功能目的论视角下中国旅游景点名称英译策略分析英语毕业论文

睜扯猎衣乂字毕业论文学生姓名：学号：专 业：英语语言文学题 目功能目的论视角下中国旅游景点名称的英译策略分析指导教师:2017年6月IntroductionWiththedevelopmentofeconomicglobalizationandmoreandmoremultinationalcooperation,theinternationaltourismdeveloprapidlyinthemodernsociety.Therefore,thetranslationofscenicspotnameshasreceivedconsiderableattentionandChinahasmadegreatprogressintourismtranslation.Moreover,thetranslationofscenicspotshasgraduallybecomeoneoftheimportantresearchesinthefieldoftranslationinChina.TheChinesegovernmentisconstantlyoptimizingtheenvironmentofChina'sForeignAffairsinordertobetterdeclarechina?sprofoundhistoriccultureandthebeautifulnaturalsceneryandpromoteChina'sforeigntourismdevelopment.Thetranslationofnamesofscenicspotsisthefirststepintranslation.AdecenttranslationwillarouseforeignpeopleonanaturalIandscapeorhumangeographyinterest.Forthat,theforeignvisitorswillbeabletoacquireknowledgeofthehumanities,geography,traditions,andenvironment.Itwillevenstimulatethetourists'feelingsofChinesetraditionalcultureandChinesenation.ThiswillincreasetheprosperityanddevelopmentofinternationaltourisminChina.Withthefastdevelopmentoftourism,scenicspots?translationcausesmoreandmoreconcern.AmongthetranslationofscenicspotsfromChinesetoEnglish,themostattractivethingisthespots?name.Goodscenicspots?namecangrabtourists?eyesimmediately,andleaveaniceimpression.ManyscholarsandexpertshavedonemanyvaluableresearchesonthetranslationfromChinesescenicspots?nameintoEnglishbyusingdifferentapproaches.Ofcourse,theirresearchesareofgreatvalueforfurthertranslationstudiesonboththeoryandpractice,becausetheyhaveprovideduswithagooddealoftranslationpracticalexperienceandtheoreticalenlightenmentinthisfield.However,itcannotbenegatedthatitstillexistsfurtherandmoreincisiveinvestigation.Therearethreeevidentlimitationswithrespecttothepreviousresearches:First,thescenicspots?namelacksofthoroughresearchontheexistingproblems.AlotofresearcheshavetouchedupononeorsomeaspectsoftheexistingproblemsintheEnglishtranslationofChinesescenicspots?name,forexample,grammaticalmistakes,idioms,culturallyloadedlexemesandsoon.Second,thescenicspots?namelacksoftheoreticalsupport.Therearesometheoriesliketexttypologytheoryandskopostheorythathavebeenusedrecently,butmostarticlesarelimitedbytheskillsofsomeculturalterms,namesofscenicspots,idiomsandsoon.Theskillsperhapsarehelpfultosolvecertaintranslationproblemsatthelow-levelindividuallinguisticelements,butthehigh-levelproblemsarestilllefttobesolved.Inaddition,somearticlesareonlyrelatedtoasingleaspectinculture,cognitionandaesthetics.Third,thepresentscenicspots?namelacksofadequatedatum.Someoftheresearchesareconfinedtolexicalandsententialdiscussions,whilethesediscussionsareseldomavailableonthediscourselevel.Basedontheabovereviewofresearchesonscenicspots?namestranslationthepresentauthorattemptstocarryoutinsightfulresearchesonthecurrentproblemsintheEnglishtranslationofChinesescenicspots?namesandlooksforsomepossiblesolutionstotheseproblemsfromtheperspectiveofskopostheory.LiteratureReviewAlthoughtheexistingtranslationofsometouristmaterialshasmadealotofcontributiontothedevelopmentofChina'stourismindustry.Butonthewhole,itsqualityisfarfromsatisfyingtheneedsofspreadingChinesecultureandattractingtargetIanguagereaders.Inthisthesistheauthorcollectedandsummarizedsomeliteraturesathomeandabroad.ThedefinitionofScenicSpotNamesThescenicspotnamesreferstothenameoftheIandscapeewatersidepavilion,orthefamoushistoricalrelics.Thesenamesorcarvedinstone,orwrittenonthesign,orappearinthebrochure,touristguide,tourismpromotion,tourismwebsitemapandsoon.Butthesescenicspotnamesdoesn'tincludeditsspecificdescriptionofitsmeanings.StudiesAbroadInrecentyearsChinapaysgreatattentiontoculturalexchangesandestablishtheConfuciusInstitute.Thus,Chineseculturehasbeentransmittedtoallovertheworld.ButitisundeniablethattheculturalcommunicationinChinastartedlatethantheothercountryanditisstillinthedevelopmentprocess.Therefore,itislessfortherepresentativeofforeignacademicliteratureinchina%scenicspotnames?translation.However,comparedwiththedifferentculturalbackgroundsanddifferentIanguages,therearealotofacademicliteratureonscenicspotnamesTranslation.GrahamDan(2001)hasauniqueresearchonscenicspotnamestranslationandwasregardedasthefirstpersoninthestudyofscenicspotnamestranslation.Inhiswriting,hegraspedthecorefeaturesoftourismstyle.Thatistosay,nomatterwhatkindofIanguage,whatkindoftourismtranslation,itshouldbeadescriptionofthescenicspots.Throughthetranslationthetouristswillbeattractingfromthedescriptionofthecharacteristicsofthescenicspotsnames.TheotheropinionfromGrahamDanisthattheTouristsarethethefinaluserofscenicspotnamestranslationworks.Thuweneedtofullyconsiderthefeelingoftouristsandtheirhopeexpected,donotletthetranslationworkobscure.MichaelCronin(2004)alsosupportstheimportaneeofthetourists.Hethinksthatweshouldbeconcernedaboutthefeelingsoftouristsintourismtranslation.Meanwhile,healsofurtheranalysisthatthetranslatorplaysanimportantroleintourismtranslation.Hebelievesthatthetranslatorisanimportantfactorinthesuccessofthetourismtranslation.Thetranslatorshouldhaveamorein-depthunderstandingofthescenicspotnamesinordertodothetranslationworkwell.CarolineSandberg(1999),hisstudyismorespecific,mainlyfocusingonthescenicspotnamesbrochures.IntheprocessoftranslationbetweenEnglishandFrench,heusedthetheorytoprovetheimportaneeofthetranslationofscenicspotnamesbrochures.Thiswasattachedgreatimportancetothetranslationareaofthescenicspotnames.TherestoftheliteratureismainlyfocusedontheTourismTextTranslation.RosaLoressane(2002)wasaimedatthetourismtranslationstudiesbetweenSpanishandEnglish.Hisworkonthetranslationoftouristtextsalsodrawsontherelevanttheoreticalperspectivestheskopostheory.ThusitcanbeseerMoreandmorepeoplepayattentiontothetranslationofscenicspotnames.Thetourismtranslationofmanyscenicspotsisprogressingandmaturing,andtherelevanttranslationoftouristliteratureisconstantlyenriched.Theforeignresearchersaremorefocusontheresearchondatabasestylisticcharacteristicsandthemorespecificofthetheoryoftranslation.TheirviewpointswasputforwardearlierthanChina,Someofthetheorieshavebecomethetheoreticalbasisintourismtranslation.Inthespecifictranslationworkfromtheforeignresearcherstheythinkthatthetranslatorshouldconsiderthetourist?culturalbackgroundandtheirexpectation.Itisnotdifficulttofindoutfromtheliteraturethatmostofthesetheoriesarebasedonacasestudyoftourismtranslationbetweenwesterncountries.StudiesatHomeInChina,thenumberofforeigntouristsincreasedrapidlyinrecentyears.English,asamostpopularIanguage,itscommunicationalfunctionismoreandmoreimportant.Peopleinchinahaspaymoreandmoreattentiontothetranslationoftourism,anddoalotofresearch.Throughincompletestatistics,thenumberofthesispaperswhichrelatedtotourismtranslationisontherise,andthenumberofmaster'sthesisisincreasinginrecentyears.Thisindicatesthatthetranslationofscenicspotshasbeencontinuouslypaidattention.AccordingtotheexistingliteratureinChina,thestudyofscenicspotsEnglishtranslationismainlyfromthreeaspectsTheyarethetypesoftheoreticalinduction,thetypesofproblemcountermeasure,andthetypesofculturaldifferenee.Thefirstisthetheoreticalinduction,thiskindofpaperattachesgreatimportaneetothetheoreticalresearch.ThebasistheoryoftheseliteratureisoftentousesomeinternationallyrecognizedpracticalvalueofthetheoryasastartingpointforChina'sscenicspotsEnglishtranslation.AccordingtothesetheoriestoconcludehowtomakeaeffecttranslationinChina'sscenicspotsthroughtheanalysisofthedifferentcharacteristicsofthetheories.Atthesametimethroughsomeexamplestoprovethefeasibilityofusingthetheories.Chen(2012)takesthefunctionalisttranslationtheoryskopostheoryasguidaneetheory,tostudythetranslationofthescenicspotsofZhangjiajienationalForestParkinHunan.Sheputthenamesofscenicspotsfordetailedclassification,andputforwardthe"readercentered"asapointofview.Shepresentusthatdependingonthedifferentsituationtousethedifferentflexibleandeffectivetranslationmethodstothescenicspotsnames.Thesecondisthetypesofproblemcountermeasure.TheresearchofthiskindofthesisistofindoutthecommonproblemsintheEnglishtranslationinthescenicspots.Inresponsetotheseproblems,tofindouttheimpactandanalysisthecausereasonsfortheseproblems.Liu(2005),hepointsouttheproblemsinthecurrentstageoftranslationinchina%scenicspotnames.Hesummedupthefeasibletranslationmethodsfortheseexistproblems.Wang(2009)andLiu(2008),intheirliteraturework,theypointedoutthattherearealotofproblemexistinscenicspotnames,commonIanguageandpublicsigns.Forexamplesuchasspellingerrors,grammaticalerrors,forcedtranslation,mechanicaltranslation,arbitrarytranslationandsoon.Thefinalresearchstaredfromtheangleofcountrybetweenculturaldifferences.Accordingtothedifferentfolkcustomculture,weneedtoemphasisthepointsofconcernedwhichshowupintheprocessofthetranslationofscenicspotEnglish.Thatistosay,howtoconveytheculturalviewsfromChina'sscenicspotsandtomakeforeigntouristsunderstandtheculturalviewsofChina'sscenicspotsfromtheperspectiveoftheirownculture.Chang(2008)presentusintheprocessoftranslationofscenicspotswhiletakingintoaccounttheculturalfactors,thatis,thecross-culturalcommunication.Duetothedifferentculturalbackgroundsbetweentwodifferentcountries,itwouldcausethedeviationofunderstandinginthetargetIanguage.Besides,fromauthor?viewthatinthetranslationofthenamesofthescenicspots,inordertoachievethepurposeofeasytounderstandandthepurposeofattractingtourists,theculturalfactorsshouldtakefullyaccountinthetranslation.SummaryThescenicspotnamestranslationstudiesathomeandabroadhavemadeagreatcontribution,whichhasplayedanimportantroleinimprovingtheleveloftourismtranslation.But,toseekthesupportargumentsformatheoreticalpointofview,andprovedthatthetheoryfittousedinChina'sscenicspotnamestranslation.Inthiswaythepurposivenessandthepracticalitywillbeignored.Theotherwayofscenicspottranslationstartingfromtheactualscenicspotandgraspingthemainproblem,analysingthecausesandgivingthecountermeasures.Thepracticalitywaspayattentionto,butthereislackoftheoreticalexplanation.TheoreticalframeworkTheskopostheorydevelopsfromfunctionalisttranslationtheory.GermanfunctionalisttranslationtheoryhasundergonethreeprincipalphasesReissfirstputforwardfunctionalisttranslationcriticism;Hansvermeerandjustaholz-manttaridevelopedandenrichfunctionalisttheory;ChristinaeNordfurtherstudiedthistheoryandintroduceditinallroundwayinEnglishforthefirsttimesothatithasdrawngreatattentionintranslationfield.DefinitionofSkoposTheoryHansJ.VermeergivestheexplanationofskopostheoryinSkoposandCommissioninTranslationalActionasfollows:Allformsoftranslationactionareakindofhumanactions,includingtranslationitself.everyactionhasitsintention.Asatechnicaltermofatranslation,theGreekword,skopos?referstoatranationintention.(Vermeer,1989,p.221)DictionaryofTranslationStudiesgivesitsdefinitionofskopostheoryinsuchway:SkopostheoryisputforwardbyReissandVermeerasatranslationapproachinthelate1970s.Itemphasizestwotranslationaspects--interactionalandpragmatic.Anditdebatesthattranslationfunctionsandpurposesdeterminetheshapeofthetargettext.Aninteractionisdecidedbyitsaimandtheyvarywithitsrecipients.(Schaffner,1997,p.124)FromtheseabovedefinitionsgivenbyscholarsandDictionaaryofTransalationStudies,itisfoundthatskopostheorydeemstranslationasaspecificformofpurposefulhumanactionandratherthanaprocessoftraps-coding.AndtheGreekword“skoposi”borrowedtodescribethepurposeofatranslation,especiallypragmatictranslations.ThreeRulesofSkoposTheoryandTheirRelationshipBasicrulesofskopostheoryincludetheskoposrule,coherenceruleandfidelityrule:1.Theskoposrule:thatis,thepredominatingruleofthetheory.Itstipulatesthatatranslationisdecidedbyitspurpose(Nord,2001,pp.27-30).Eachtranslationtextisgeneratedforagivenskoposandgivesservestotheskopos.Thecohereneerule:thatis,intra-textualcoherenee.Itstatesthatatranslationshouldbeacceptablebytargetaddressee,whichmeanstranslation?sadaptationtotargetculturalcircumstancesandcommunicativesituations.(ReissandVermeer,1984,p.113)Thefidelityrule:thatis, -textual’cnherence”.Itreferstotherelationshipbetweenthesourcetextandtargettext,whoseconcreteformsisdependedupontranslationporposesandhowtranslatorscomprehendandaccountforthesourcetexts.Andthemaximumimitationtothesourcetextisjustapossibleformoftheinter-textualcoherenee.But,thefaithfulness?sdegreeandformsaredeterminedbytransaltionpurposes.(Nord,1997,p.32)Thethreeunderlyingrulesarestimulatedinordertoprovidetranslatorswithnormsforreferencesandconstraintsinthetranslationactions.Inmanyoccasions,thethreerulescan?tbesatisfiedatthesametimebecausetranslationpurposesfrequentlydeviatefromtheoriginalintentionofthesourcetext.Generally,thereisahierarchicalorderforthethreerulesofthetheory.Theskoposruleisitscore;thefidelityruleisoflessimportancethanthecoherencerule;andinturn,bothofthemaresubordinatetotheskoposrule.ArgumentsonSkoposTheoryAccordingtoskopostheory,anytranslationshouldfirstlycomplywiththeskoposrule,namelytheintendedpurposepredominatesthewholeprocessoftranslation.Andoneofthemostimportantfactorsthatdeterminetranslationskoposisthereceiverofthetargettextwiththeirownknowledgebackground,specialexpectationsfortranslationtextsandcommunicationneeds.Eachtranslationaimstogivenreceivers.Soeachtranslationisgeneratedwithagivenintentionandfortargetreceiversanditshouldservetheintention.