadditiontothesevarioustrends,oneofthemoresignificantfactsthatwillaffectthefutureofhealthcareisthatlargerpercentageofthepopulationwillbeover65yearsold.AccordingtoprojectionsbytheUSBureauoftheCensus,thesizeoftheAmericanpopulationOver65in1985willhavedoubledby2030.

Futuristsgenerallyassumethattwenty-firstcenturymedicinewillincludenewandmore-powerfuldrugsandvariousinnovativetechnologicalinterventions.However,futuriststendtoignoretheseriousproblemspresentlyarisingfromconventionalmedications.Accordingto1986statistics,theaverageAmericanreceives7.5prescriptionsayeahThisisaparticularlyfrighteningnumberbecauseweallknowtherearepeoplewhohavenotbeenprescribedanymedicationsinthepastyear,whichmeansthatsomeoneelseisgettingtheir7.5drugs.

Sincemostdrugshavesideeffects,someofwhicharequiteserious,andsincethesickpersonisoftenprescribedseveraldrugsatthesametime,anyofwhichmayhaveevengreaterpotentialforsideeffects,itisnowonderthat50%ofthetimepeopledonotevengettheirdrugprescriptionsfilled.Additionallyvariousstudieshaveindicatedthat25%to90%ofthetimepatientsmakeerrorsinadministeringthemedicines.Despitetherespectthatpeoplegenerallyshowinwardpresent-dayphysicians,theredoesnotseemtobeequalconfidenceinthetreatmentstheyprescribe.

1.Thatdiseasesofthe21stcenturyaredifferentfromthoseof20thcenturyis（）.

2.Whichofthefollowingistrueaboutdiseasesoftheimmunesystem?

3.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?

4.Wemayinferfromthepassagethat（）.

5.AccordingtotheNationalInstituteofMentalHealth,in1984,（）.

问题1选项

A.whatscientistsareworriedabout

B.awell-groundedstatement

C.drawnonchangesinthemedicalprofession

D.notnecessarilytrue

问题2选项

A.TheyrefertoAIDSonly.

B.Theybecomeepidemicinthe21stcentury.

C.Theycropupinvariousorgans.

D.Theymakepatientsoveractiveandfeelrestless.

问题3选项

A.Casesofchronicdisabilityincreasedbyanalarmingrateof86%inthelate1980s.

B.Chronicdisabilityusedtoaffectoldpeopleonly.

C.Chronicdisabilitycausessomepeopletobelimitedinactivity.

D.Chronicdisabilityhasincreasedgreatlyamongtheteenagers.

问题4选项

A.manyofthe21stcenturydiseasesarecloselyrelatedtotheenvironment

B.theaveragelifespanwillbecomestilllongerdespiteallthefuturediseases

C.man'sabilitytoresistdiseaseswillnotchangewithtime

D.peopleofthe21stcenturyknowbetterhowtomakefulluseoftheirprescribedmedicine.

问题5选项

A.25%oftheAmericanshadamentaldisorder

B.doctorspredictedthatthementalcaseswouldbedeclininginthe21thcentury

C.thesizeoftheAmericanpopulationover65withmentaldisorderswasdoubled

D.casesofmentaldisordersincreasedquickly

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:B

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】1.本题可采用排除法。选项A在文中没有提及科学家们的担心,所以不正确；根据第一段第一句“Diseasesofthetwenty-firstcenturyareinevitablybedifferentfromthoseofthetwentiethcentury;”可知选项D错误；结合全文内容可知,本文讲述的是20世纪存在的事实,由此可知是对21世纪的推测,所以选项B表述也不正确；只有选项C正确。

2.根据第二段的内容可知,免疫系统疾病,不仅是艾滋病,甚至包括免疫系统缺陷或过度活跃的各种情况,都已达到流行病的程度。选项B符合原文。

3.根据第六段第一句“Chronicdisabilityisaffectingpeoplemorefrequentlyatyoungerandyoungerages.”可知,选项B不正确。

4.根据倒数第三段第一句,除了这些不同的趋势之外,影响医疗保健未来的一个更重要的事实是,65岁以上的人口比例将更大。也就是说,尽管未来会有各种疾病,但人类的平均寿命将会变得更长。选项B符合原文。

5.根据关键词“theNationalInstituteofMentalHealth”定位到倒数第四段,根据上下文,精神疾病正在影响越来越多的人,每五个美国人中就有一个患有精神障碍。由此可知,精神疾病的病例迅速增加。选项D符合原文。

5.单选题

Intheschoollibrarythereisacollectionofforeignbooks___tothepublic.

