阅读理解文章的基本结构、名词、短语、代词指代题讲义-高三英语二轮复习

高考英语阅读理解复习理解文章的基本结构名词（短语）指代题《普通高中英语课程标准（2017年版2020年修订）》中对高中英语学业质量水平的要求之一是：能识别语篇的结构，辨识和分析语篇的文本特征及衔接手段，识别语篇为传递意义而选用的主要词汇和语法结构。在阅读理解中，通常通过信息指代类的题目考查考生对于上下文衔接关系以及文章基本结构的把握。信息指代类题目在高考英语中有两种：名词（短语）指代题和代词指代题。下面我们就如何解答名词（短语）指代题进行相关技巧的点拨。解答名词（短语）指代题时，可以按照如下步骤进行：①②③的返回原文，找出名词（短语）所在句；将四个选项代入该名词（短语），看意思是否通顺；①②③的联系上下文，读懂相关句子的含义，进一步分析四个选项，选出符合上下文语境最佳答案。下面我们结合高考真题对这种题型的解题技巧具体说明。例1：Theendoftheschoolyearwasinsightandspiritswerehigh.Iwasbackteachingafteranabsenceof15years,dealingwiththevariouskindsof“forbiddenfruit"thatcomeoutofbookbags.Nowwasthespringofthewaterpistol.（手枪）Idecidedtothinkupamethodofdealingwithforbiddenfruit.“Pleasebringthatpistoltome,Whatdotheunderlinedwords“theoffender,inparagraph8referto?A.Thestudent'sparent.Whatdotheunderlinedwords“theoffender,inparagraph8referto?A.Thestudent'sparent.B.ThemakeroftheGrandma'sBox.C.Theauthor'sgrandchild.D.Theowneroftheforbiddenfruit.【分析】本文是记叙文。作者为了解决孩子们将玩具带到学校的问题，假想出了一个“奶奶的盒子”。后来，她的儿子将“奶奶的盒子”变成了现实。1.本题应选D项。将四个选项代入划线部分所在句，可以看到，符合returnthebelonging（belonging指的是作者没收的玩具，即forbiddenfruit）的是A项和D项。结合上文描述可知，A项在文中并未出现，故选D项，即玩具的主人会在一天结束的时候出现，作者就会归还他们的物品。例2：“What'sthat?”theyasked.“It'salargewoodenchestfulloftoysformygrandchildren/Ireplied.“Youdon'thavegrandchildren/'someonesaid."Idon'tnow,"Ireplied.uButsomedayIwill.WhenIdo,myboxwillbefullofwonderfulthingsforthem/MyimaginaryGrandma'sBoxworkedlikemagicthatspring,andlater.SometimesstudentswouldaskmetodescribeallthethingsIhadinit.ThenIwouldtrytorememberthedifferentpossessionsIsupposedlyhadtakenaway-sinceIseldomactuallykeptthem.Usuallytheoffenderwouldappearattheendoftheday,andIwouldreturnthebelongingYoucouldtakeouttwobooksatatimeandtwoonly.Sotwobytwo,IreadlibrarybooksasfastasIcouldgo,rushingthemhomeinthebasketofmybicycle.FromtheminuteIreachedourhouse,Istartedtoread.Iknewthiswasextremehappiness,knewitatthetime.Mymothersharedthisfeelingofmine.Now,Ithinkofherasreadingsomuchofthetimewhiledoingsomethingelse.IrememberherreadingamagazinewhiletakingthepartoftheWolfinagameof“LittleRedRidingHood,withmybrother'stwodaughters.She'djustlookupattherighttime,longenoughtoanswer-incharacter-“Thebettertoeatyouwith,mydear,"andgobacktoherplaceinthemagazinearticle.2.Whatdotheunderlinedwords“thisfeeling”refertointhelastparagraph?A.Desiretoread.B.LoveforMrs.Calloway.C.Interestingames.D.Fearofthelibraryrules.【分析】本文是记叙文。作者回忆了自己早年的图书馆阅读经历以及母亲在阅读方面劝自己的影响。本题应选A项。将四个选项代入划线部分所在句，可以看到四个选项均符合句意。根据划线部分所在句中的shared可以判断，thisfeeling是作者和母亲共同拥有的感受。结合上文中的IreadlibrarybooksasfastasIcouldgo...FromtheminuteIreachedourhouse,Istartedtoread和下文中的Ithinkofherasreadingsomuchofthetimewhiledoingsomethingelse可知，作者和母亲共同拥有的就是对阅读的渴望，故选A项。