(Nord,1997,p.12) “ThesourcetextisjustanofferofpartialorallinformationfortargetaudiencesandtranslatorswillexpressitwithanotherIanguageundernewculturebackground,ratherthanthetrans-codingofwordsorsentencesfromoneIanguageintoanother'(Snell-Hornby,1995,p.46).Skopostheoryemphasizestranslationintentions.Translationintentionsdeterminetranslationstrategiesandapproachesthatareappliedtoproduceafunctionallyadequateresult.Theresultisthetargettext,whichVermeercalls“translatum”.Argumeinikopostheoryareasfollows:Translationisapurposeful,communicative,processableandcross-culturalinteractionbasedonthesourcetext.Intheprocessoftranslating,differentparticipantsplaydifferentroles.Clientsastheinitiatoroftranslationactiondeterminatethetranslationpurposeandtranslationbrief;translatorsproducetargettextstotransferthecommunicationalintention;targetaudiencesareusersoftranslationtexts.Thesignificantconceptin“skopostheory”is“recipient”o“targetaddressee,whichdecidestheaimofatranslationaction.Aqualifiedoracceptabletranslationshouldaccordwithrecipientscommonssense,expectations,thinkingmodeandreadinghabitsinaspecificculture.ThesourcetextisnoIongerthecenterintheprocessoftranslatingbutanopenentitythatprovidespartialorallinformation.Thepredominantruleofskopostheoryisthatskoposofthetranslationactiondeterminatesprocessesofanytranslation.Thetranslation'sstandardsshouldbeofadequacyratherthanofequivalenee.Adequacymeansthatthetargettextshouldconformtoalltranslationbriefs.Comparedwithtraditionallinguistictranslationtheories,asthecoretheoryinfunctionaltranslationtheories,skopostheorydeclaresthattranslationisanintentionalinterculturalactionandcommunication.Basedontheanalysisofthesourcetext,translationshouldaimtoachievetheexpectedfunctionsinthetargetcultureandoptimaltranslationstrategiesaccordingtocontextualfactors.Soitbrokelimitationsoftradition“equivalenc6'value,madetranslationmoreflexibleandgavemoreinitiatives.Anditprovidesexcellentguidaneeforpragmatictranslation.Itopensanewperspectivefortranslationtheoriesandstudiesoftranslationpractices,andprovidesthetheorybasisforthosetranslationsthatviolatesometranslationcriteriabutareprovedtobesuccessfulbypractices.Forexample,traditionally,atranslationisgoodifitisloyaltothesourcetext.Comparedwithothertranslationtheories,itpaysmoreattentiontotranslationbrief,targetreadersandtargetcultureandtakestranslationstudiesintocross-culturalcommunication,whichbroadensthewayoflinguisticstranslationmodeandisofgreathelptodomestictranslationstudies.FunctionsofScenicSpotNamesandThierTranslation

