外国语学院-外语复习英语概况

Lesson

4Transition

to

the

Modern

AgeExtended learning

taskWhat

is

Puritanism?

What

is

its

role

in

thedevelopment

of

capitalism

in

Britain?What

do

you

know

about

“religiousreformation”

in

Europe?objectivesReformationElizabeth

ICivil

warThe

New

MonarchyThe

middle

ages

(5th-15th

century)ended

in

England

in

1485.The

House

of

Tudorprotected

and

promoted secure

peacetrade

and

industry.conditions

for

capitalismlarge

amount

of

wealthTudor

monarchy

was

the

transitional

stage

from

feudalism

tocapitalism

in

England

history.Renaissance

in

EuropeRenaissance:the

rediscoveryof

ancient

Roman

and

Greek

cultures;the

great

variety

of

changes

which

Europe

underwentpolitically,

economically

and

culturally

between

14th

andmid

17th

century.the

transitional

period

between

the

middle

ages

andmodern

times;

ideological

revolution;It

created

a

culture

which

freedman

to

discover

andenjoy

the

world

in

a

way

not

possible

under

the

medievalChurch’s

dispensation.

In

this

release

lay

the

way

ofdevelopment

of

the

modernworld.Renaissance

in

EuropeThe

early

period:1321-mid

15th

century(Italy)文学三杰：Dante

但丁Divine

ComedyPetrarch

彼特拉克(the

father

of

humanism)Boccaccio薄伽丘DecameronThe

middle

period:

mid15th

–

mid

16th

century艺术三杰：Leonardo

da

Vinci

达·芬奇

Michelangelo

Buonarroti

米开朗基罗Raphael

Sancio

拉斐尔Niccolo

Machiavelli马基雅维里“father

of

political

science”William

Shakespeare

莎士比亚

Miguel

de

Cervantes

塞万提斯

(Don

Quixote)The

late

period:

mid

16th-mid17th

century

(science)Nicolaus

Copernicus

哥白尼Francis

Bacon

培根Knowledge

is

power.Some

books

are

to

be

tasted,

others

to

beswallowed,

and

some

few

to

be

chewedand

digested.Histories

make

men

wise;

poets

witty;

themathematics

subtle;

natural

philosophy,deep;

moral

grave;

logic

and

rhetoricable

to

contend.读史使人明智，读诗使人聪慧；演算使人精密；哲理使人深刻；

学使人有修养；逻辑修辞使人善辩。Renaissance

in

EnglandThe

features

of

the

EnglishRenaissance:the

lateness

of

the

impactPreserving

its

own

cultural

independenceThe

native

literature

assimilated

foreign

influencewithout

being

subjected

by

themprimarily

artistic,

rather

than

philosophical

andscholarlycoinciding

of

the

Renaissance

and

theReformationThe

Catholic

Church

in

theMiddle

AgesThe

Catholic

church

controlled

men’sthinking,

and

anyone

who

defies

its

doctrinewould

be

persecuted.Politically,

it

was

almost

a

superstateorganization.The

church

grabbed

large

amount

of

moneyby

enjoying

tax

and

selling

indulgences.Revolt of

the

ants•Martin

Luther:

Read

the

Bible

on

one’sown

and

donot

listento

whatthe

Popesaid.antism

grew

and

it

justified

men’sdesire

for

freedom

and

achievements.Itmet

the

needs

of

the

risingbourgeoisie.It

was

in

line

with

the

need

of

newly-developed

national

states.It

was

not

to

discard

Christianity

but

toreform

and

get

freedom

fromtheRomanism.Itwas

a

struggle

between

the

new

risingbourgeoisie

and

the

feudalruling

class.Henry

VIII

and

ReformationHenry

VIII----

a

frivolous

yet

greatkingSix

wives

and

two

werebeheadedStrengthened

control

over

remoteborder

areas

and

local

ernmentSought

an

active

role

for

England

inEuropeMaintained

good

relationship

withFrance

and

Spain.Greatest

contribution:

started

thereform

of

the

Church

inEngland.Henry

VIII

and

ReformationA.

the

BackgroundEnglish

people

demandedreform

of

the

churchthe

privilege

and

wealth

ofthe

clergy

were

resentedHenry

VIII

sought

forpolitical

and

economic

benefits.B.

External

pretext----HenryVIII’s

divorce

caseHenry

VIII

and

ReformationC.Changesdeclare

all

thechur en

in

England

guilty1533

broke

with

the

Popethe

Act

ofSuccession

of

1534

barredCatholics

from

succession

and

the

Act

ofSupremacy

of

1535

formally

established

the

kingas

the

head

of

English

ChurchMonasteries

were

dissolved,

and

lands

wereconfiscated.old

faith

but

new

ruleThe

ReformationD.