问题1选项

A.accessible

B.adjustable

C.admirable

D.adaptable

【答案】A

【解析】【选项释义】

A.accessible易接近的；可使用的B.adjustable可调节的

C.admirable令人钦佩的；极好的D.adaptable能适应的

【考查点】形近词辨析。

【解题思路】根据句意应该是有一大批外国图书可供公众查阅。A选项accessible“可使用的”，accessibleto可表示“可得到的”可引申为此句所需要的逻辑。

【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项均无法与空格前后构成相应逻辑关系。

【句意】学校图书馆里有一批供公众阅读的外国书籍。

6.单选题

Highgradesaresupposedto（）academicability,butJohn'sactualperformancedidnotconfirmthis.

问题1选项

A.certify

B.clarify

C.classify

D.notify

【答案】A

【解析】句意:高分应该是学术能力的证明，但John的实际表现并没证实这一点。

考查动词辨析。certify证明，证实；clarify说明，阐明：classify把……分类，把……分级；notify通告，宣告。因此A项符合句意。

7.单选题

14.

问题1选项

A.Totakeamonthoffwork.

B.Torestinbedasmuchaspossible.

C.Totakesomeherbalmedicine.

D.Toputonplaster.

【答案】D

【解析】A:HereismyX-rays.

B:I’lljusthavealook.EverythingisOKexceptwhatyoucanseehere.Thereisahemi-fracture.It'snotveryserious,butyoushouldtakeamonthoffworkandrestinbedasmuchaspossible.I'llgivesomeherbalmedicinetohelpyouhealquickly.

A:DoIneedtoputinplaster?

B:No,itisn’tnecessary.

Q:Whichofthefollowingisnotamongthedoctor’ssuggestion?

【解析】细节题。医生认为不需要打石膏。

8.单选题

Thetasteofthefoodwasso（）thatitwashardlynoticeable.

问题1选项

A.superior

B.prime

C.topic

D.subtle

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词辨析。superior“优秀的，出众的”；prime“主要的，基本的”；topic“话题，主题”；subtle“微妙的，难以捉摸的”。根据后面的内容“几乎看不出来”，可知食物的味道是很微妙的，所以不易察觉。选项D符合句意。

9.单选题

II.(EconomicLaw)

Forfourhundredyears,companylawhastriedtosolvethecoreproblemofcorporategovernance,theseparationofownershipandcontrol.InEurope,corporategovernancedidnotbecomearesearchdisciplineofitsownbeforetheendofthelastmillennium.Theanalysisofthefunctioningofmanagementandcontrolunderdistinctboardmodelswasthestartingpointandstillisoneofthemostimportantfieldsoftheincreasinglycomparativeandinterdisciplinaryresearchagenda.ThehistoryoftheVerenigdeOostindischeCorapagnie(V.O.C.)impressivelyillustratesearlyproblemsofcompanylaw.Itsevolutionestablishedthefirstinstitutionalsupervisorystructure.TheV.O.C.goesbacktoamergeroftheearlycompanies,theVoorcompagnieen.Muchlikemodernbusinessamalgamations,itwassoughttoimprovethemarketpositionagainstcompetitors.ManyoftheV.O.C.’sfeaturesarestillcharacteristicformoderncompanies.

Withitsincorporationin1602,theV.O.C.hadaninternalstructurecomparabletowhatwedescribetodayasaone-tierboardmodel.Theboardofseventeendirectors,electedbythegovernorsofthesixchambers,haduniversalmanagementpowerandactednearlyfreefromanyinterferencebyminorityshareholders.Theboarddevelopedthebusinessstrategy,settheshippingroutes,andissuedresolutionsthatwerebindingforthechambers.Inthecourseoffurtherbusinessexpansionin1648,anexecutivecommitteeoftheboard(TheHagueCommittee)helpedtoorganizetheworkofthedirectors.Committeesformedforaccountingorspecificbusinessmatters,werealsofoundatthechamberlevel.

