2021年考研英语二真题及答案

2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)It'snotdifficulttosettargetsforstaff.Itismuchharder,1,tounderstandtheirnegativeconsequences.Mostwork-relatedbehaviorshavemultiplecomponents.2oneandtheothersbecomedistorted.TravelonaLondonbusandyou'll3seehowthisworkswithdrivers.Watchpeoplegetonandshowtheirtickets.Aretheycarefullyinspected?Never.Dopeoplegetonwithoutpaying?Ofcourse!Arethereinspectorsto 4 thatpeoplehavepaid?Possibly,butveryfew.Andpeoplewhorunforthebus?Theyareascyclists.

5 .Howaboutjumpinglights?BusesdosoalmostasfrequentlyWhy?Becausethetargetis 6 .Peoplecomplainedthatbuseswerelateandinfrequent.7 ,thenumberofbusesandbuslaneswereincreased,anddriverswere 8 orpunishedaccordingtothetimetheytook.Anddrivershitthesetargets.Butthey 9 hitcyclists.Ifthetargetwaschangedto 10,youwouldhavemoreinspectorsandmoresensitivepricing.Ifthecriterionchangedtosafety,youwouldgetmorethesecriteriawouldbeattheexpenseoftime.

11 driverswhoobeyedtrafticlaws.ButbothThereisanother 12 :peoplebecameimmenselyinventiveinhittingtargets.Haveyou13thatyoucanleaveonaflightanhourlatebutstillarriveontime?Tailwinds?Ofcoursenot!Airlineshavesimplychangedthetimeaasatwo-hourflight.

14 ismeanttotake.Aone-hourflightisnowballadThe 15 ofthestoryissimple.Mostjobsaremultidimensional,withmultiplecriteria.Chooseonecriterionandyoumaywell 16 others.EverythingCanbedonefasterandmadecheaper,butthereisa17.Settingtargetscananddoeshaveunforeseennegativeconsequences.1. A.thereforeB.howeverC.againD.moreover2. A.EmphasizeB.IdentifyC.AssessD.Explain3. A.nearlyB.curiouslyC.eagerlyD.quickly4. A.claimB.proveC.checkD.recall5. A.threatenedB.ignoredC.mockedD.blamed6. A.punctualityB.hospitalityC.competitionD.innovation7. A.YetB.SoC.BesidesD.Still8. A.hiredB.trainedC.rewardedD.grouped9. A.onlyB.ratherC.OnceD.Also10.A.comfortB.revenueC.efficiencyD.security11.A.friendlyB.quietC.cautiousD.diligent12.A.purposeB.problem1. A.thereforeB.howeverC.againD.moreover2. A.EmphasizeB.IdentifyC.AssessD.Explain3. A.nearlyB.curiouslyC.eagerlyD.quickly4. A.claimB.proveC.checkD.recall5. A.threatenedB.ignoredC.mockedD.blamed6. A.punctualityB.hospitalityC.competitionD.innovation7. A.YetB.SoC.BesidesD.Still8. A.hiredB.trainedC.rewardedD.grouped9. A.onlyB.ratherC.OnceD.Also10.A.comfortB.revenueC.efficiencyD.security11.A.friendlyB.quietC.cautiousD.diligent12.A.purposeB.problemC.prejudiceD.policy13.A.interestingB.revealedC.abmittedD.noticed14.A.breakB.tripC.departureD.transfer15.A.moralB.backgroundC.styleD.form16.A.interpretB.criticizeC.sacrificeD.tolerate17.A.taskB.secretC.productD.cost18.A.leadingtoB.callingforC.relatingtoD.accountingfor19.A.specifyB.predictC.restoreD.createdimensionsoftheobjective,butalsotounderstandhowtohelppeoplebetter 20 theobjective.A.modify参考答案：1-5：BADCB6-10：ABCDB11-15：CBDBA16-20：CDCAD