PrinciplesInthissection,wefocusonthecharacteristicsandfunctionsofscenicspotnames.AnanalysisismadeonthefeaturesofChinesescenicspotnamesinIanguageitselfcultureandstyle.WhenrenderingthescenicspotnamesintoEnglish,thetranslatorshouldtakeaccountofthecharacteristicsofChineseaswellaswesternreadersreadinghabitsandexpectation.4.1TheCharacteristicsofScenicSpotNamesTourismresourcealwayshastwoparts:onepartisnaturaltourismresource,suchasDanxiaIandforminZhangye,ruggedmountainsinZhangjiajieandgracefulwaterinGuilin,etc;Theanotherpartishumanistictourismresource,suchasthepalacearchitecturesandTaoisttemple.Everyscenicspothasitsownname.Asanimportantpartoftourismtext,scenicspots?nameshavecommonfeaturesdistinctivecharacteristicsanduniqueIanguagefeatures.Justlikepeople©name,scenicspots?namesalsohavetheirownfirstnameandlastname.Inscenicspot?name,thefirstnameiscalledpropername,whichisusedtodistinguishonethingfromanotherthatbelongstothesamekind.Andthelastnameiscalledappellativenamethatdistinguishesonethingfromanotherwhichdonotbelongtothesamekind.Le?sobservethefollowingexample.太和殿”(theHallofSupremeHarmony)中和殿”(theHallofCompleteHarmony)保和殿”(theHallofPreservingHarmony)太和殿”(theHallofSupremeHarmony)翠玉亭”(theCuiyuPavilion)永定桥”(YongdingBridge)Intheexample(1),wecanseethat太和”中和”and保和”arepropernames.Theybelongtothesamekindofscenicspots,buttheyaredifferentfortheirpropernames.Intheexample(2),itisobviouslytoseethat殿”亭”桥”areappellativenames,andtheybelongtothedifferentscenicspots.Scenicspots?namesareusuallybriefandconcise.Ifthescenicsp金nameistooIong,itwillcostalongtimeforreaderstocatchthemaininformation.Asaresult,itisnotgoodforscenicspots?propaganda.Becauseofthebriefnessandconciseness,thescenicspotsnameiseasytoremember.TheFunctionsofScenic-SpotNamesPeterNewmarkthinksthemainfunctionsofIanguageareexpressive,informativeandvocativefunction.Andalltextsincludethesethreefunctions.(Newmark1998:21)Theexpressivefunctionexpresseauthor?sthinking,thecoreoftextisthespeakerorwriter.Thisfunctionjustconsidersthepurposeoftranslationandweoftenseethatinautobiographyandseriousliterature.Theinformativefunctionexpressestherealityandoftenusesintourism,scienee,technologyandmeetingminutes.Thevocativefunctionfacestothereadersdirectly,thismeansthetranslatorsshouldmakereadersfeeltheauthorsrealfeeling,itoftenincludesspecificationandpropagandamaterial.Nomattertouristmap,picturealbum,travelbrochures,orinthetouristattractionsintroducedonthecard,areallreflectedNewmark?sthreefunctionsthatwehavementionedinadvanee.However,thesealsohavefewemphasis.Itismainlycomposedoftwofunctions,oneissendingmessages,anotheroneisinducingaction.Therefore,theIanguageexpressingmustbeaccurate,popular,clear,attractiveandfitfordifferentlevelsofthereaders?understandingandacceptanceJ(aWenbo2004:106)Asarule,informativityandappealaretwostrikingfunctionsofscenicspots?names.Nowlet?slookatthefollowingexamples.(1)WhenpeopleseetheYueluAcademy,althoughtheonehasneverbeenthere,hecanalsoguessthisplacemustbeaculturallandscape.(2)Whenweseeaspot?snamethatnamesafteraperson?sname,whichcanbeveryintuitivetoknowthisisrelatedwith aperson.Forexample,DufuAttic,Jiayi?sDwelling,MaoZedong?sResidenee.Fromtheseexampleswecanconcludethatascenicspot'snameisthebestendorsementofinformationcard,whichcontainstheattractionsinformation,andalsoreflectsthelocalcustomsanduniqueculturalatmosphere.InChina,thenameoftensendsgoodwishesandofbeauty,scenicspots?nameEnglishtranslationarealsohopingtoarousethesamebeautifulfeelingfortheforeigners.Attractingpotentialpassengerscontinuetobrowsethesiteintroductionthroughintroducingthename,thustheycangetmoreunderstandingoftourismdestination,eventuallycometoChina.Intheprocessoftranslation,thetranslatormusthighlightscenicspots?nameof“informveifunction ”andVvocatition”.TranslationPrinciplesofScenic-SpotNamesCertaintranslationprinciplesplayanimportantroleintranslation.Masteringcertaintranslationprinciplescanimprovethequalityofthetranslation,andmakethetranslationbecomedisciplined.Byreadingthescholars?researchresultsandpracticalexperienee,wecanconcludethattheprinciplesof “complyingwiththeoriginalformsofexpression ”and“equivatbeyecanguidethetouristattractionsoftranslationfromChinesetoEnglisheffectively.Inthetouristattractions?name,alotofnamesnamedirectlyfromplacenames.Therefore,apartofthescenicspotsnametranslationbelongstotheplacename,whichshouldfollowtheprincipleof“complyingwiththeoriginalformsofexpression”.(BaoHuinan,BaoAng2004:108hisreferstothenameofplaceshouldbeinaccordaneewiththeperson?sortheareaofthecountry?sornation?spronunciationtotranslate.(LinBaoxuan1998).Givenprioritytothetranslating,theplaces?namefthescenicspots,suchas北 “海”shouldbetranslatedas“Beihai”大连”isdirectlytranslatedto“Dalian”heperson?sname,forexample,曾国藩”accordingtothepronunciation,isdirectlytranslatedto“ZengGuofan”.However,notallnamesofplacesareassumedtousePinyintosolve,theyalsoneedtoconsiderthe “convention孙中山uchcHnbe“directlytranslatedintoSunzhongshanwhichisinaccordaneewiththeprincipleof“complyingwiththeoriginalformsofexpression ”，butbecaunseonhliseinflhistory,inwhichhehasbeenaprescribedcommonlyknownastheSunYasen.孔夫子”，alsohasitsfixedEnglishnameConfucius.Manytouristattractionshavebecomeveryfamousinthewordandcanfindtheircorrespondingtranslationonthescenicspotofwebsite.Infact,alotofscenicspotsdonothavethecorrespondingEnglishofficialwebsite,sothetranslatorsneedtobescepticalcritiquetotranslation.Becausethenamesarenotlimitedbythepeople?sandplaces?name,sowecan?tcontinuetofollowtheprincipleof “complyingwiththeoriginalformsofexpressionAccordingtothepracticalexperieneeobtainedtheprincipleof “equivalenee”,caneffectivelyguidethescenicspotname?translation.SocalledequivalentprincipledoesnotmeanthatthesourceIanguageandtargetIanguageinformationarecompletelyequivalent,butadynamicequivalenee,namely, “Notintheformoftheoriginal,buttosavethecontentoftheoriginalwiththeclosestandmostnaturalequivaleneeinthetranslationofIanguagetoexpressthecontentinordertoequivalent ”.(Nida2001Nida?s“functionalequivalenee”，whichhestatedthat“Thereaderscouldunderstandandappreciatethetranslationtextinthewayoforiginalreaders.”ic(aj1993:118)Mostofthetime,translationonnamescanachievethevocabularyandsoundofequivalenee,andliteraltranslationcanguaranteeformandmeaningofequivalenee.Butforsomewordsthatareculturenon-equivalent,requiresthetranslatortoplaytheirowninitiative,basedontheneedofthevocativefunctiontotakecareofthetargetIanguagereaders.TranslatorscanchangetheoriginaltextonthebasisofthepropertranslationandachievetheactualeffectofequivalentoutsidetheIanguage.Forexample:羊城”hasbeentranslatedintoCityofGoats”.Literally,Goat”isthecorrespondingwordofChinese羊”.InChina,羊”standsformeeknessandgoodness,whilethewordGoat”inEnglishreferstoanunpleasantoldmanwhoissexuallyactive.And羊城”hasalegendofridingonthebacksoffivecoloredrams.FiveimmortalscametoGuangzhouandbrou