Themajorgovernanceproblemresultedthelackofadefinitionofdirectors’dutiesasanalignmentofdecisionmakingandthecompany’sinterest.Thegovernors—themerchantsandownersoftheearlycompanies—wereunawarethatanentitywithitsowninteresthademergedastheycontinuedtomanagetheV.O.C.inthewaytheyhadmanagedtheirearlycompanies.Inparticular,thegovernors’righttopriorpurchaseturnedouttobeunfortunate,leadingtoanearlyformofwhatwetodaycallself-dealing.Withtheseconddashofregulationin1623,thelicensewaschangedandthegovernorswerepermittedtobuyfromthecompanyonlyinpublicauctionsunderthesameconditionsasanyoneelse.Further,theywereallowedtosupplythecompanyonlyiftheyhadbeengrantedalicensetodoso.Themajorchangeintheinternalstructurecamewiththeintroductionofthecommitteeofninein1623,whichcanbedescribedasanearlyformofthemodernsupervisoryboard.

KlausJ.Hopt,PatrickC.Leyens:“BoardModelsinEurope—RecentDevelopmentsofInternalCorporateGovernanceStructuresinGermany,theUnitedKingdom,France,andItaly”

55.Inthe17thcentury,theboardofseventeendirectorshaduniversalmanagementpowertodothefollowingexcept___.

56.Fromthefirstparagraph,onecanknowthat___.

57.Thewordwhichcanbestreplacetheword“alignment”intheunderlinedsentenceis___.

58.WhichofthefollowingdidNOThappenin1623?

问题1选项

A.developingthebusinessstrategy

B.decidingwhichwaytotakefortheshipping

C.helpingtoorganizetheworkofthechambers

D.issuingresolutionsthatwerebindingforthechambers

问题2选项

A.thestartingpointoftheresearchwastheanalysisofthefunctioningofmanagementandcontrolunderdistinctboardmodels

B.corporategovernancewasaresearchdisciplineofitsownintheearly1900’s

C.mergeroftheearlycompanieswassoughttoimprovethecompetitors

D.thehistoryoftheVerenigdeOostindischeCorapagnie(V.O.C.)wasveryimpressive

问题3选项

A.grouping

B.association

C.arrangement

D.coalition

问题4选项

A.Governorswerepermittedtobuyfromthecompanyonlyinpublicauctionsunderthesameconditions.

B.Thecommitteeofninewasintroducedwithinternalstructure.

C.Governorswerenotallowedtosupplythecompanyiftheyhadnotbeengrantedalicensetodoso.

D.Quitesomeregulationsweremade.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:D

【解析】55.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干定位到原文第二段Theboarddevelopedthebusinessstrategy,settheshippingroutes,andissuedresolutionsthatwerebindingforthechambers.（董事会制定了商业战略，制定了航运路线，并发布了对商会有约束力的决议）可知C选项“帮助组织商会的工作”未提及；A选项“制定商业策略”，B选项“决定用哪种方式装运”以及D选项“发布对商会有约束力的决议”符合原文。因此C选项符合题意。

56.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干关键字定位到第一段InEurope,corporategovernancedidnotbecomearesearchdisciplineofitsownbeforetheendofthelastmillennium.Theanalysisofthefunctioningofmanagementandcontrolunderdistinctboardmodelswasthestartingpointandstillisoneofthemostimportantfieldsoftheincreasinglycomparativeandinterdisciplinaryresearchagenda.（在20世纪前，欧洲的企业治理并没有形成自己的研究学科。在不同的董事会模式下，对管理和控制功能的分析是研究的起点，并且仍然是比较和跨学科研究议程中最重要的领域之一）可知选A选项“本研究的出发点是分析不同董事会模式下的管理和控制功能”，同时可知B选项“公司治理在20世纪早期是一门独立的研究学科”错误；第一段TheV.O.C.goesbacktoamergeroftheearlycompanies,theVoorcompagnieen.Muchlikemodernbusinessamalgamations,itwassoughttoimprovethemarketpositionagainstcompetitors.（V.O.C.可追溯到早期公司Voorcompagnieen的合并。与现代企业合并非常相似，其目的是提高相对于竞争对手的市场地位）可知C选项“早期公司的合并是为了改善竞争对手”错误；第二段ThehistoryoftheVerenigdeOostindischeCorapagnie(V.O.C.)impressivelyillustratesearlyproblemsofcompanylaw.（VerenigdeOostindischeCorapagnie的历史深刻地说明了早期的公司法问题）可知不是V.O.C.的历史非常令人印象深刻，而是V.O.C.的历史深刻地说明一些问题，D选项“VerenigdeOostindischeCorapagnie的历史非常令人印象深刻”错误。因此A选项正确。