review C.present D.achieveSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1Reskillingissomethingthatsoundslikeabuzzwordbutisactuallyarequirementifweplantohaveafuturewherealotofwould-beworkersdonotgetleftbehind.Weknowwearemovingintoaperiodwherethejobsindemandwillchangerapidly,aswilltherequirementsofthejobsthatremain.ResearchbytheWEFdetailedintheHarvardBusinessReview,findsthatonaverage42percentofthe“coreskill”withinjobroleswillchangeby2022.Thatisaveryshorttimeline,sowecanonlyimaginewhatthechangeswillbefurtherinthefuture.Thequestionofwhoshouldpayforreskillingisathornyone.Forindividualcompanies,thetemptationisalwaystoletgoofworkerswhoseskillsarenolongerdemandandreplacethemwiththosewhoseskillsare.Thatdoesnotalwayshappen.AT&Tisoftengivenasthegoldstandardofacompanywhodecidedtodoamassivereskillingprogramratherthangowithafire-and-hirestrategyultimatelyretraining18,000employees.Prepandemic,othercompaniesincludingAmazonandDisneyhadalsopledgedtocreatetheirownplans.Whentheskillsmismatchisinthebroadereconomythough,thefocususuallyturnstogovernmenttohandle.EffortsinCanadaandelsewherehavebeenarguablylanguidatbest,andhavegivenusasituationwherewefrequentlyhearofemployersbeggingforworkersevenattimesandinregionswhereunemploymentishigh.Withthepandemic,unemploymentisveryhighindeed.InFebruary,at3.5percentand5.5percentrespectively,unemploymentratesinCanadaandtheUnitedStateswereatgenerationallowsandworkershortageswereeverywhere.AsofMay,thoserateshadspikedupto13.3percentand13.7percent,andalthoughmanyworkershortageshaddisappeared,notallhaddoneso.Inthemedicalfield,totakeanobviousexample,thepandemicmeantthattherewerestillclearshortagesofdoctors,nursesandothermedicalpersonnel.Ofcourse,itisnotlikeyoucantakeanunemployedwaiterandtrainhimtobedoctorinfewweeks,nomatterwhopaysforit.Butevenifyoucannotclosethatgap,maybeyoucancloseothers,anddoingsowouldbetothebenefitofallconcerned.ThatseemstobethecaseinSweden,wherethepandemickick-startedaretrainingprogramwherebusinessaswellasgovernmenthadarole.ReskillinginthiswaywouldbechallenginginaNorthAmericancontext.Youcaneasilyimagineachorusof"youcan’tdothat"becauseteachersornursesorwhoeverhavespecialskills,andusinganysupportstaffwhohasbeenquicklytrainedisboundtoendindisaster.Maybe.OrmaybeitissomethingthatcanworkwellinSweden,withitshistoryofco-operationbetweenbusiness,labourandgovernment,butnotinNorthAmericawhereourhistoryisverydifferent.Thenagain,maybeitisakintowartime,whenextraordinarythingstakeplace,butitisbusinessasusualafterthefact.Andyet,asinwarthepandemicisteachingusthatmanythings,includingrapidreskilling,canbedoneifthereisawilltodothem.Inanycase,Swedens’workforceisnowmoreskilled,inmorethings,andmoreflexiblethanitwasbefore.Ofcourse,reskillingprograms,whetherforpandemicneedsorthepostpandemicworld,areexpensiveandatatimewheneveryone’sbudgetsareleanthismaynotbethetimetoimplementthem.Thenagain,extendingincomesupportprogramstogetusthroughthenextmonthsisexpensive,too,tosaynothingofthecostofhavingaswathoflong-termunemployedinthePOST-COVIDyearsGiventhat,perhapsweshouldthinkhardaboutwhetherthepandemiccanjump-startustoaplacewherereskillingbecomesmuchmorethanabuzzword.ResearchbytheWorldEconomicForumsuggestsanincreaseinfull-timeemploymentanurgentdemandfornewjobskillsasteadygrowthofjobopportunitiesacontroversyaboutthe“coreskills”AT&Tiscitedtoshowanalternativetothefire-and-hirestrategyanimmediateneedforgovernmentsupporttheimportanceofstaffappraisalstandardsthecharacteristicsofreskillingprogramEffortstoresolvetheskillsmismatchinCanadahavedrivenuplabourcostshaveprovedtobeinconsistenthavemetwithfierceoppositionhaveappearedtobeinsufficientWecanlearnfromParagraph3thattherewasacallforpolicyadjustment.achangeinhiringpractices.alackofmedicalworkers.asignofeconomicrecovery.ScandinavianAirlinesdecidedtoGreatjobvacanciesfortheunemployed.Preparetheirlaid-offworkersforotherjobs.Retraintheircabinstaffforbetterservices.financetheirstaff'scollegeeducation.Text2Withtheglobalpopulationpredictedtohitcloseto10billionby2050,andforecaststhatagriculturalproductioninsomeregionswillneedtonearlydoubletokeeppace,foodsecurityisincreasinglymakingheadlines.IntheUK,ithasbecomeabigtalkingpointrecentlytoo,foraratherparticularreason:Brexit.BrexitisseenbysomeasanopportunitytoreversearecenttrendtowardstheUKimportingfood.Thecountryproducesonlyabout60percentofthefooditeats,downfromalmostthree-quartersinthelate1980s.Amovebacktoself-sufficiency,theargumentgoes,wouldboostthefarmingindustry,politicalsovereigntyandeventhenationshealth.Soundsgreat-buthowfeasibleisthisvision?AccordingtoareportonUKfoodproductionfromtheUniversityofLeeds,UK,85percentofthecountry'stotallandareaisassociatedwithmeatanddairyproduction.Thatsupplies80percentofwhatisconsumed,soevencoveringthewholecountryinlivestockfarmswouldn’tallowustocoverallourmeatanddairyneeds.Therearemanycaveatstothosefigures,buttheyarestillgrave.Tobecomemuchmoreself-sufficient,theUKwouldneedtodrasticallyreduceitsconsumptionofanimalfoods,andprobablyalsofarmmoreintensivelymeaningfewergreenfieldsandmorefactory-styleproduction.Butswitchingtoamainlyplant-baseddietwouldn’thelp.ThereisagoodreasonwhytheUKisdominatedbyanimalhusbandry:mostofitsterraindoesn’thavetherightsoilorclimatetogrowcropsoncommercialbasis.Just25percentofthecountry’slandissuitableforcrop-growing,mostofwhichisalreadyoccupiedbyarablefields.Evenifweconvertedallthesuitablelandtofieldsoffruitandveg---whichwouldinvolvetakingoutallthenaturereservesandremovingthousandsofpeoplefromtheirhomes—wewouldachieveonlya30percentboostincropproduction.Just23percentofthefruitandvegetablesconsumedintheUKarecurrentlyhome-grown,soevenwiththemostextrememeasureswecouldmeetonly30percentofourfreshproduceneeds.Thatisbeforewelookforthespacetogrowthegrains,sugars,seedsandoilsthatprovideuswiththevastbulkofourcurrentcalorieintake.Somepeoplearguethatfoodself-sufficiencyintheUKwould.[A]abehinderedbyitspopulationgrowthcontributetothenationswell-beingbecomeapriorityofthegovernment[D]postachallengetoitsfarmingindustryThereportbytheUniversityofLeedsshowedthatintheUKfarmlandhasbeeninefficientlyutilisedfactorystyleproductionneedsreformingmostlandisusedformeatanddairyproductionmoregreenfieldswillbeconvertedforfarmingCrop-growingintheUKisrestricteddueto .itsfarmingtechnologyitsdietarytraditionitsnaturalconditionsitscommercialinterestsItcanbelearnedfromthelastparagraphthatBritishpeople .relylargelyonimportsforfreshproduceenjoyasteadyriseinfruitconsumptionareseekingeffectivewaystocutcalorieintakeD]aretryingtogrownewvarietiesofgrainsTheauthor'sattitudetofoodself-efficiencyintheUKis .defensivedoubtfultolerantoptimisticText3WhenMicrosoftboughttaskmanagementappWunerlistandmobilecalendarSunrisein2015,itpickeduptwonewcomersthatwereattractingconsiderablebuzzinSiliconValley.Microsoft’sownOfficedominatesthemarketfor“productivity”software,butthestart-upsrepresentedanewwaveoftechnologydesignedfromthegroundupforthesmartphoneworld.Bothapps,however,werelaterscrapped,afterMicrosoftsaidithadusedtheirbestfeaturesinitsownproducts.Theirteamsofengineersstayedon,makingthemtwoofthemany“acqui-hires”thatthebiggestcompanieshaveusedtofeedtheirinsatiablehungerfortechtalent.ToMicrosoft’scritics,thefatesofWunderlistandSunriseareexamplesofaremorselessdrivebyBigTechtochewupanyinnovativecompaniesthatlieintheirpath.“Theyboughttheseedlingsandclosedthemdown,”complainedPaulArnold,apartneratSanFrancisco-basedSwitchVentures,puttingpaidtobusinessesthatmightonedayturnintocompetitors.Microsoftdeclinedtocomment.Likeotherstart-upinvestors,MrArnold’sownbusinessoftendependsonsellingstart-upstolargertechcompanies,thoughheadmitstomixedfeelingsabouttheresult:“Ithinkthesethingsaregoodforme,ifIputmyselfishhaton.ButaretheygoodfortheAmericaneconomy?Idon’tknow.”TheUSFederalTradeCommissionsaysitwantstofindtheanswertothatquestion.Thisweek,itaskedthefivemostvaluableUStechcompaniesforinformationabouttheirmanysmallacquisitionsoverthepastdecade.Althoughonlyaresearchprojectatthisstage,therequesthasraisedtheprospectofregulatorswadingintoearly-stagetechmarketsthatuntilnowhavebeenbeyondtheirreach.Giventheircombinedmarketvalueofmorethan$5.5tm,riflingthroughsuchsmalldeals---manyofthemmuchlessprominentthanWunderlistandSunrise---mightseembesidethepoint.Betweenthem,thefivecompanies(Apple,Microsoft,Google,AmazonandFacebook)havespentanaverageofonly$3.4bnayearonsub-$1bnacquisitionsoverthepastfiveyears---adropintheoceancomparedwiththeirmassivefinancialreserves,andthemorethan$130bnofventurecapitalthatwasinvestedintheUSlastyear.However,criticssaythatthebigcompaniesusesuchdealstobuytheirmostthreateningpotentialcompetitorsbeforetheirbusinesseshaveachancetogainmomentum,insomecasesaspartofa“buyandkill”tactictosimplyclosethemdown.WhatistrueaboutWuderlistandSunriseaftertheiracquisitions?Theirmarketvaluesdeclined.Theirtechfeaturesimproved.Theirengineerswereretained.Theirproductswerere-priced.Microsoft’scriticsbelievethatthebigtechcompaniestendto ignorepublicoptionstreatnewtechtalentunfairlyexaggeratetheirproductqualityeliminatetheirpotentialcompetitorsPaulArnoldisconcernedthatsmallacquisitionsmight harmthenationaleconomyworsenmarketcompetitiondiscouragestart-upinvestorsweakenbigtechcompaniesTheUSFederalTradeCommissionintendto examinesmallacquisitionslimitBigTech’sexpansionsupervisestart-upsoperationsencourageresearchcollaborationForthefivebiggesttechcompanies,theirsmallacquisitionhave broughtlittlefinancialpressureraisedfewmanagementchallengessetanexampleforfuturedealsgenerateconsiderableprofitsText4We'refairlygoodatjudgingpeoplebasedonfirstimpression,thinslicesofexperiencerangingfromaglimpseofaphototofive-minuteinteraction,anddeliberationcanbenotonlyextraneousbutintrusive.Inonestudyoftheabilityshedubbed"thinslicing,"thelatepsychologistNaliniAmbadyaskedparticipantstowatchsilent10-secondvideoclipsofprofessorsandtoratetheinstructor'soveralleffectiveness.Theirratingscorrelatedstronglywithstudents'end-of-semesterratings.Anothersetofparticipantshadcountbackwardfrom1,000byninesastheywatchedtheclips,occupyingtheirconsciousworkingmemory.Theirratingswerejustasaccurate,demonstratingtheintuitivenatureofthesocialprocessing.Critically,anothergroupwasaskedtospendaminutewritingdownreasonsfortheirjudgment,beforegivingtherating.Accuracydroppeddramatically.Ambadysuspectedthatdeliberationfocusedthemonvividbutmisleadingcues,suchascertaingesturesorutterances,ratherthanlettingthecomplexinterplayofsubtlesignalsformaholisticimpression.Shefoundsimilarinterferencewhenparticipantswatched15-secondclipsofpairsofpeopleandjudgedwhethertheywerestrangers,friends,ordatingpartners.Otherresearchshowswe'rebetteratdetectingdeceptionansexualorientationfromthinsliceswhenwerelyonintuitioninsteadofreflection.“It'sasifyou'redrivingastickshift,”saysJudithHall,apsychologistatNortheasternUniversity,“andifyoustartthinkingaboutittoomuch,youcan'trememberwhatyou'redoing.Butifyougoonautomaticpilot,you'refine.Muchofoursociallifeislikethat.”Thinkingtoomuchcanalsoharmourabilitytoformpreferences.Collegestudents'ratingsofstrawberryjamsandcollegecoursealignedbetterwithexperts'opinionswhenthestudentsweren'taskedtoanalyzetheirrationale.Andpeoplemadecar-buyingdecisionsthatwerebothobjectivelybetterandmorepersonallysatisfyingwhenaskedtofocusontheirfeelingsratherthanondetails,butonlyifthedecisionwascomplex-whentheyhadalotofinformationtoprocess.Intuition'sspecialpowersareunleashedonlyincertaincircumstances.Inonestudy,participantscompletedabatteryofeighttasks,includingfourthattappedreflectivethinking(discerningrulecomprehendingvocabulary)andfourthattappedintuitionancreativity(generatingnewproductsorfiguresofspeech).Thentheratedthedegreetowhichtheyhadusedintuition(“gutfeelings,"＂hunches,""myheart").Useoftheirguthurttheirperformanceonthefirstfourtasks,asexpected,andhelpedthemontherest.Sometimestheheartissmarterthanthehead.NaliniAmbaby'sstudydealswithinstructorstudentinteractionthepowerofpeople'smemorythereliabilityoffirstimpressionsPeople'sabilitytoinfluenceothersInAmbaby’sstudy,ratingaccuracydroppedwhenparticipants A.gavetheratinginlimitedtimewatchedshortervideoclipsB.focusedonspecificdetailsdiscussedwithonanotherJudithHallmentionsdrivingtomentionthat .memorycanbeselectivereflectioncanbedistractingsocialskillsmustbecultivateddeceptionisdifficulttodetectWhenyouaremakingcomplexdecisions,itisadvisableto A.followyourfeelingslistyourpreferencesseekexpertadvicecollectenoughdataWhatcanwelearnfromthelastparagraph?Generatingmewproductstakestime.Intuitionmayaffectprehensionneedscreativity.Objectivethinkingmayboostintuitiveness.PartBDirections:ReadthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbychoosingthemostsuitablesubheadingfromthelistA-Gforeachofthenumberedparagraphs(41-45).Therearetwoextrasubheadingswhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)StaycalmStayhumbleDon’tmakejudgmentsBerealisticabouttherisksDecidewhethertowaitAskpermissiontodisagreeIdentifyasharedgoalHowtoDisagreewitSomeoneMorePowerfulthanYouYourbossproposesanewinitiativeyouthinkwon’twork.Yourseniorcolleagueoutlinesaprojecttimelineyouthinkisunrealistic.Whatdoyousaywhenyoudisagreewithsomeonewhohasmorepowerthanyoudo?Howdoyoudecidewhetherit’sworthspeakingup?Andifyoudo,whatexactlyshouldyousay?Here’showtodisagreewithsomeonemorepowerfulthanyou.Youmaydecideit’sbesttoholdoffonvoicingyouropinion.Maybeyouhaven’tfinishedthinkingtheproblemthrough,thewholediscussionwasasurprisetoyou,oryouwanttogetaclearersenseofwhatthegroupthinks.Ifyouthinkotherpeoplearegoingtodisagreetoo,youmightwanttogatheryourarmyfirst.Peoplecancontributeexperienceorinformationtoyourthink—allthethingsthatwouldmakethedisagreementstrongerormorevalid.It’salsoagoodideatodelaytheconversationifyou’reinameetingorotherpublicspace.Discussingtheissueinprivatewillmakethepowerfulpersonfeellessthreatened.Beforeyoushareyourthoughts,thinkaboutwhatthepowerfulpersoncaresabout—itmaybe“thecredibilityoftheirteamongettingaprojectdoneontime,”saysGrenny.You’remorelikelytobeheardifyoucanconnectyourdisagreementtoa“higherpurpose”.Whenyoudospeakup,don’tassumethelinkwillbeclear.You’llwanttostateitovertly,contextualizingyourstatementssothatyou’reseennotasadisagreeableunderlingbutasacolleaguewho’stryingtoadvanceasharedgoal.Thediscussionwillthenbecomemorelikeachessgamethanaboxingmatch.Thisstepmaysoundoverlydeferential,butit’sasmartwaytogivethepowerfulpersonpsychologicalsafetyandcontrol.Youcansaysomethinglike,“Iknowweseemtobemovingtowardafirst-quartercommitmenthere.Ihavereasonstothinkthatwon’twork.I’dliketolayoutmyreasoning.WouldthatbeOK?”Thisgivesthepersonachoice,allowingthemtoverballyoptin.And,assumingtheysayyes,itwillmakeyoufeelmoreconfidentaboutvoicingyourdisagreement.Youmightfeelyourheartracingoryourfaceturningred,butdowhateveryoucantoremainneutralinbothyourwordsandactions.Whenyourbodylanguagecommunicatesreluctanceoranxiety,itundercutsthemessage.Itsendsamixedmessage,andyourcounterpartgetstochoosewhattoread.Deepbreathscanhelp,ascanspeakingmoreslowlyanddeliberately.Whenwefeelpanickywetendtotalklouderandfaster.Simplyslowingthepaceandtalkinginaneventonehelpstheotherpersoncalmdownanddoesthesameforyou.Italsomakesyouseemconfident,evenifyouaren’t.Emphasizethatyou’reofferingyouropinion,notgospeltruth.Itmaybeawell-informed,well-researchedopinion,butit’sstillanopinion,mytalktentativelyandslightlyunderstateyourconfidence.Insteadofsayingsomethinglike“Ifwesetanend-of-quarterdeadline,we’llnevermakeit,”say,“Thisisjustmyopinion,butIdon’tseehowwewillmakethatdeadline.”Havingassertedyourperfectlywillingtotalk-andmayevenbeflatteredtoreceiveyourattention.答案：EGFABSectionIII TranslationDirections:TranslatethefollowingtextintoChinese.WriteyourtranslationonANSWERSHEET.(15points)Wetendtothinkthatfriendsandfamilymembersareourbiggestsourceofconnection，laughterandwarmth.Whilethatmaywellbetrue,researchershavealsorecentlyfoundthatinteractingwithstrangersactuallybringsaboostinmoodandfeelingsofbelongingthatwedidn’texpect.Inoneseriesofstudies,researchersinstructedChicago-areacommutersusingpublictransportationtostrikeupaconversationwithsomeonenearthem.Onaverage,participantswhofollowedthisinstructionfeltbetterthanthosewhohadbeentoldtostandorsitinsilence.Theresearchersalsoarguedthatwhenweshyawayfromcasualinteractionswithstrangers,itisoftenduetoamisplacedanxietythattheymightnotwanttotalktous.Muchofthattime,however,thisbeliefisfalse.Asitturnsout,manypeopleareactuallyperfectlywillingtotalkandmayevenbeflatteredtoreceiveyourattention.参考译文：我们的情绪，并且带来一种意想不到的归属感。