例3：••♦AsIgrewolderandbecameamother,thelibrarytookonanewplaceandanaddedmeaninginmylife.Ihadseveralchildrenandbookswereourmainsource（来源）ofentertainment.Itwasabigdealforustoloadupandgotothelocallibrary,wheremykidscouldpickoutbookstoreadorbookstheywantedmetoreadtothem.Ialwaysread,usingdifferentvoices,asthoughIwereactingoutthestorieswithmyvoiceandtheylovedit!Itwasaspecialtimetobondwithmychildrenanditfilledthemwiththewondermentofbooks.Now,IseemychildrentakingtheirchildrentothelibraryandIlovethattheexcitementofgoingtothelibrarylivesonfromgenerationtogeneration.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“anaddedmeaning1'inparagraph3referto?Pleasurefromworkinginthelibrary.Joyofreadingpassedoninthefamily.Wondermentfromactingoutthestories.Acloserbonddevelopedwiththereaders.【分析】本文是记叙文。作者讲述了自己与图书馆的不解之缘。本题应选B项。划线短语所在的句子是第三段的主题句。该段接下来的内容及之后的两段介绍了作者和孩子们、作者的孩子们和他们的孩子们去图书馆读书的经历，由此可判断划线短语指代B项“阅读的乐趣在家族中传承”，B项是对第五段中theexcitementofgoingtothelibrarylivesonfromgenerationtogeneration的转述。例4：Americansusemorethan100billionthinfilmplasticbagseveryyear.Somanyendupintreebranchesoralonghighwaysthatagrowingnumberofcitiesdonotallowthematcheckouts（收银台）.Thebagsareprohibitedinsome90citiesinCalifornia,includingLosAngeles.Eyeingtheseheadwinds,plastic-bagmakersarehiringscientistslikeSteintomakethecasethattheirproductsarenotasbadfortheplanetasmostpeopleassume.Whatdoestheword“headwinds”inparagraph2referto?A.Bansonplasticbags.B.Effectsofcitydevelopment.C.Headachescausedbygarbage.D.Plasticbagshungintrees.【分析】本文是说明文。美国加利福尼亚州约有90个城市禁止使用塑料购物袋。塑料购物袋制造商想出了对策——用可以重复利用的购物袋。但是环保专家认为纸袋和塑料袋都不要用。4.本题应选A项。将四个选项代入划线单词所在句，可以看到，能够使塑料购物袋制造商（plastic-bagmakers）采取行动的是A项和D项。结合上文中的Thebagsareprohibitedinsome90citiesinCalifornia可知，A项正确。代词指代题代词指代题要求考生根据一定的语境推测代词（如that,this,it,they,them,one等）所指代的内容。此类题目主要考查考生整体理解语篇的能力，理解相关句子的意义及上下文之间的逻辑关系是解这类题目的关键。解答代词指代题时，也可按照上期所讲的解答名词（短语）指代题的步骤，将选项代入划线词所在句，看句意是否符合上下文逻辑。此外，了解一定的语篇照应（指用代词等语法手段来表示语义关系）知识也有助于解答代词指代题。比如，一般来说，this和these既可用于前照应，又可用于后照应，但that和those通常只用于前照应。因此，寻找that和those指代的内容时，只需要关注上文内容即可。下面我们结合高考真题对这种题型的解题技巧具体说明。例1：Inthemid-1990s,TomBisselltaughtEnglishasavolunteerinUzbekistan.Heleftaftersevenmonths,physicallybrokenandhavinglosthismind.Afewyearslater,stillattractedtothecountry,hereturnedtoUzbekistantowriteanarticleaboutthedisappearanceoftheAralSea.Hisvisit,however,endedupinvolvingalotmorethanthat.Hencethisbook,ChasingtheSea:LostAmongtheGhostsofEmpireinCentralAsia,whichtalksaboutaroadtripfromTashkenttoKarakalpakstan,wheremillionsofliveshavebeendestroyedbytheslowdryingupofthesea....1.