57.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】词义辨析题。根据题干关键字“alignment”定位到原文Themajorgovernanceproblemresultedthelackofadefinitionofdirectors’dutiesasanalignmentofdecisionmakingandthecompany’sinterest.（主要的管治问题导致缺乏对董事职责的定义，将其界定为决策与公司利益的结合）可知alignment在本句表示“结合，结盟”；A选项“分组，分类”，B选项“协会，社团；联合；联想”；C选项“布置；整理；准备；安排”；D选项“联合；结合，合并”。因此D选项正确。

58.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干关键词“1623”可以定位到原文最后一段Withtheseconddashofregulationin1623,thelicensewaschangedandthegovernorswerepermittedtobuyfromthecompanyonlyinpublicauctionsunderthesameconditionsasanyoneelse.（1623年的第二次监管改变了许可，州长只能在公开拍卖的情况下从公司购买，条件和其他人一样）可知A选项“州长只能在相同条件下通过公开拍卖从公司购买”符合原文；最后一句Themajorchangeintheinternalstructurecamewiththeintroductionofthecommitteeofninein1623,whichcanbedescribedasanearlyformofthemodernsupervisoryboard.（1623年，九人委员会成立，这是现代监事会的早期形式，是监事会内部结构的主要变化）可知B选项“九人委员会引入了内部结构”符合原文；最后一段Further,theywereallowedtosupplythecompanyonlyiftheyhadbeengrantedalicensetodoso.（此外，只有在获得许可的情况下，他们（指州长们）才被允许向公司供货）可知C选项“州长不允许供应公司，如果他们没有被授予许可证这样做”符合原文；根据原文和排除法可知D选项“相当多的规则被制定”和原文相悖。因此D选项符合题意。

10.单选题

Thereisalready（）cleartoshowthatplantsandanimalsarebeingaffectedbyclimatechange.

问题1选项

A.witness

B.certification

C.identify

D.evidence

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词辨析。witness“证人，目击者”；certification“证明，鉴定”；identify“鉴定，识别”；evidence“证据”。句意：有证据清晰地表明植物和动物受到气候变化的影响。D项符合题意。

11.翻译题

Thepricewepayforthissalutarychangeis,nodoubt,great.Weassemblethousandsofoperativeinthefactory,andinthemine,ofwhomtheemployercanknowlittleornothing,andtowhomheislittlebetterthanamyth.Allintercoursebetweenisatanend.Rigidcastesareformed,and,asusual,mutualignorancebreedsmutualdistrust.Eachcasteiswithoutsympathywiththeother,andreadytocreditanythingdisparaginginregardtoit.36.Underthelawofcompetition,theemployerofthousandsisforcedintothestrictesteconomies,amongwhichtheratespaidtolaborfigureprominently,andoftenthereisfrictionbetweentheemployerandtheemployed,betweencapitalandlabor,betweenrichandpoor.Humansocietyloseshomogeneity.

37.Thepricewhichsocietypaysforthelawofcompetition,likethepriceitpaysforcheapcomfortsandluxuries,isalsogreat,buttheadvantagesofthislawaregreaterstillthanitscost,foritistothislawthatweoweourwonderfulmaterialdevelopment,whichbringsimprovedconditionsinitstrain.Butwhetherthelawbebenignornot,wemustsayofit,aswesayofthechangeintheconditionsofmentowhichwehavereferred.