Edward

VI

(1547-1553)

carriedout

drastic

religious

reform.E.

Bloody

Mary

(1553-1558)Daughter

of

Catherine,

wife

ofthe

King

of

SpainRe-established

Catholicismburnt

three

hundred

antsF.

Elizabeth

I

(1558-1603)established

the

Anglican

ChurchBecame

“ ernor”of

theChurchNature:

the

struggle

between

new“nobility”

and

remnants

offeudalism5.the

Elizabethan

AgeQueen

ElizabethClever;Good

at

severallanguages(Greek,

Latin,

French,Italian

and

Spanish),hunting

andtraveling;Never

married;Established

the

Church

ofEngland;Though

a

woman

but

has

aheart

ofKingThe

Elizabethan

AgeForeign

policymade

use

of

the s

between

France

andSpain,

and

prevented

England

from

gettinginvolved

in

major

European

s.Encouraged

exploration

and

trade:

Charteredcompanies(东 公司)----

East

CompanyDefeated

the

Armada

of

Spain

(Invincible

Fleet)

in1588----

became

the

major

sea

powerEducation

and

literatureElizabethan

literature Marlowe

&ShakespeareThe

Elizabethan

AgeComments:Elizabeth

I

was

actually

the

foundation-layerof

the

British

Empire.Her

policies

metthe

need

of

the

risingbourgeoisie.England

became

more

and

more

strong.都铎既是近代英国的开端,又是英国历史的分水岭。 、民众爱国主义、商业扩张，这些都使人们感觉到都铎时代是英国历史上真正的黄金时代。都铎前期的学者们

文艺复兴，开辟“新学”，提倡人文主义，为欧洲 开辟了道路。亨利八世的 了一个民族国家的兴起，它也深深地改变了英国在欧洲的地位，此后，英国就要作为大国在西欧崛起了。都铎

最大的功绩就是它组建并巩固了民族国家，从而把英国推进到可以发动现代化的起点上。与都铎同期，欧洲已经有不少地方成功组建了民族国家，谁先起跑，就看下一步怎么走了。The

absolutist rule

of

the

StuartsJames

I:1.James

VI

of

Scotland:

“DivinePolitical

Right

of

Kings”Religiouss:Puritans:

no

bishop,no

kingCatholics:

Gunpowder

plot&Guy

Fawkes’

day

(Nov.

5)4.

Wisest

foolCharles

ICharles

I

ruled

withoutParliament

for

11

yearsCharles

refused

manybillsproposed

by

the

Parliamentand

took

action

on

Jan.5,

1642,and

the

civil

war

began.The Civil

War

The of

believesTheking

=Catholics

andhigh

Anglicans,Parliament

=the

Puritans.?

What

do

you

know

about

thepuritans?2.The

Civil

WarThe

PuritansThe

puritans

are

Christians

who

believedthat

all

of

humanity

was

guilty

of

theoriginal

sin,

and

only

the

one

who

hasthe

virtues

of

self-discipline,

thrift

andworks

hard

can

be

chosen

to

go

toheaven.

As

a

result,

they

advocated

astrict

moral

code

which

prohibitedmany

earthly

pleasures.

They

werenoted

for

simple

dress,

high

moralstandards,

demand

of

equality,

andegalitarian

attitudes.The Civil

WarThe

processRound

heads

VSCavaliersThe

hesitatingstrategy

“No

victory,no

defeat”The Civil

WarThe

change

of

leaderand

New

Model

ArmyThe

Battle

of

NasebyThe Civil

WarIn

1646,

the

civil

warwas

over.In

1649,

Charles

wasbeheaded.England

became

aCommonwealth(theclimax

of

therevolution)The Civil

WarPuritansChurch

of

England(religious)•betweenParliament

King

(direct)urban

middle

classCrown’s

traditional

economic

interests(economic)3

The

CommonwealthIn

1653,

Cromwellwas

made

LordProtector

and

theCommonwealth

theprotectorateThe

RestorationHereditary

Lord

ProtectorIn

1658,

Cromwell

diedand

his

son

abdicated.In

1660,

the

newparliament

negotiatedwith

the

son

of

Charles

Iand

he

becameKingCharles

II

of

England.The

Restoration4.The

Restoration

and

theGlorious

RevolutionCavaliers

Tories—Conservative