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“that”inparagraph2referto?A.Developingaseriousmentaldisease.B.TakingaguidedtourinCentralAsia.C.WorkingasavolunteerinUzbekistan.D.WritinganarticleabouttheAralSea.【分析】本文是说明文。文章介绍了TomBissell所著图书ChasingtheSea：LostAmongtheGhostsofEmpireinCentralAsia的内容。该书叙述TMrBissell从塔什干到卡拉卡尔帕克斯垣的一次公路之旅的见闻，是对中亚最纯粹传统的细致而生动的描述。本题应选D项。语篇中的that通常用于前照应，即指代前面提到过的事物，起“承上”的作用，因此解题时应联系第一段末句中的…hereturnedtoUzbekistantowriteanarticleaboutthedisappearanceoftheAralSeao由此可知，that指代“写一篇关于咸海消失的文章”。将D项代入that所在句，符合语境。例2：ThetrafficsignalsalongFactoriaBoulevardinBellevue,Washington,generallydon'tflashthesamelengthofgreentwiceinarow,especiallyatrushhour.At9:30am,thefullred/yellow/greensignalcyclemightbe140seconds.By9:33am,aburstofadditionaltrafficmightpushitto145seconds.Lesstrafficat9：37amcouldpushitdownto135.Justlikethetrafficitself,thetimingofthesignalschanges.Thatisbydesign.Bellevue,afast-growingcityjusteastofSeattle,usesasystemthatisgainingpopularityaroundtheUS:intersection(卜字路口)signalsthatcanadjustinrealtimetotrafficconditions....Whatdoestheunderlinedword“that”inparagraph2referto?A.Increasedlengthofgreenlights.B.Shortenedtrafficsignalcycle.C.Flexibletimingoftrafficsignals.D.Smoothtrafficflowontheroad.【分析】本文是说明文。文章介绍了华盛顿中西部城市贝尔维尤采用根据车流量调控红绿灯时间的自适应信号灯，有效地缓解了交通压力。本题应选C项。根据that的前照应用法，我们可从第一段寻找其指代内容。第一段讲述交通信号灯的时间变化情况(140seconds、145seconds、135),故可知此处的That指代灵活的交通信号时间。例3：OnoneofhertripstoNewYorkseveralyearsago,EudoraWeltydecidedtotakeacoupleofNewYorkfriendsouttodinner.TheysettledinatacomfortableEastSidecafeandwithinminutes,anothercustomerwasapproachingtheirtable.“Hey,aren'tyoufromMississippi?1'theelegant,white-hairedwriterrememberedbeingaskedbythestranger."I'mfromMississippitoo/Withoutasecondthought,thewomanjoinedtheWeltyparty.Whenherdinnerpartnershowedup,shealsopulledupachair.“TheybegantellingmeallthenewsofMississippi/Weltysaid."Ididn'tknowwhatmyNewYorkfriendswerethinking/TaxisonarainyNewYorknightarerarerthansunshine.Bythetimethegroupgotuptoleave,itwaspouringoutside.Welty'snewfriendsimmediatelysentawaitertofindacab.Headingbackdowntowntowardherhotel,herbig-cityfriendswereamazedattheturnofeventsthathadchangedtheirBigAppledinnerintoaMississippistatereunion.（团聚）“Myfriendssaid：Whatdoestheunderlinedword"it"inparagraph2referto?A.Thebook.B.Anadventure.C.Apublicplace.D.Theidentificationnumber.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"it"inparagraph2referto?A.Thebook.B.Anadventure.C.Apublicplace.D.Theidentificationnumber.【分析】本文是说明文。文章介绍了一个图书漂流网站，该网站鼓励人们拿出自己的图书与他人分享。4.本题应选A项。将四个选项代入划线单词所在句，可以看到，能够与find搭配的是A项、C项和D项。结合上文中的BookCrossingp