Itishere;wecannotevadeit;oftheeffectofanynewsubstitutesforitproposedwecannotbesure;38.Andwhilethelawmaybesometimeshardfortheindividual,itisbestfortherace,becauseitinsuresthesurvivalofthefittestineverydepartment.39.Weacceptandwelcome,therefore,asconditionstowhichwemustaccommodateourselves,greatinequalityofenvironment,theconcentrationofbusiness,industrialandcommercial,inthehandsofafew;andthelawofcompetitionbetweenthese,asbeingnotonlybeneficial,butessentialtothefutureprogressoftherace.Havingacceptedthese,itfollowsthattheremustbegreatscopefortheexpertiseofspecialabilityinthemerchantandinthemanufacturer,whohastoconductaffairsupongreatscale.40.Thatthistalentfororganizationandmanagementisrareamongmenisprovedbythefactthatitinvariablysecuresenormousregardsforitspossessors,nomatterwhereorunderwhatlawsorconditions.

【答案】36．在竞争法则下，成千上万的雇主不得不实行一些最严厉的措施。在这些节约措施中，付给工人的工资首当其冲。这样，雇主和雇员之间，劳资双方之间以及富人和穷人之间就常有摩擦。

37．在社会中人类为了竞争所付出的代价，就和为了不需要花钱就能得到的舒适和奢侈品一样代价高昂；但是竞争法则带来的好处高于付出的代价，因为正是这种竞争法则，经济快速发展，生活水平得到提高。

38．虽然这一法则对个体来说可能很难，但是它适用于人类，因为它保证了人类在各个领域都能适应并生存。

39．因此，我们接受并欢迎我们必须适应的条件，也就是工业和商业掌握在少数人手中的巨大不平等；而他们之间的竞争法则不仅是良性的，而且对种族的未来发展必不可少。

40．无论在什么地方，在什么法则或条件下，具有组织管理才能的人都不可避免地得到巨大的尊荣，这一事实证明了只有少数人有这种能力。

12.单选题

Accordingtolegalprovisions,thepropertieswilleither____theoriginalownersorelsebesoldatauction.

问题1选项

A.committo

B.taketo

C.rompto

D.revertto

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项“committo”，意为“交付，把……投入，对……作出承诺”，B选项“taketo”，意为“带到，养成（做……）的习惯”，C选项“rompto”，意为“轻松”，D选项revertto，意为“回复，归还”。句意：根据法律规定，这些财产要么归原有者所有，要么被拍卖。因此，D选项符合句意。

13.单选题

Waterproblemsinthefuturewillbecomemoreintenseandmorecomplex.Ourincreasingpopulationwilltremendouslyincreaseurbanwastes,primarilysewage.Ontheotherhand,increasingdemandsforwaterwilldeceasesubstantiallytheamountofwateravailablefordilutingwastes.Rapidlyexpandingindustrieswhichinvolvemoreandmorecomplexchemicalprocesseswillproducelargevolumesofliquidwastes,andmanyofthesewillcontainchemicalswhicharenoxious.Tofeedourrapidlyexpandingpopulation,agriculturewillhavetobeintensified.Thiswillinvolveever-increasingquantitiesofagriculturalchemicals.Fromthis,itisapparentthatdrasticstepsmustbetakenimmediatelytodevelopcorrectivemeasuresforthepollutionproblem.

Therearetwowaysbywhichthispollutionproblemcanbedwindled.Thefirstrelatestothetreatmentofwastestodecreasetheirpollutionhazard.Thisinvolvestheprocessingofsolidwastes“priorto”disposalandthetreatmentofliquidwastes,oreffluents,topermitthereuseofthewaterorminimizepollutionuponfinaldisposal.

Asecondapproachistodevelopaneconomicuseforallorapartofthewastes.Farmmanureisspreadinfieldsasanutrientororganicsupplement.Effluentsfromsewagedisposalplantsareusedinsomeareasbothforirrigationandforthenutrientscontained.Effluentsfromotherprocessingplantsmayalsobeusedasasupplementalsourceofwater.Manyindustries,suchasmeatandpoultryprocessingplants,arecurrentlyconvertingformerwasteproductsintomarketablebyproducts.Otherindustriesarepotentialeconomicusesforwasteproducts.

1.Thepurposeofthispassageis（）.

2.WhichofthefollowingpointsisNOTINCLUDEDinthepassage?

3.Thereadercanconcludethat（）.

4.Theauthorgivessubstancetothepassagethroughtheuseof（）.

5.Thewords“priorto”(para.2)probablymean（）.

问题1选项

A.toalertthereadertothedwindlingwatersupply

B.toexplainindustrialusesofwater

C.toacquaintthereaderwithwaterpollutionproblems

D.todemonstratevariousmeasurestosolvethepollutionproblem

问题2选项

A.Industrialdevelopmentincludesthesimplificationofcomplexchemicalprocesses.

B.Dilutingwastesneedscertainamountofwater.

C.Demandsforwaterwillgoupalongwiththeexpandingpopulation.

D.Intensivecultivationoflandrequiresmoreandmorechemicals.

问题3选项

A.countriesoftheworldwillworktogetheronpollutionproblems

B.byproductsfromwastesleadtoamoreprosperousmarketplace

C.scienceismakinggreatprogressonincreasingwatersupplies

D.someindustriesarenowmakingeconomicuseofwastes

问题4选项

A.interviewswithauthoritiesinthefieldofwatercontrols

B.opinionsandpersonalobservations

C.definitionswhichclarifyimportantterms

D.strongargumentsandpersuasions

问题5选项

A.after

B.during

C.before

D.beyond

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:C

【解析】1.主旨大意题。原文第一段首先指出未来的水问题将变得更加严重和复杂，尤其是污水问题。接下来在二三段主要讲解决污水问题的方法。所以本文主要的目的是为了让人们了解污水问题，选项C正确。

2.细节事实题。根据第一段第二、三句“Ourincreasingpopulationwilltremendouslyincreaseurbanwastes,primarilysewage.Ontheotherhand,increasingdemandsforwaterwilldecreasesubstantiallytheamountofwateravailablefordilutingwastes.我们不断增长的人口将极大地增加城市垃圾，主要是污水。另一方面，对水的需求增加将大大减少可用来稀释废物的水量。”可知选项B和选项C均有涉及；根据第一段倒数第二句“Thiswillinvolveever-increasingquantitiesofagriculturalchemicals.这将涉及越来越多的农用化学品。”可知选项D有涉及。根据第一段第四句“Rapidlyexpandingindustrieswhichinvolvemoreandmorecomplexchemicalprocesses…快速发展的工业涉及越来越复杂的化学过程”，并没有说工业发展包括简化复杂的化学过程，所以选项A与原文表述不符。

3.判断推理题。根据最后一段最后两句“Manyindustries,suchasmeatandpoultryprocessingplants,arecurrentlyconvertingformerwasteproductsintomarketablebyproducts.Otherindustriesarepotentialeconomicusesforwasteproducts.许多行业，如肉类和家禽加工厂，目前正在将以前的废物转化为可销售的副产品。其他行业是废物的潜在经济用途。”也就是说，一些行业现在正在经济地利用废物，选项D符合原文。

4.判断推理题。从全文来看，作者只是在表达个人的观点以及陈述个人观察的结果：介绍水污染及其解决办法，所以选项B正确。

5.词义推断题。根据句意可知，“theprocessingofsolidwastes”应该是在“disposal”之前，所以“priorto”意为“之前”，选项C正确。

14.单选题

Menandwomenofallagescanbenefitfrom（）amountsofdailyphysicalexercise.

问题1选项

A.desperate

B.considerate

C.literate

D.moderate

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项desperate“绝望的；不顾一切的”；B选项considerate“体贴的；考虑周到的”；C选项literate“精通文学的；受过教育的”；D选项moderate“稳健的；适中的；有节制的”。句意：所有年龄段的男性和女性都可以通过（）的每日体育锻炼受益。根据语境，moderate“适中的；有节制的”搭配physicalexercise“体育锻炼”比较合理。因此D选项正确。

15.翻译题

3.正是因为不停地追求进取，我们才感到生活幸福。一件事完成后，另一件随之而来，如此连绵不绝，永无止境。对于往前看的人来说，眼前总有一番新天地。虽然我们蜗居于这颗小行星上，整日忙于琐事且生命短暂，但我们生来就有不尽的希望。只要生命犹在，希望